重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎常见病原菌的体外杀菌试验

从患乳房炎和子宫内膜炎奶牛的奶或子宫黏液中分离菌株,鉴定后选取金黄色葡萄球菌105株、表皮葡萄球菌20株、大肠埃希氏菌20株、链球菌38株(其中停乳链球菌8株,无乳链球菌30株)和牛源多杀巴氏杆菌5株,在体外用重组溶葡萄球菌酶、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素按照微量肉汤稀释法进行了杀菌试验。结果表明,重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌具有良好抑杀效果,对链球菌(包括无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌)和牛源多杀巴氏杆菌具有一定的抑杀效果,对大肠杆菌作用较差;苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素都有一定量的耐药菌株产生,而重组溶葡萄球菌酶对苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素耐药菌株同样具有良好抑杀效果。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎常见病原菌的体外抑杀菌试验

从患乳房炎和子宫内膜炎奶牛的奶或子宫黏液中分离菌株后经鉴定选取金黄色葡萄球菌105株、表皮葡萄球菌20株、大肠埃希氏菌20株、链球菌38株（其中停乳链球菌8株，无乳链球菌30株）和牛多杀性巴氏杆菌5株。在体外用重组溶葡萄球菌酶、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素按照微量肉汤稀释法进行抑杀菌实验。结果表明：重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌（包括耐药菌株和敏感菌株）具有良好抑杀效果，对链球菌（包括无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌）和牛多杀性巴氏杆菌具有一定的抑杀效果，对大肠杆菌作用较差；苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素都有一定量的耐药菌株产生，而重组溶葡萄球菌酶对苯唑西林、氨苄西林、庆大霉素耐药菌株同样具有良好抑杀效果。     

呼伦贝尔地区宠物犬子宫内膜炎致病菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了分析宠物犬子宫内膜炎病原菌流行性及耐药性,从呼伦贝尔地区宠物医院采集患子宫内膜炎宠物犬的子宫内容物、阴道分泌物等病料组织240份,采用病原菌分离鉴定、PCR法、人工感染动物试验、K-B药敏纸片法对采集病料组织进行大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌鉴定,致病性检测及耐药性分析。结果显示,分离得到56株大肠杆菌、48株金黄色葡萄球菌、40株链球菌。42株大肠杆菌、32株金黄色葡萄球菌、30株链球菌具有致病性; 42株致病性大肠杆菌对强力霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶等9种药物的耐药率在45.2%～100%之间,对其他药物的耐药率在11.9%～28.6%之间;32株致病性金黄色葡萄球菌对氟苯尼考、大观霉素、强力霉素等9种药物的耐药率在42.9%～100%之间,对其他药物耐药率在12.5%～25.0%;30株致病性链球菌对青霉素G、阿莫西林、氨苄西林等9种药物耐药率在40.0%～96.7%之间,对其他药物耐药率在13.3%～33.3%之间。本试验为宠物犬子宫内膜炎治疗用药提供重要依据。     

溶菌酶对奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原的体外药敏试验

选取从患有子宫内膜炎奶牛的子宫黏液中分离出的主要病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌37株、链球菌30株、大肠埃希氏菌12株和化脓棒状杆菌22株,在体外用溶菌酶、庆大霉素、氨苄西林和头孢唑啉按照微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。结果表明,溶菌酶对奶牛子宫内膜炎分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌具有良好的抗菌活性,对化脓棒状杆菌具有一定的抑杀作用,对大肠埃希氏菌作用较弱;氨苄西林则均产生了大量的耐药菌株,而溶菌酶对庆大霉素、氨苄西林和头孢唑啉耐药菌株同样具有较好的抑杀效果。     

乳牛慢性子宫内膜炎的病原菌检查

为了有效地防治乳牛慢性子宫内膜炎，对６３头患慢性子宫内膜炎乳牛子中颈口内炎性分泌物进行了微生物的分离，并初步鉴定为７个菌属，１２种细菌。试验结果证明了慢性子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌，其次为大肠杆菌、化脓棒状杆菌、溶血性链球菌以及变性杆菌。通过药物敏感试验，确知所有分离出的菌株对庆大霉素等５种抗生素最为敏感。     

