新城疫病毒强毒株的分离与鉴定

从发病率为１００％、病死率为９７％的鸡群中分离到１株病毒。该病毒凝集鸡红细胞的作用可被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制,证明所分离的毒株为新城疫病毒。鸡胚半数致死量、最小致死量致死鸡胚的平均时间、１日龄雏鸡脑内致死指数、６周龄雏鸡静脉致死指数、血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性等试验表明,分离毒为新城疫病毒强毒株,其毒力比标准强毒Ｆ４８Ｅ８株还强。血凝抑制试验和中和试验表明,分离毒的血凝性与Ｆ４８Ｅ８相同,但中和特性与Ｆ４８Ｅ８有较大差异     

鸡新城疫病毒的分离及生物学特性的鉴定

用SPF鸡胚及鸡胚成纤维细胞,从有神经症状的病死鸡的脑组织中分离出一株病毒,该病毒可凝集鸡的红细胞,而且此凝集可以被新城疫的特异性血清所抑制。通过对分离株进行MDT(77h)、ICPI(1．1)、IVPI(2．63)等生物学试验、空斑试验及电镜观察等,证实该分离株为鸡新城疫病毒中等毒力的毒株,并命名为SNND。     

斗鸡新城疫病毒的分离与生物学特性鉴定

从病死的越南斗鸡脑组织中分离到l株病毒,能凝集鸡的红细胞,而且这种凝集能被新城疫阳性血清特异性抑制。通过对分离株进行RT—PCR检测、动物致病性试验、MDT与ICPI值测定,证实为中等偏强毒力新城疫病毒。动物感染试验表明,20日龄非免疫鸡感染分离毒后24～120h可用RT—PCR方法从喉头和泄殖腔检出新城疫病毒。     

一株鸡源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

从海盐县某鸡场发病鸡群采集的拭子样品中分离到1株病毒,血凝试验、血凝抑制试验结果表明,该病毒可与1%鸡血红细胞发生凝集,且这种凝集作用可被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。同时进行RTPCR检测,结果可扩增出目的条带,进而确定该毒株为鸡源新城疫病毒。根据OIE对新城疫病毒毒力的判定标准和方法对该病毒进行鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、1日龄易感雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)和鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)测定。结果表明,MDT=55.2 h,ICPI=1.76,ELD50=10-8.3/0.2 m L,最终判定该毒株为新城疫强毒株。     

云南省鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑为鸽新城疫的云南省某信鸽场分离到一株毒株。该毒株能凝集鸡红细胞，且其凝集作用能被抗新城疫阳性血清抑制；该毒株对氯仿、酸敏感；在病毒中和试验中，抗NDV阳性血清对该毒株中和效价为1：2^1.75；将病毒分离物回归鸽子，复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状，且全部感染鸽都发生子血清学抗体转换；静脉接种6周龄雏鸡，10天后HI价显著增高，且其IVPI为0。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

乌骨鸡体内鸡肾传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定

从具有鸡肾型传染性支气管炎临床病变特征的乌骨鸡体内分离到一株病毒。该病毒经鸡胚盲传代后，可引起４０％上鸡胚死亡，并出现典型的侏儒胚；人工感染雏鸡表现为肾肿大和尿酸盐沉积；能干扰新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ株在鸡胚中的繁殖；病毒对氯仿和乙醚敏感，５６℃水浴３０分钟被灭活，而ＰＨ３和ＰＨ１１；不能直接凝集红细胞，但经１．５％胰酶处理后能凝集鸡红细胞（１；５２），这种血凝性可被传染性支气管炎病毒澳大利亚Ｔ株阳性血     

新城疫强毒河南株分离鉴定及新城疫二价油乳剂灭活苗研制

从豫北某蛋鸡场病死鸡中分离出一株病毒，经HA试验、HI试验、电镜观察、回归试验确认所分离毒株为新城疫病毒，经对分离株MDT、ICPI测定表明该分离株为新城疫强毒。对该分离株进行抗原性变异检测和基因型鉴定，证明为基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒。用新城疫Lasota株和新城疫Ⅶ型毒株制备成新城疫二价油乳剂灭活苗，在河南一些种鸡场和蛋鸡场应用，获得了满意的效果，有效地控制了新城疫的发生和流行。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫病鸽群中分离到1株病毒,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒阳性血清抑制。病毒对氯仿、乙醚、胰蛋白酶、盐酸敏感。将病毒分离物回归鸽子,复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状,且全部感染鸽都发生了血清学抗体转换;静脉接种6周龄雏鸡,10 d后HI价显著增高,且其IVPI为0。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

南京地区非典型新城疫病毒分离及其生物学特性测定

从南京地区和合肥以呼吸道症状为主的部分发病鸡场中取气管粘膜、肺脏及脾，经无菌处理后，通过鸡胚接种分离病毒，结果有８株病毒能凝集红细胞，且均被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制，抑制效价为５１ｏｇ２～１０ｌｏｇ２，证明所分离的病毒株为新城疫病毒。经鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间、１日龄雏鸡的脑内致病性，红细胞凝集素的热稳定性及离解（洗脱）的速率测定表明，８株病毒均属新城疫强毒株，且与Ｆ４８Ｅ８毒力差异不显著。     

南京地区非典型新城疫病毒分离及其生物学特性测定

从南京地区和合肥以呼吸道症状为主的部分发病鸡场中取气管粘膜、肺脏及脾，经无菌处理后，通过鸡胚接种分离病毒，结果有８株病毒能凝集红细胞，且均被新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制，抑制效价为５ｌｏｇ２￣１０ｌｏｇ２，证明所分离的病毒株为新城疫病毒。经鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间、１日龄雏鸡 脑内致病性，红细胞凝集素的热稳定性及离解的速率测定表明，８株病毒均属新城疫强毒株，且与Ｆ４８Ｅ８毒力差异不显著。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.