广东桑花叶病的研究

桑花叶病的症状有花叶、环状叶、丝状叶和网状叶（沿脉绿叶）４种：在２５—２８℃温度下分离花叶、丝叶症状的病原是线状病毒，花叶症状病毒粒体长约１０００ｎｍ、宽约１６ｎｍ，最短的长约４００ｎｍ；丝叶症状粒体大小长约５００ｎｍ，宽约１２ｎｍ；传染试验结果表明昆虫可能传染桑花叶病；田间消长规律表明环斑症状发病适温为２０—２４℃左右，而花叶、丝状叶和网状叶（沿脉绿叶）症状最适宜的发病温度是２５—２８℃；连续用病桑叶养蚕，蚕的体质变弱，蔟中死亡率增高，容易诱发蚕病。     

桑花叶病传播途径的研究

桑花叶病是我省桑园春、夏季常见的病害,是由病毒引起的。这病年间的发病率常在20—25％左右,极度感病的桑品种,发病率高达90％以上。桑花叶病在田间的发病症状有多种,常见的有花叶、环状叶,丝状叶、网状叶和皱叶等,究竟这些症状的表现     

桑花叶病病原研究初报

桑花叶病是广东桑园的重要病害之一,在田间常见的症状有环斑、花叶、网状叶和系状叶等多种。此病在一般的桑树品种中发病率达20％左右,杂交桑品种发病率高达90％以上,若连续用病桑叶喂蚕,蚕的体质变弱,簇中死亡率增高,所以桑花叶病无论是对桑的产量,质量还是对蚕的发育都有一定的影响。     

桑花叶病传染试验研究

桑花叶病是广东桑园常见的病毒病害,常在春末夏初发生,一般桑树品种常年发病率达20%左右,杂交桑品种发病率高达90%以上。发病桑叶叶质差,如连续用病桑叶喂蚕,蚕的体质变弱,簇中死亡率增高。此病在田间的表现症状,发生规律以及本病的病原,作者已陆续作过研究,但此病的传染途径,至今国内尚未见有研究报导,作者自1982年起在这方面进行了一些研究,现将几年来的研究情况报告如下:     

桑花叶病养蚕试验研究

桑花叶病是桑树重要的病毒病毒,每年自早春至夏季都在广东桑园普遍发生,由于被害桑树叶片呈花叶皱缩,环斑叶、网状叶和丝状叶,对桑树产量有一定的影响,同时此病发生后,由于病桑叶叶绿素减少,叶质变差,连续用病桑叶喂蚕,蚕的体质变弱,簇中死亡率增高,蚕的全茧量和茧层量明显降低,茧层率也受到显著影响。此病目前在广东有更加严重发生的趋势,发生范围现已遍及所有栽桑地区,但桑     

桑树病毒与病毒病的研究进展(Ⅰ)

桑树病毒病是危害桑树的一类重要病害。简要介绍已发现的10种桑树病毒病的病原分类、分布及部分病毒病危害桑树的典型病征,重点总结了桑坏死病毒病、桑潜隐病毒病、桑环斑病毒病、桑大斑块花叶病毒病等在病原物分离提取和病毒的基本性状、基因组等基础研究,以及病毒的寄主范围、侵染特征和病害诊断与防治方面的研究进展,为桑树病毒病的综合防治提供指导。     

桑花叶病研究简报

桑花叶病是广东桑园常见的重要的病毒病害,每年自早春至夏季发生,田间的症状常表现为花叶、环斑,丝叶和网状叶等多种。此病年间的发病率在20％—25％左右,高度感病的品种发病率高达90％以上。被害桑叶叶质差,如连续用病桑叶喂蚕,蚕的体质变弱,体形变小,簇中死亡率增高。然而本病在国内的研究甚少,除了舒秀珍等对桑环     

桑树病原原核生物及其病害的研究进展(Ⅱ)

前文报道了原核生物界薄壁菌门中引发桑疫病、桑青枯病、桑枝软腐病、桑枯萎病、桑叶斑病的病原细菌及其病害的研究进展。本文介绍原核生物界软壁菌门中引发桑萎缩病、桑皱褶花叶病和疵壁菌门中引发桑叶日灼病等的病原菌分类演变及其侵染循环,桑树发病规律与病害防治方面的主要研究进展,其中对桑萎缩病进行了重点介绍,内容涵盖国内外学者近一个世纪的研究成果。     

出现桑树萎缩病用什么药防治?

桑树萎缩病分桑花叶型萎缩病、桑萎缩型萎缩病和桑黄化型萎缩病,症状分别为:①花叶型:叶片皱缩并向上卷缩,叶间有浅绿色斑块,叶背的叶脉上有瘤状突起。②萎缩型:叶片变小、变黄,有时半张叶片变圆,细叶脉常全变褐色,无瘤状突起。③黄化型:叶片显著变黄,叶尖向下卷,叶背的叶脉无瘤状突起。     

桑萎缩病的三种病型的初步研究

桑萎缩病一名,引自日本。我国各地蚕区群众叫做癃桑、鬈桑、癞头皮桑、猫耳朵、虾桑等。1957年曾提出我国的桑萎缩病有两种病型,即花叶型萎缩病和黄化型萎缩病。最近对黄化型萎缩病的进一步研究,又区分出两种:一种表现为萎缩;另一种表现为黄化丛生。因此,我国的桑萎缩病可分为萎缩型、黄化型和花叶型三种。 这三种病型通过嫁接传染和菱纹叶蝉接种证明病原都是病毒。通过典型症状的对此以及温度对枝条内病原的影响、采伐对潜育期影响、病株隐征现象与季节性关系,春伐对病株消长变化、对寄主致病性等发病条件的论证,认为三种病型的病原是异质的。 从三种病型分布和为害分析,防治桑萎缩病目前已成为蚕桑生产上一个重要的问题。 对于三种病型的防治方法方面,分别提出检疫的主要措施、清除病树办法,治虫防病、采用抗病品种、改善采伐,加强肥培管理等具体措施。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.