猎豹与虎猫杯状病毒的分离及其超变区基因比较研究

用F81细胞从上海某动物园患口腔溃疡的猎豹和虎的唾液病料中分离获得两株杯状病毒，经形态学、理化学、生物学鉴定和病毒核酸超变区基因RT-PCR扩增与序列测定证明两株病毒均为猫杯状病毒(FCV)，分别命名为FCV/cheetah/Shanghai/02/2002与FCV／tiger/Shanghai／03/2002。人工感染猫可引起体温升高，口腔溃疡，食欲下降等症状。两株病毒的超变区序列520bp长片段问的同源性为99.2％，与国内桂林虎分离株(TFCV9710)的同源性为74．0％，与国外分离株的总体同源性为58．1％，说明不同宿主或同种不同个体间杯状病毒分离株超变区核酸差异十分显著，符合猫杯状病毒的分子生物学特征。     

一株H3N2亚型犬流感病毒的分离鉴定

从北京市延庆区某疑似发生犬流感的德国牧羊犬采集犬鼻拭子,采用鸡胚接种、传代、HI试验、HA和NA基因扩增和序列同源性分析及比格犬回归试验等方法对病毒进行分离鉴定。结果表明,分离的病毒具有HA活性,且HA活性可被H3亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清所抑制(HI抗体效价为1∶160),与H1、H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清和犬流感阴性血清HI试验均为阴性反应(HI抗体效价1∶10)。分离病毒HA基因、NA基因与A/canine/Georgia/89750.1/2017(H3N2)毒株HA、NA基因的同源性均为99.8%。攻毒后第4天开始,2只犬均出现体温升高、咳嗽、流鼻和精神沉郁等临床症状,并从鼻拭子中分离到病毒,该病毒是一株H3N2亚型的犬流感病毒,将其命名为A/canine/China/Huabei-170607/2017(H3N2)。     

禽流感病毒分离株A／Chicken／Wangcheng／4／2001（H9N2）核蛋白基因（NP）的克隆和序列分析

用无特定病原体(SPF)鸡胚增殖禽流感鸡体分离株A／Chicken／Wangcheng／4／2001(H9N2)(WC2001)，提取病毒总RNA。根据已发表的A型流感病毒株NP基因序列，设计—对引物，运用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增该病毒分离株的NP基因，克隆后进行序列测定。序列分析表明，扩增的NP基因为相应的开放阅读框架。WC2001株NP基因序列与数株A型流感病毒NP序列进行比较，相互间同源性在80％左右，其中与A／Duck／Hong Kong／Y280／97(H9N2)有很高的同源性，而与人流感病毒株和猪流感病毒株差异较大，显示禽流感病毒特征。     

规模化驴场中马流感病毒H3N8亚型感染情况调查

[目的]调查山东省聊城市规模化驴场中马流感病毒的感染情况,并分析其可能的来源。[方法]从聊城的规模化驴场采集病料和血清,通过HI试验检测驴血清中的马流感病毒H3N8亚型抗体的阳性率。使用RT-PCR技术扩增肺脏和鼻腔棉拭子样品中的马流感病毒M基因,对获得的马流感病毒M基因与不同流感病毒的M基因进行序列比对,推测其来源。[结果]HI试验表明,120个血清样品中马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为33.3%(40/120);其中,母驴的马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为42.5%(17/40)、公驴为32.5%(13/40)、驴驹为25.0%(10/40)。通过RT-PCR检测发现,32.3%(21/65)的样品可测出目的条带。通过序列比对得出,该试验获得的流感病毒M基因与马属动物的H3N8亚型流感病毒高度同源(CY032222、CY032318、CY028821等),同源性最高可达99.8%。[结论]马流感病毒在聊城周边的数个规模化养驴场发生流行。该研究从驴体内分离的流感病毒M基因属于马流感病毒H3N8亚型M基因。     

