柔嫩艾美耳球虫盐霉素耐药株的实验室诱导

为了研究耐药性柔嫩艾美耳球虫产生耐药性的机理,本研究在实验室条件下,采用药物浓度递增的方法,以15 mg/kg为起始诱导浓度,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫盐霉素耐药性进行诱导。经过10次传代,获得了对60 mg/kg盐霉素耐药的柔嫩艾美耳球虫虫株。以抗球虫指数、最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量四项指标综合判定柔嫩艾美耳球虫对盐霉素的耐药性。其中抗球虫指数为156.92,最适抗球虫活性百分率为32.38,病变记分减少率为53.85,相对卵囊产量为28.17。结果显示,成功获得了柔嫩艾美耳球虫对盐霉素完全耐药的虫株,为进一步从分子水平研究球虫抗药性奠定基础。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫不同抗药性虫株的种内多态性研究

应用RAPD技术进行柔嫩艾美耳球虫4个单一抗药性虫株与1个敏感株的基因组DNA多态性分析，发现4个抗药性虫株及敏感株之间的相似值均大于99%；OPAO3引物对抗盐霉素株扩增出一条约500bp的特异条带，OPH02引物对抗克球粉株和抗盐霉素株均扩增出了约1kb的第三条主带，这些特异条带的出现很可能与球虫抗药性基因有关，有可能用于抗药性虫株的诊断与鉴定。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫耐药株与鸡3种球虫的同工酶的研究

对不同离子载体抗生素具有抗药性的柔嫩艾美耳球虫和药物敏感的柔嫩区美耳球虫、布氏匀美耳球虫和堆型艾耳球虫的孢子化卵囊,采用聚安凝胶垂直板电泳,进行了乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（ＧＰＩ）和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶（Ｇ６ＰＤ）等同工酶华不同离子载体抗生素具有抗药性的柔嫩艾美耳球虫和药物同工酶酶谱可以反应出球虫种间差异;而柔嫩艾耳球虫抗性虫株的ＬＤＨ酶谱是２条带,敏感虫株是３条带,抗性株比敏感株     

用RAPD技术进行鸡球虫不同种株的多态性研究

本文以随机引物成对组合的方式，对和缓艾美耳球虫（Eimeria,mitis)、巨型艾美耳球虫（E.maxima)和柔嫩艾美耳虫（E.tenella)3个种各2个单卵囊感染纯株、E.tenella6个抗药性表型不同的单卵囊感染性株进行了RAPD分析，结果发现，RAPD技术能非常有效地用于上述球虫种、株间的鉴别。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫对四种抗球虫药的交叉抗药性试验

为了测试柔嫩艾美耳球虫的４种抗药虫株（抗地克珠利、抗拉沙里菌素、抗盐霉素和抗克球粉虫株）对４种抗球虫药（地克珠利、拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉）的敏感性进行了本试验。结果表明：柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药虫株对拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉均表现敏感,拉沙里菌素抗药虫株、盐霉素抗药虫株和克球粉抗药虫株对地克珠利也表现为高度敏感,因此,柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利与拉沙里菌素、地克珠利与盐霉素、地克珠利与克球粉３组药物不存在交叉抗药性。     

5种离子载体类抗球虫药对常见鸡球虫的作用比较

比较了5种离子载体类抗球虫药拉沙里菌素（Lasalocid）、盐霉素（Salinomycin）、马杜拉霉素（Maduramicin）、那拉霉素（Narasin）和莫能菌素（Monensin）对广东一些鸡场常见的柔嫩艾美球虫（Eimeria tenella）、巨型艾美球虫（E.maxima）、堆型艾美球虫（E.acervulina）和毒害艾美球虫（E.necatrix）不同感染量的作用效果。结果，拉沙里菌素（90mg/kg）、盐霉素（60mg/kg)、马杜拉霉素（50mg/kg）、那拉霉素（70mg/kg）、莫能菌素（100mg/kg）拌料饲喂组和感染不用药组对毒害艾美球虫的抗球虫指数（ACI）分别为194.0、184.6、181.9、173.3、167.2和125.7；对巨型艾美球虫的ACI分别199.5、149.3、152.0、172.9、141.2和99.1；对堆型艾美球虫的ACI分别为165.1、173.1、150.1、156.8、149.4和105.2；对柔嫩艾美球虫的ACI分别为165.2、2、75.1、85.0、137.6、83.1和102.6。即拉沙里菌素对柔嫩艾美球虫、毒害艾美球虫和巨型艾美球虫的效果比其它4种药要好，拉沙里菌素对堆型艾美球虫的效果比盐霉素低，但比马杜拉霉素、莫能菌素、那拉霉素高。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫2个抗药株的抗药性评估