辽西奶牛乳房炎优势病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

采集辽西地区5个城市的临床型奶牛乳房炎奶样89份,采用形态学观察和基因分析法进行了细菌的分离鉴定,结果显示优势病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌。应用生物梅里埃药敏试剂盒测定所分离的乳房炎主要病原菌对常用抗生素的药物敏感性,结果表明金黄色葡萄球菌敏感率较高的药物有米诺环素、呋喃妥因、喹奴普汀、克林霉素,而耐药率较高的药物有青霉素、苯唑西林、万古霉素、红霉素;大肠杆菌敏感率较高的药物有头孢西丁、替卡西林,而耐药率较高的药物依次为阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、环丙沙星、复方新诺明;无乳链球菌对氨苄西林、万古霉素、利福平、替考拉宁敏感率高达100%,四环素、链霉素次之,而对青霉素、环丙沙星耐药率较高;依据上述结果,青霉素和环丙沙星应为临床治疗奶牛乳房炎的淘汰药物。该结果为针对辽西地区防治奶牛乳房炎采取科学合理的防治措施提供了可靠依据。     

我国奶牛主要养殖区乳房炎病原菌区系分布及对抗生素敏感性的最新调查研究

旨在查明引起我国奶牛主要养殖区乳房炎的病原菌区系分布及流行株对抗生素的耐药情况,为提高奶牛乳房炎防控提供参考。对326份临床型乳房炎样品进行细菌的分离、鉴定,用药敏纸片法对检出率较高的5种病原菌进行抗生素敏感性检测。结果共分离出54种263株菌,奶样中细菌总检出率为84.36%,与奶牛乳房炎密切相关的病原菌19种共214株,病原菌检出率为81.37%。检出率较高的前5种病原菌分别是大肠杆菌(29.28%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.75%)、产色葡萄球菌(6.84%)、沙雷氏菌(4.56%)和屎肠球菌(2.66%)。药敏实验结果显示,大肠杆菌对氯霉素、氨苄西林和阿莫西林克拉维酸等耐药严重,耐药率为60%~100%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率均为100%;沙雷氏菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱基本一致;产色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、红霉素、四环素和克林霉素等高度敏感,敏感率为67%~100%。说明乳房炎主要病原菌对临床上常用的抗生素均产生了不同程度的耐药性,临床给药时应交叉用药,并定期进行药物敏感性检测,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

雁门关地区奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌分离鉴定及其致病性

为给黄土高原舍饲养殖场科学防治奶牛子宫内膜炎提供理论依据,对该地区2市4县13个规模奶牛场和5个自然村,共77头患子宫内膜炎的奶牛子宫分泌物进行细菌分离鉴定,并对致病性不明的主要分离菌进行了大鼠子宫致病性试验。结果分离鉴定出12个菌属、23个菌种、108株细菌,主要细菌为芽孢杆菌(30.56%)、大肠埃希菌(14.81%)、肠球菌(12.96%)、葡萄球菌(9.26%)、乏养球菌(9.26%)、链球菌(6.48%)等;对主要分离菌的致病性研究发现除缺陷乏养球菌外,凝结芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌(O20)、屎肠球菌等均可引起子宫内膜炎。表明引起该地区奶牛子宫内膜炎的致病菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、化脓链球菌、不动杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌(O20)、屎肠球菌,可为有效治疗本地区奶牛子宫内膜炎提供可靠的理论基础。     

中药复方宫炎净注射液的体外抑菌试验

为了研究中药复方宫炎净注射液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的抗炎治疗作用,试验选用针对导致奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌(大肠杆菌、沙门杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌),采用琼脂平板扩散法研究中药复方宫炎净注射液的抑菌效果。结果表明:中药复方宫炎净注射液对大肠杆菌、沙门杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌高度敏感,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.160 9 mg/mL,而对链球菌的MIC为0.321 8 mg/mL。说明中药复方宫炎净注射液具有较强的抑菌作用,可用于临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎。     

山东东营地区规模化猪场母猪子宫内膜炎病原菌检测与药物敏感性分析

为了解山东东营地区规模化猪场母猪子宫内膜炎的主要致病菌情况,对12头患有子宫内膜炎的母猪子宫内容物进行细菌分离纯化、鉴定、生化试验、PCR试验及序列比对、药敏试验、动物致病性试验。结果分离出9株大肠杆菌菌株和6株金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,12份样本中有4头患病母猪的子宫内容物检测出有2种致病菌存在。本试验分离的9株细菌菌株符合大肠杆菌的形态及生化特性,6株细菌菌株符合金黄色葡萄球菌的形态及生化特征,15株菌株均具有较强的致病性。大肠杆菌分别对头孢曲松、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、恩诺沙星敏感;对大观霉素、阿莫西林、阿米卡星、多西环素耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢曲松、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、恩诺沙星等药物敏感;对庆大霉素、阿米卡星耐药。说明山东东营地区规模化猪场中导致母猪发生子宫内膜炎感染的主要致病菌为大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。15个菌株对很多药物都有一定耐药性,如何采取科学手段治疗母猪子宫内膜炎值得各养殖场户重视。     