禽流感病毒分离株A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)全基因克隆及序列分析

本研究用无特定病原体（ＳＰＦ）鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒鹅体分离株Ａ／Ｇｏｏｓｅ／Ｇｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇ／１／９６（Ｈ５Ｎ１）（ＧＤ１／９６）,提取病毒基因组总ＲＮＡ,运用反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术分别扩增该病毒分离株的８个基因片段的ｃＤＮＡ,分别克隆后进行序列测定。序列分析结果表明,所扩增到的８个片段均包含相应的病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架。ＧＤ１／９６株与１９９７年香港禽流感事件中的４株香港流感病毒分离株（分别来自人、鸡、鸭和鹅）的ＨＡ基因的高度同源性说明它们可能起源于同一种系,但ＮＳ基因的差异说明它们分属于不同的基因群系。ＧＤ１／９６株与香港流感病毒分离株的核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性较低（６３．９％￣９８．１％）,而香港流感病毒分离株之间的核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性很高（９６．５％￣１００％）,且香     

猪流感病毒HIN1分离株HA基因的克隆与序列分析

无锡某猪场发生不同程度的猪呼吸系统疾病。对发病猪采集鼻拭子,经双抗处理后,接种鸡胚,收集24h后死亡的鸡胚尿囊液。对一株具有血凝性的病毒分离株进行RT—PCR鉴别,结果为HI亚型流感病毒。利用RT—PCR扩增尿囊液中的流感病毒HA基因。经pGEM—Teasy载体克隆、序列测定和进化树分析,结果表明,在该猪群中分离获得的该株SIV为古典型H1N1。     

禽呼肠孤病毒AH11株的鉴定与人工感染研究

通过SPF鸡胚接种,自疑似病毒性关节炎青脚麻鸡的关节液中分离出一株病毒.采用PCR获得了该病毒的SI基因部分序列,该序列与GenBank中7个禽呼肠孤病毒(ARv)代表性分离株的相应基因序列进行同源性分析结果表明,扩增序列与所比较序列同源性在80.5％～98.0％之间,表明所分离病毒为ARV(命名为ARV-AH 11株).该毒株接种1日龄SPF鸡,可引起严重的生长不良和部分鸡脚爪变形,且攻毒组鸡ARV抗体均为阳性(抗体效价平均为1:2 007.1).     

山羊痘病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性的研究

本研究对2003年广西部分地区山羊群发生的疑似山羊痘进行了病毒分离鉴定及生物特性的研究。取疑似山羊痘病羊的皮肤丘疹、水泡或脓泡组织的病毒悬液，接种初生羔羊睾丸细胞观察到明显的细胞病变，免疫荧光试验结果显示，病毒能与山羊痘标准阳性血清反应，在感染的细胞浆内发出特异性的黄绿色荧光。病毒悬液接种乳鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、兔子都未发病，而接种3月龄山羊则出现典型的山羊痘症状和病理变化，接种9～10日龄鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜，未见出现痘斑，连传3代，均无异常变化。通过病理组织学观察可以看到在细胞浆内有大小不一圆形或椭圆形的包涵体，在电子显微镜下可以观察到150nm～300nm大小，卵圆形、砖形，有囊膜的病毒颗粒。利用一对山羊痘病毒P32基因引物进行了PCR扩增，将所得序列与GenBank收录的5株山羊痘病毒P32基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列比较分析。结果与疫苗株的同源性分别为99．8％和99．4％。与国外其它毒株的同源性为99．6％和98、8％～99．4％。研究结果表明，所分离的病毒为山羊痘病毒，在生物学特性上与资料记载存在一定的差异，P32基因与疫苗毒和国外毒株之间同源性非常高。将该毒株命名为山羊痘病毒LiuJiang／2003株。     

广西1株H3N8型马流感病毒的分离与鉴定

对具有流感临床症状的病马组织经处理后接种SPF鸡胚,分离到1株流感病毒。该病毒经鸡胚接种7代后,出现稳定的对鸡红细胞凝集效价,效价为25,能被H3亚型血清中和,与H1、H5、H7、H9亚型阳性血清无交叉反应;对HA基因及NA基因进行序列分析,结果显示:HA基因与马流感病毒H3亚型同源性最高,NA基因与马流感病毒N8亚型同源性最高,判断该病毒属于H3N8亚型马流感病毒,命名A/EQ/Guangxi/01/09。     

