伪狂犬病的诊断与防治

正伪狂犬病是由猪疱疹病毒1型引起的除人和猿以外的所有哺乳动物共患的一种传染病。感染仔猪表现发热、腹泻、呼吸困难、肌肉震颤并继发麻痹、共济失调,母猪表现繁殖障碍,对养猪业造成了巨大的损失。为此,国内外广大兽医科技工作者对伪狂犬病诊断与检测方法进行了大量的研究,建立了病毒分离、动物接种等传统     

猪伪狂犬病诊断检测方法研究进展

伪狂犬病是由伪狂犬病毒(PRV)引起,最早发现于美国,因临床表现与狂犬病类似,故称伪狂犬病。该病在全球范围内的流行呈上升趋势,世界上已有50多个国家和地区报导该病的流行。我国自1947年刘永纯从猪体分离到PRV以来,已有24个省(市)、自治区报导流行。本文主要对血清学、分子生物学诊断与检测方法,以及鉴别诊断方法进行了综述。     

猪伪狂犬病研究进展

伪狂犬病又称奥叶基氏病,是由伪狂犬病病毒引起的多种家畜和野生动物的一种高度接触性、急性传染病。猪是该病的主要宿主和传染源,感染仔猪出现发热、腹泻、呼吸困难、肌肉震颤、麻痹、共济失调;母猪出现繁殖障碍,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的损失。猪伪狂犬病是严重危害养猪业的重要疫病之一,国内外众多学者对其进行了大量研究,建立了多种诊断与鉴别诊断方法,研制了不同类型的疫苗。文章对该病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断和防控方面的研究进展做一综述,重点介绍猪伪狂犬病的诊断与抗原、抗体检测方法。     

猪伪狂犬病诊断技术的研究进展

猪伪狂犬病是严重危害养猪业的重要疫病之一。随着养猪业规模化、产业化和集约化的发展,该病在我国多个省市均有报道。近年猪伪狂犬病在多个种猪场呈流行暴发趋势,使我国养殖业受到巨大的经济损失,打击了养殖户的积极性。国内外众学者对其进行了大量研究,建立了多种诊断与鉴别诊断方法,为猪伪狂犬病的防治提供了相关依据。本文对猪伪狂犬病的病原学、临床症状、流行以及诊断方法进行了相关论述,其中主要对诊断方法进行了介绍,可以对该病的防治提供相关理论依据。     

猪伪狂犬病实验室诊断技术研究进展

本文概述了伪狂犬病的生物学试验、血清学诊断技术与分子生物学诊断技术。在生物学诊断技术方面，其诊断方法主要有动物实验、细胞培养等。血清学诊断技术包括补体结合试验、血清中和试验（SN）、凝集试验、免疫扩散试验、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、颗粒浓缩免疫荧光试验（PCFIA）、对流免疫电泳（CIE）、放射免疫试验（RIA）等。随着分子生物学的发展，对伪狂犬病的诊断从细胞水平发展到分子水平，国内外相继建立了伪狂犬病核酸杂交、聚合酶链反应（PCR）、核酸序列分析等分子生物学诊断方法。     

鉴别猪伪狂犬病毒强毒检测方法的研究进展

为有效配合猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)基因缺失疫苗的大规模免疫应用,准确区分强毒感染猪和疫苗接种猪,及时淘汰强毒感染猪,防止免疫猪被误杀,急需加强猪伪狂犬病强毒鉴别诊断方法的研究与推广应用。本文就近年来针对PRV强毒的PCR、荧光定量PCR、LAMP、核酸探针、ELISA、胶体金免疫技术等分子生物学与血清学诊断方法的研究与应用现状及发展前景进行综述,以期为我国猪伪狂犬病的综合防控及净化提供合理的科学依据。     

猪伪狂犬病诊断技术研究进展

本文主要通过对猪伪狂犬病的综述,概述了目前对伪狂犬病的诊断技术,通过对临床诊断方法、病原学诊断方法、免疫学诊断方法及分子生物学诊断方法等方法的具体分析,探讨目前猪伪狂犬病诊断技术的研究进展。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪伪狂犬病病毒双重PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为快速鉴别诊断高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征和猪伪狂犬病,根据GenBank中登录的高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)Nsp2基因缺失区和猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV) gB基因保守区序列,分别设计并合成了2对特异性扩增引物,通过对反应条件的优化,建立了能够同时检测HP-PRRSV和PRV的双重PCR诊断方法.利用建立的双重PCR方法对30份临床可疑样品进行检测,并与商品化单项PCR试剂盒进行对比验证.结果表明,本试验建立的双重PCR方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,与商品化单项PCR试剂盒检测结果完全一致.因此,该双重PCR方法能够用于HP-PRRSV和PRV单项或混合感染的临床样品快速鉴别检测.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒主要基因变异及与gE/gB基因有关的净化方法研究

伪狂犬病被国际动物卫生组织(OIE)列为二类传染病,国内外近几年由于伪狂犬病流行正呈上升趋势,以及造成的巨大经济损失,许多国家己经将伪狂犬病列为了重点防疫并计划最终根除的猪病之一。随着分子生物学发展,人们对伪狂犬病病毒的基因结构、基因功能、检测手段以及疫苗预防方法有了更深入的认识。文章就猪伪狂犬病毒基因的结构特点、功能和主要基因变异的研究等方面进行了综述,以期对我国伪狂犬病毒基因及其基因变异的研究提供一定依据,同时结合本实验室对伪狂犬病gE/gB基因建立的多重PCR净化的病原学研究和国家对该病采用gE/gB-ELISA检测血清学净化方法标准进行了综合,为制定猪伪狂犬病防治及净化提供理论参考。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒检测方法研究进展

随着免疫学与分子生物学技术日臻完善,针对猪伪狂犬病的血清学方法和分子生物学检测方法不断改进.论文就近年来针对猪伪狂犬病病毒的中和试验、酶联免疫吸附试验、乳胶凝集试验、胶体金免疫层析、核酸探针、基因芯片、多重PCR、LAMP等检测方法研究概况做一综述,为寻找合适的快速准确的检测方法、制定合理的免疫程序和发展新型的检测方法...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。