鸡传染性法氏囊高免卵黄IgY抗体不同提取方法的比较

本试验旨在提高鸡传染性法氏囊卵黄抗体防制鸡传染性法氏囊的效果,比较不同提纯方法对鸡传染性法氏囊高免卵黄抗体效价的影响。制备高免蛋并测定其效价,在实验室通过直接离心法、酸化水提取法、氯仿提取法、聚乙二醇法4种方法分别对高免卵黄抗体提取及抗体效价检测。试验结果表明,自制卵黄抗体效价为1:64;直接离心法的抗体效价为1:128,酸化水提取法的抗体效价为1:16,氯仿提取法抗体效价为1:256,聚乙二醇法的抗体效价是1:32。试验结果显示,使用氯仿提取法后检测的抗体效价最高,是临床提取抗体的常用方法。     

不同提纯方法对鸡传染性法氏囊高免卵黄抗体效价影响的研究

为提高鸡传染性法氏囊卵黄抗体防治鸡传誊性法氏囊病的效果,比较不同提纯方法对鸡传染性法氏囊高免卵黄抗体效价的影响。通过直接离心法、酸化水提取法、氯仿提取法、聚乙二醇法四种方法分别提取高免蛋高免卵黄抗体并测定其提取前后抗体效价。试验结果表明,自制卵黄抗体效价为1：64;直接离心法的抗体效价为1：128,酸化水提取法的抗体效...     

抗新型鸭细小病毒卵黄抗体的制备、纯化及效价测定

为了制备抗新型鸭细小病毒卵黄抗体并改良其制备工艺,试验采用新型鸭细小病毒SD株尿囊液制备的油乳剂灭活苗免疫产蛋鸡,收取高免蛋分别用氯仿法、辛酸法和水稀释-硫酸铵二次沉淀法对其中的卵黄抗体进行提纯,比较提纯效果,然后采用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot法对制备效果进行评价,采用鸭细小病毒抗体酶联免疫检测试剂盒进行效价测定,分析卵黄抗体的消长规律。结果表明:氯仿法提取的卵黄抗体浓度为4.512 mg/mL,透明,呈浅黄色;辛酸法提取的卵黄抗体液浓度为3.422 mg/mL,半透明,呈浅白色;水稀释-硫酸铵二次沉淀法提取的卵黄抗体浓度为3.837 mg/mL,透明,澄清。SDS-PAGE结果显示卵黄抗体有两条特异性条带,一条重链(约为65 ku)和一条轻链(约为33 ku)。制备的卵黄抗体具有特异性。试剂盒测定卵黄抗体效价,氯仿法为1∶6 000;辛酸法为1∶8 000;水稀释-硫酸铵二次沉淀法最高,为1∶10 000,其中水稀释-硫酸铵二次沉淀法效果较优。说明本试验成功制备了新型鸭细小病毒的卵黄抗体。     

卵黄抗体三种提取方法的比较研究

运用硫酸铵法、聚乙二醇(PEG)法、冷乙醇法对卵黄抗体进行提取,并使用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定所得卵黄抗体的特异性,用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)测其纯度,用Nanodrop2000测其蛋白浓度并计算提取量,比较三种方法所得抗体的特异性、纯度和提取量。结果显示,三种提取方法所得卵黄抗体特异性高低依次为硫酸铵法、冷乙醇法、PEG法;纯度高低依次为硫酸铵法、冷乙醇法、PEG法;三种方法的提取量高低依次为PEG法、硫酸铵法、冷乙醇法。经综合分析与评价,硫酸铵法的抗体特异性较好、纯度较高、提取量也较高,且其操作方法相对简便,是比较具有优势的提取方法。     

间接血凝抑制试验检测血清和卵黄中鸡毒支原体抗体的研究

将13只正处于产蛋期的试验鸡在接种疫苗前后分别采血、分离血清；收集鸡蛋，分离蛋黄，并分别用16％NaCl、8％柠檬酸纳和氯仿处理后，检测鸡毒支原体(MG)间接血凝抑制(HI)抗体。结果表明：接种疫苗前的血清和16％NaCl、8％柠檬酸钠和氯仿处理卵黄抗体平均效价分别为4.7，4．4，4．1和4.2 log2；第一次接种疫苗后的血清和16％NaCl、8％柠檬酸纳和氯仿处理卵黄抗体平均效价分别为7．4、6．7、7．1、6．9log2；第二次接种疫苗后第1次采集的血清和16％NaCl、8％柠檬酸钠、氯仿处理卵黄抗体平均效价分别为10．4、9．6、10．1、9．710g2，第2次采集的血清和16％NaCl、8％柠檬酸钠、氯仿处理卵黄抗体平均效价分别为7．9、7.1、7．6和7．4log2。8％柠檬酸钠处理后的卵黄抗体效价最高，与血清抗体效价最接近。血清HI抗体效价与卵黄HI抗体效价具有良好的一致性和相关性，用卵黄可以代替血清进行HI试验。     

抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒卵黄抗体的制备及临床应用

制备猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒高免卵黄抗体,研究其治疗效果。以猪繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活苗免疫产蛋鸡,采用ELISA方法检测卵黄抗体效价,收集高效价卵黄,采用氯仿抽提和硫酸铵盐析法纯化卵黄抗体。ELISA方法测定收集抗体效价为1∶8 000,测定纯化的抗体浓度为7.85mg/mL,微生物学检验及安全性试验表明制备的卵黄抗体安全可靠,人工感染治愈率和临床应用治愈率分别为100%和89.1%,表明制备的卵黄抗体对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征具有显著的治疗效果。     

利用水稀释反复冻溶法、氯仿萃取法与冷乙醇沉淀法相结合进行鸡新城疫卵黄抗体提取的试验研究

本研究采用免疫学技术和物理化学方法,通过优化提取条件,改良提取工艺,建立了一种用水稀释反复冻溶法、氯仿萃取法与冷乙醇沉淀法相互结合提取鸡卵黄抗体的方法。结果显示：用5倍体积、pH5．0的稀释液稀释蛋黄,在-20℃经三次反复冻融、上清液再用同等剂量的氯仿萃取、40％的冷乙醇沉淀,提取的鸡新城疫卵黄抗体具有液体清亮,杂质含量少,抗体效价高的特点。     

鸡抗犬瘟热病毒高免卵黄抗体最佳免疫程序及检测方法的筛选

为了获得高效价鸡抗犬瘟热病毒高免卵黄抗体,试验通过设计免疫程序免疫试验蛋鸡和筛选的卵黄抗体效价检测方法对氯仿法提取的卵黄抗体液进行鸡抗犬瘟热卵黄抗体效价检测并比较,筛选鸡抗犬瘟热病毒高免卵黄抗体最佳免疫程序,并作无菌与保存条件的探讨。结果表明:血凝及血凝抑制试验可作为鸡抗犬瘟热卵黄抗体效价的检测方法;按照基础免疫、加强免疫、强化免疫均间隔9 d,免疫剂量分别为1 m L/次、2 m L/次、3 m L/次的免疫程序能获得1∶512的鸡抗犬瘟热病毒卵黄抗体血凝抑制效价,为此次探讨的鸡抗犬瘟热病毒高免卵黄抗体最佳免疫程序,-20℃保存温度适合长期保存氯仿法粗提的鸡抗犬瘟热病毒卵黄抗体液。     

母鸽新城疫病毒血清抗体和卵黄抗体的检测及其相关性分析

为了解母鸽新城疫病毒血清抗体和卵黄抗体检测结果的相关性,试验采集了新城疫疫苗免疫母鸽的血液和卵黄,通过血凝抑制试验检测了新城疫病毒的抗体,利用GraphPad Prism软件中的Spearman Analysis分析了血清抗体效价和卵黄抗体效价的相关性。结果表明:绝大多数样品提取的卵黄液抗体效价低于血清抗体效价,而绝大多数样品的卵黄原液抗体效价高于血清抗体效价。血清抗体效价、提取的卵黄液抗体效价与卵黄原液抗体效价两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01),提取的卵黄液抗体效价与血清抗体效价之间的相关系数最高。说明鸽新城疫病毒血清抗体和卵黄抗体有明显的相关性,提取的卵黄液可代替血清用于母鸽新城疫病毒抗体的检测。     

鸡新城疫卵黄抗体效价动态变化情况研究

选取150日龄健康产蛋母鸡40羽,肌肉注射鸡新城疫Lasota疫苗2倍剂量/羽,10 d后再注射鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活苗4倍剂量/羽,自由采食和饮水。分别收集免疫前、免疫后10、20、30、40和50 d,母鸡所产鸡蛋提取卵黄抗体,测定不同时间卵黄抗体效价。结果发现免疫前卵黄抗体效价较低,鸡新城疫Lasota疫苗免疫后卵黄抗体效价开始缓慢升高,鸡新城疫油乳剂灭活苗加强免疫后卵黄抗体效价大幅度提高,并在二免后20 d卵黄抗体效价达到高峰,维持一段时间后卵黄抗体效价开始逐步下降。表明收集鸡新城疫疫苗二免后20 d左右的鸡蛋提取卵黄抗体效价高。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。