Prevalence of and resistance to anti-microbial drugs in selected microbial species isolated from bulk milk samples

The prevalence of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative (CN) staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and Bacillus cereus, was investigated in 111 bulk milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 38 samples, CN staphylococci from 63 samples, E. coli from 49 samples, E. faecalis or E. faecium from 107 samples, and L. monocytogenes from two samples. Bacillus cereus was not found in any of the samples and three samples were free of any of the selected species. Sensitivity to the anti-microbial drugs amikacin, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin (CLT), cephotaxime, clindamycin, chloramphenicol (CMP), co-trimoxazole, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin (STR), tetracycline (TTC) and vancomycin was tested using the standard dilution technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) characteristics (MIC50, MIC90, MIC range) were determined for each microbial species. Resistance against one or more anti-microbial drugs was found in 93% of S. aureus, 40% of CN staphylococci, 73% of E. coli, 88% of E.faecalis, 55% of E.faecium, and one L. monocytogenes strain. Most of the strains, particularly enterococci, were resistant to STR, TTC, and ERY (MIC50 4 microg/ml). A high percentage of staphylococci were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. High resistance to CLT was found in 11 strains of E. coli (MIC 256 microg/ml) and strains resistant to CMP (MIC90 16 microg/ml) were detected. The highest numbers of resistance phenotypes were found in E. coil (16) and CN staphylococci (12). Eighteen identical resistance phenotypes were demonstrated in indicator bacteria (E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium) and pathogens (S. aureus, CN staphylococci) isolated from the same bulk milk sample. The obtained resistance data were matched against the herd owners' information on therapeutic use of the drugs. This confrontation could not explain the findings of strains resistant to ERY or CMP. Our findings are evidence of selection of resistant strains among not only pathogenic agents, but also among indicator bacteria which can become significant carriers of transmissible resistance genes.     

Usage of antimicrobials and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria from mink

The usage of antimicrobials for treatment of mink and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens in mink was investigated. The aim of the study was to provide data, which may serve as a basis for the formulation of recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobials for mink. A total of 164 haemolytic staphylococci, 49 haemolytic streptococci, 39 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13 Pasteurella multocida, and 1093 Escherichia coli isolates from Danish mink were included in the study. A high frequency of resistance among S. intermedius was found for tetracyclines (54.7%), followed by penicillin (21.7%), lincosamides (20.4%), macrolides (19.1%), and spectinomycin (18.5%). Very low frequencies of resistance were recorded for other antimicrobials. The highest frequency among the E. coli isolates was recorded for ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to other antimicrobials was rare. All P. aeruginosa were sensitive to gentamicin and colistin and sensitive or intermediate to enrofloxacin, whereas most isolates were resistant to all other antimicrobials. All P. multocida and haemolytic streptococci were sensitive to penicillin. There was a steady increase in the use of antimicrobials during the period 2001-2006, the majority of the prescribed amount being extended spectrum penicillins followed by aminoglycosides, sulphonamides with trimethoprim, and macrolides.     

Antibiotic resistance among indicator bacteria isolated from healthy pigs in New Zealand

AIM: To determine the resistance to antibiotics among the indictor bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp, isolated from the faeces of healthy pigs on three conventional pig farms and one organic farm in the North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Faecal samples, collected at intervals between March and October 2001, were plated onto MacConkey agar and Slanetz-Bartley agar and examined after 1-3 days incubation for colonies resembling E. coli and Enterococcus spp, respectively. Typical colonies were subcultured for further identification and storage. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, using disc diffusion, to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Escherichia coli isolates were also tested for resistance to ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and neomycin. Enterococcus spp isolates were also tested for resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin and virginiamycin. RESULTS: A total of 296 E. coli and 273 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the three conventional farms, and 79 E. coli and 80 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the organic farm. All the E. coli isolates from both the conventional and organic pig farms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and all the Enterococcus spp isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Isolates of E. coli from conventional pig farms were resistant to gentamicin (0.7%), neomycin (0.7%), ampicillin (2.7%), cotrimoxazole (11%), streptomycin (25%) and tetracycline (60%). Enterococcus spp isolates from the same farms were resistant to erythromycin (68%), tetracycline (66%), streptomycin (54%) and virginiamycin (49%). By contrast, for the organic pig farm 相似文献   

Antimicrobial resistance patterns to beta-lactams of gram-positive cocci isolated from bovine mastitis in Lithuania