猪脑心肌炎病毒的分离与鉴定

从规模化猪场疑似病例组织病料中分离到5株脑心肌炎病毒（EMCV），对其中的2株（EMCV BJC3和EMCV HB1）进行了系统鉴定。结果表明，病毒粒子大小约为27nm，呈圆形；2株病毒均不耐酸，对氯仿不敏感，对胰蛋白酶敏感性有所不同，60℃加热1h可被灭活，二价阳离子对病毒没有明显的保护作用。用EMCV多克隆抗体作间接免疫荧光，分离毒株感染的BHK-21细胞的胞浆中可见特异性荧光。对分离毒株进行了VP1和3D基因的扩增和序列测定，结果表明，2个毒株VP1基因的核苷酸序列同源性为99．49％，氨基酸序列的同源性为98．46％，与GenBank中EMCV毒株的核苷酸序列同源性介于81．61％～99．59％，氨基酸序列同源性在95．5％以上；3D基因扩增片段序列与其它毒株的核苷酸与氨基酸序列同源性均为100％。基于VP1基因的系统进化树表明，2株分离毒均位于进化树的主干上，变异度不大。由此表明，EMCV感染已在我国猪场存在。     

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats and other carnivores

The Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is a known pathogen of birds. Only recently, the virus has been reported to cause sporadic fatal disease in carnivores, and its zoonotic potential has been dominating the popular media. Attention to felids was drawn by two outbreaks with high mortality in tigers, leopards and other exotic felids in Thailand. Subsequently, domestic cats were found naturally infected and experimentally susceptible to H5N1 virus. A high susceptibility of the dog to H3N8 equine influenza A virus had been reported earlier, and recently also HPAI H5N1 virus has been identified as a canine pathogen. The ferret, hamster and mouse are suitable as experimental animals; importantly, these species are also kept as pets. Experimental intratracheal and oral infection of cats with an HPAI H5N1 virus isolate from a human case resulted in lethal disease; furthermore, cats have been infected by the feeding of infected chickens. Spread of the infection from experimentally infected to in-contact cats has been reported. The epidemiological role of the cat and other pet animal species in transmitting HPAI H5N1 virus to humans needs continuous consideration and attention.     

Studies on the virulence of two field isolates of the classical Swine Fever virus genotype 2.3 rostock in wild boars of different age groups

The virulence of two isolates of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was studied in experimentally infected wild boars of different ages. The isolates, originating from wild boars shot in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (isolate '1829-NVP') and in Rhineland-Palatinate (isolate '11722-WIL'), belong to the genetic subgroup 2.3 Rostock. Clinical picture, transient viraemia, virus excretion and gross lesions at necropsy as well as a failure of virus detection at the end of the experiment revealed that this virus subtype was only moderately virulent. Whereas one subadult wild boar and both 7-week-old wild boar piglets infected intranasally became sick and died, only one of three 8-week-old animals which survived after contact infection remained CSFV positive until the end of the experiment [34 days post infection (dpi)], although neutralizing antibodies were present. This underlines the role of young boars in CSF epidemics. The isolate '11722-WIL' was shed by an infected adult wild boar and was transmitted to susceptible piglets. Interestingly, all animals which became sick and died also were found to be infected with a secondary pathogen. Therefore, we assume that after infection with moderately virulent CSFV simultaneous infections with other pathogens may be important for the clinical course and the outcome of the disease as well as for a spread of the virus in field.     

H5N1虎源流感病毒荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及临床应用

根据本室分离获得的虎源H5N1流感病毒的HA基因序列测定结果,结合GenBank中报道的H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列进行同源性比较分析,选择保守序列区作为扩增区域,利用Primer5·0引物设计软件和BLAST软件程序设计出特异性扩增引物。采用成本较低、不需要特异探针引物、优化周期短,能区分病毒变异株的SYBRGreenI随机掺入法建立定量PCR反应体系,并对反应条件进行优化。试验结果表明应用该方法对虎源H5流感病毒的检测具有高度的特异性,检测的灵敏度为101~102拷贝数。对20份病死老虎临床病料和24份人工感染的小鼠脏器病料用荧光定量RT-PCR方法、常规RT-PCR方法和病毒分离方法进行检测,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测结果略高于常规RT-PCR方法,但与病毒分离方法结果相一致。这说明荧光定量RT-PCR方法可以对临床上H5N1虎源流感病毒检测提供参考。     

Isolation of feline syncytia-forming virus from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells

Thirteen of 40 female cats were found to be chronically infected with feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV). Attempts to isolate the virus from these cats by conventional methods were not successful. However, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. A new method was used involving inoculation of actively dividing Crandell feline kidney cell cultures. Cultures were trypsinized 3 days after inoculation and, as a result, cytopathic effect was amplified and ability to detect the virus was enhanced. The FeSFV was detected in 93% (92/88) of the oropharyngeal swab samples and 100% (14/14) of the buffy coat cell specimens. Feline sera were tested by immunodiffusion for precipitating antibody against FeSFV antigen. There was 100% correlation between viral infection and the presence of precipitating antibody. Virus and antibody persisted in infected cats for the duration of this study (8 months for 5 of the infected cats). Urolithiasis was observed in 15 of 28 male cats. Although a direct relationship between FeSFV infection and urolithiasis was not established, most of these male cats (20 of 21) had antibody to FeSFV.     