The aim of the study was to isolate gram-positive cocci from cows with mastitis and to determine their resistance to beta-lactamic antibiotics. Eight hundred and nine strains were isolated and identified as staphylococci (n=516), streptococci (n=199) and enterococci (n=94) from sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Lithuania. The most common causative agents of udder disease included: S. epidermidis (n=176), S. aureus (n=176), S. agalactiae (n=134), S. hyicus (136) and E. hirae (n=68). Isolates were analysed for antimicrobial resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, cephalexin, amoxicillin + clavulanate. The susceptibility patterns were analysed using the agar disk diffusion method. S. aureus showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin (81.3%), penicillin (76.7%) and ampicillin (78.4%). The corresponding values for CNS strains were 59.7%, 59.7% and 50.6% against penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin respectively. Streptococci were the most frequently resistant to amoxicillin (29.3%), and enterococci to penicillin (27%), amoxicillin (27.5%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (23.8%). The resistance of all tested mastitis pathogens to aminopenicillins and penicillin highly correlated (r=0.83). Compared with other antibiotics, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination tended to be more effective (p<0.05) against all tested bacteria in vitro. However, S. aureus, in 38.1% of cases, was resistant to this combination of antimicrobials. This study demonstrates that S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. agalactiae and E. hirae remain the most frequent mastitis causative agents on Lithuanian cattle farms. The highest resistance in vitro to penicillins was demonstrated by S. aureus, S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Resistance to cephalosporins remains low, irrespective of bacterial species of gram-positive cocci.     

Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows with mastitis

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, susceptibility to 26 antimicrobial agents used in veterinary and human medicine, and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from cows with mastitis were evaluated. Among 135 E. coli isolates, PFGE analysis revealed 85 different genetic patterns. All E. coli were resistant to two or more antimicrobials in different combinations. Most E. coli were resistant to antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine including ampicillin (98.4%, >or=32 microg/ml) and many E. coli were resistant to streptomycin (40.3%, >or=64 microg/ml), sulfisoxazole (34.1%, >or=512 microg/ml), and tetracycline (24.8%, >or=16 microg/ml). Most E. coli were resistant to antimicrobials used in human medicine including aztreonam (97.7%, >or=32 microg/ml) and cefaclor (89.9%, >or=32 microg/ml). Some E. coli were resistant to nitrofurantoin (38%, >or=128 microg/ml), cefuroxime (22.5%, >or=32 microg/ml), fosfomycin (17.8%, >or=256 microg/ml). All E. coli were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cinoxacin. Almost 97% (123 of 127) of ampicillin-resistant isolates carried ampC. Eleven of 52 (21.2%) streptomycin-resistant isolates carried strA, strB and aadA together and 29 streptomycin-resistant isolates (55.8%) carried aadA alone. Among 44 sulfisoxazole-resistant E. coli, 1 isolate (2.3%) carried both sulI and sulII, 12 (27.3%) carried sulI and 10 (22.7%) isolates carried sulII. Among 32 tetracycline-resistant isolates, 14 (43.8%) carried both tetA and tetC and 14 (43.8%) carried tetC. Results of this study demonstrated that E. coli from cows with mastitis were genotypically different, multidrug resistant and carried multiple resistance genes. These bacteria can be a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes and can play a role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes to other pathogenic and commensal bacteria in the dairy farm environment.     

Comparison of antimicrobial resistance pattern of selected respiratory tract pathogens isolated from different animal species

The antibiotic resistance pattern of respiratory tract pathogens isolated of different animal species suffering from respiratory tract diseases has been investigated by antibiograms performed by agar diffusion test. The results show that the resistance situation in Switzerland is favourable compared with studies from other countries. However, high resistance rates were found in certain species: 61% of Streptococcus spp. were resistant to erythromycin and 44% to tetracycline, 59% of Bordetella bronchiseptica were resistant to ampicillin and 50% of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica were multiresistant to tetracycline, ampicillin and streptomycine. The gram negative isolates were widely resistant to streptomycine.     

The In Vitro Activity of 15 Antimicrobial Agents against Bacterial Isolates from Dogs

The in vitro activity of 15 antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. and Streptococcus canis from dogs was investigated. For Staphylococcus spp., the highest frequency of resistance was observed for penicillin, followed by ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The highest frequency of resistance in E. coli isolates was recorded for tetracycline and streptomycin. Pasteurella spp. and S. canis had the highest resistance rate for tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Most isolates showed full susceptibility to low-level resistance to colistin, florfenicol and fluoroquinolones. Further studies using larger number of isolates from both healthy and diseased dogs would provide a broader picture of antimicrobial resistance at a national level and promote prudent use of antimicrobial agents in companion animals.     