虎血清中犬副流感病毒的抗体流行病学调查研究

为查明犬副流感病毒 (CPIV)对虎的感染情况 ,应用CPIV细胞培养物为血凝抑制 (HI)抗原 ,对上海、桂林、哈尔滨、宜昌、郑州等地区未曾使用过任何含CPIV疫苗免疫的 38只虎的血清进行HI抗体检测。结果表明 ,有 2 5份血清CPIV的HI抗体效价为 1∶4～ 1∶32 ,有 1 3份抗体效价 <1∶2 ,血清中CPIV的HI抗体阳性率达 65 79%。说明上述地区的虎可能存在着CPIV的隐性感染     

Antigenic variant of swine influenza virus causing proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in pigs.

A new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in Quebec. Pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. Coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. Histopathologic findings were mainly proliferative pneumonia with a significant macrophage invasion, necrotic inflammatory cells in the alveoli and the airways, a marked proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and thickening of the alveolar septae. Fluorescent antibody examination of lungs of sick piglets did not demonstrate porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. However, evidence of the presence of an influenza type A infection was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining using monoclonal antibody directed to nucleocapsid protein (NP) of human type A influenza virus. The virus was isolated either by intra-allantoic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free embryonating hens' eggs or propagation in canine kidney (MDCK) cells in the presence of trypsin. By hemagglutination inhibition tests, no cross-reactivity was demonstrated with human influenza H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains, and infected MDCK cells did not react by IIF with monoclonal antibodies to NP protein of type B influenza virus. The hemagglutination activity of plaque-purified isolates was only partly inhibited by hyperimmune serum produced to subtypes A/Wisconsin/76/H1N1 and A/New Jersey/76/H1N1 of swine influenza virus. Gnotobiotic piglets that were infected intranasally with egg-adapted isolates of this new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus developed the very same type of lesions observed in field cases.     

Evaluation of the kidney as a potential site of avian influenza virus persistence in chickens.

One-day-old chickens were inoculated intravenously with one of three low-pathogenicity avian-origin influenza isolates. On day 5 postinoculation (PI), the frequency of influenza virus isolation from cloacal swabs following challenge with each isolate ranged from 83% to 100% for clinically normal euthanatized chickens. Influenza virus was also frequently isolated from kidneys of these chickens (47%) and from chickens that died (100%). Kidneys positive for virus isolation had lesions of nephrosis and/or acute nephritis, and influenza viral nucleoprotein was demonstrated in nuclei and cytoplasm of necrotic renal tubule epithelium. On sampling days 28 and 45/60 PI, influenza virus was neither isolated from nor immunohistochemically demonstrated in kidneys (0/125); however, the kidneys (47%) did have chronic histologic lesions that suggested previous influenza virus infection of the kidneys. Influenza virus was isolated from cloacal swabs of two of 44 chickens on day 28 PI, but all cloacal swabs were negative for virus recovery on sampling day 45/60 PI (0/81). These results indicate that replication of influenza virus in renal tubule epithelial cells did not result in persistence of type A influenza virus in this immunologically privileged site.     

Avian influenza A H5N1 infections in cats

Although cats had been considered resistant to disease from influenza virus infection, domestic cats and large felids are now known to be naturally und experimentally susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1). The virus causes systemic infection, lung and liver being the mainly affected organs. Infected cats show fever, depression, dyspnoea, and neurological signs, but subclinical infections have also occurred. Mostly, cats have been infected by direct contact with affected birds, especially by eating raw poultry; transmission from cat to cat may also occur. Little is known about the role of cats in the epidemiology of the virus. So far, no reassortment between avian and mammalian influenza viruses has occurred in cats, but experts fear that cats might give the virus an opportunity to adapt to mammals. This publication gives a review on avian influenza in cats with a focus on practical aspects for veterinarians.