Antimicrobial resistance in enteric pathogens isolated from Minnesota pigs from 1995 to 2004

This study investigated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. isolated from swine samples submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1995 to 2004. During this time period, a total of 5072 E. coli and 2793 Salmonella sp. was isolated. Most of these isolates were found to be resistant to the tetracycline and beta-lactam group of antibiotics. Resistance to spectinomycin was also frequently observed. An increasing trend in ampicillin resistance and a decreasing trend in apramycin resistance were seen in both pathogens, although ampicillin resistance was relatively higher in E. coli than in Salmonella. Aminoglycoside (amikacin) and quinolone (enrofloxacin) were the only antimicrobials to which minimum or no resistance was observed. The resistance of pig pathogens to several antibiotics indicates the need to routinely monitor the use of these antimicrobials and their associated resistance in pig populations.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine milk

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) isolates (n=168) obtained from milk from heifers and dairy cows were screened for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to antimicrobials used commonly for mastitis therapy. Of the 10 CNS species included in the study, the predominant species were Staphylococcus chromogenes (n=61), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=37), Staphylococcus hyicus (n=37), and Staphylococcus simulans (n=16). The majority of CNS was susceptible to ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, and ceftiofur. Erythromycin and pirlimycin were also very effective in vitro inhibitors of CNS. The only exception was observed with S. epidermidis. Of 37 S. epidermidis evaluated, 13 (35%) exhibited efflux-based resistance to erythromycin (> or =16 microg/ml) encoded by msrA and one isolate carried ermC encoding ribosomal methylase-based resistance to both erythromycin (> or =64 microg/ml) and pirlimycin (> or =64 microg/ml). A total of 17 S. epidermidis, 11 S. chromogenes, and one S. hyicus exhibited phenotypic resistance to ampicillin (> or =0.5 microg/ml). Constitutive beta-lactamase production was observed in all ampicillin resistant isolates except 4 S. epidermidis that exhibited inducible beta-lactamase production. Induced beta-lactamase production was also observed in 13 S. epidermidis that were phenotypically susceptible to the entire MIC panel. All isolates that produced beta-lactamase either constitutively or by induction carried blaZ. S. epidermidis (n=12, 32%) that were resistant to methicillin (oxacillin > or =0.5 microg/ml) carried low affinity penicillin-binding protein encoded by mecA. Most multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. epidermidis (> or =2 resistance genes) were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin and methicillin. All except one MDR S. epidermidis had icaAB, which encodes for polysaccharide intercellular adhesion. Based on pulsed field gel electrophoresis, MDR S. epidermidis were closely related genotypically, and were isolated from different cows on the same farm suggesting clonal dissemination. Bovine S. epidermidis share antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence determinants of strains observed in human infections. Studying CNS at the species level can provide valuable information about species-specific differences that can be vital data for effective mastitis therapy and management.     

Serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility among Escherichia coli isolated from farmed mink (Mustela vison Schreiber) in Denmark

Escherichia coli is commonly found in outbreaks of diarrhoea in mink during the production season although its role as a primary causal organism remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to determine the serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates from healthy and diarrhoeic mink. Rectal swabs were taken from healthy and diseased animals, on six different farms, once at the onset of disease and again approximately 2 weeks later. The swabs were subjected to bacteriological investigation; a total of 210 E. coli were isolated, 98 from healthy animals and 112 from diseased. All isolates were serotyped and MICs were determined for nine antimicrobial compounds. Non-haemolytic isolates numbered 147, whereas 63 were haemolytic. Both haemolytic and non-haemolytic isolates were isolated from both healthy and diseased animals.A wide range of serogroups was detected, the most frequent being O2 (11.0%), O78 (11.0%), O153 (7.1%), O25 (5.7%), O6 (4.8%), and O15 (4.8%), but diarrhoea was not associated with specific serogroups. All isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin, neomycin, gentamicin and colistin. In contrast, considerable variations in susceptibility were found among the six mink farms, for tetracycline (0-46.4%, average 21.9), ampicillin (2.9-50.0%, average 23.3), spectinomycin (8.0-35.7%, average 21.9), sulfamethoxazole (8.6-57.7%, average 30.0) and trimethoprim (0-35.7%, average 9.5). Resistance to tetracycline was statistically more prevalent among haemolytic than among non-haemolytic strains.In conclusion, serogrouping and haemolysin testing failed to identify any association with diarrhoeal disease and antimicrobial resistance was highly variable between different mink farms.