为检测实验室长期保存的柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株和地克珠利抗药株的遗传稳定性,采用鸡体试验法,以抗球虫指数、最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量4项指标,评价2个抗药株对地克珠利、癸氧喹酯、马杜拉霉素等3种抗球虫药物的抗药性,并以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株为对照。结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株对3种抗球虫药物均无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株对马杜拉霉素为完全耐药,4项指标全部阳性;对地克珠利、癸氧喹酯则表现为无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药株对地克珠利表现为完全耐药,4项指标全部阳性;对马杜拉霉素表现为中度耐药,2项指标阳性;对癸氧喹酯则表现为无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。结果表明,在实验室已繁殖保存10余年的柔嫩艾美耳球虫2个抗药虫株对其诱导药物具有明显抗药性,实验室保种繁殖方法可行,虫株遗传稳定性良好,为利用该虫株进行球虫抗药性机制等相关研究奠定了基础。     

首个国产鸡球虫疫苗问世保护率超95％

佛山市正典生物技术有限公司自主研发的“鸡球虫病四价活疫苗（柔嫩艾美耳球虫PTMZ株＋毒害艾美耳球虫PNHZ株＋巨型艾美耳球虫PMHY株＋堆型艾美耳球虫PAHY株）”近日获得国家三类新兽药证书，这是国内首个全部采用早熟选育致弱的药物敏感虫株组成的鸡球虫病四价活疫苗。     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术对鸡的3种艾美耳球虫的鉴别

应用随机扩增多态性DNA技术（RAPD）对寄生于鸡的3种艾美耳球虫：布氏艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫的基因组DNA进行分析,发现大多数引物对不同种球虫的DNA扩增产物的电泳带存在明显差异,证明RAPD技术可用于同宿主艾美耳球虫虫种的鉴定。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株与敏感株的mRNA差异显示

利用柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜霉素敏感虫株裂殖子和抗药虫株裂殖子为材料,对马杜霉素敏感虫株和抗药虫株进行差异显示PCR,共回收34条电泳差异片段,反向Northern点杂交鉴定4个片段为真正差异片段,并对4个片段进行测序、B1ast同源性比较.来自于马杜霉素抗药虫株裂殖子的ACD3-2序列与柔嫩艾美耳球虫微线-5同源性99%,说明AcD3-2序列是该基因的部分序列,微线-5蛋白与虫体融解宿主细胞膜、入侵、运动和溢出有关,在第二代裂殖子时期,抗药性虫株该序列发生转录,而在敏感虫株中沉默;HCD1序列来自马杜霉素敏感虫株,与柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原16和17序列同源性分别为83%和86%,说明与这2个基因同源.AGD5片段来自抗药虫株,HAD8-2序列来自敏感虫株,通过比较这2条序列可能为新序列.     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫对盐酸氟乙基硫胺素耐药性的诱导

为评估盐酸氟乙基硫胺素产生抗药性的倾向,采用药物浓度递增法,在实验条件下进行柔嫩艾美耳球虫耐药性的诱导研究。每组动物用10只快大黄肉鸡,每只鸡接种1×105个孢子化卵囊,以50 mg/kg盐酸氨丙啉和盐酸氟乙基硫胺素为起始诱导浓度连续传代,以病变记分、存活率和卵囊数三项指标综合判定耐药性。经过10次传代,盐酸氨丙啉对敏感虫株的ACI为192.6,而对耐药虫株的ACI为109.1;经过12次传代,盐酸氟乙基硫胺素对敏感虫株的ACI为197.5,而对耐药虫株的ACI为110.6,对盐酸氨丙啉耐药虫株的ACI为163.2;结果表明成功地诱导出对盐酸氨丙啉、盐酸氟乙基硫胺素完全耐药的虫株。盐酸氟乙基硫胺素产生耐药速度慢于盐酸氨丙啉,与盐酸氨丙啉有部分交叉耐药性。     

Efficacy of decoquinate against drug sensitive laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella and field isolates of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens in China

The efficacy of decoquinate against Eimeria infections in broiler chickens was evaluated using two drug sensitive laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella and 20 field isolates of Eimeria spp. collected from farms in China where various anticoccidials (including maduramicin) had been used. Decoquinate (20-40 ppm in feed) and maduramicin (5 ppm) were efficacious against E. tenella laboratory strains, but decoquinate more so than maduramicin. Body weight gains of E. tenella infected chickens were significantly improved, and caecal lesions were prevented, by feeding either decoquinate or maduramicin. Decoquinate also prevented oocyst production, but maduramicin did not. Most (18/20) Eimeria field isolates were resistant to maduramicin, judged by oocyst production; decoquinate at > or =20 ppm completely controlled all 20 field isolates. Decoquinate has potential value as a broiler anticoccidial in China and other countries where it has not been previously used.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药株的实验室诱导

采用药物浓度递增法,以0．07mg／L地克珠利为起始诱导浓度连续传代,以最适抗球虫指数（POAA）、病变记分减少率（RLS）和相对卵囊产量（ROP）3项指标综合判定抗药性。经12次传代,该诱导虫株对1．5mg／L地克珠利具有完全抵抗力。试验结果表明,用实验室方法诱导柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗药株完全可行。     

复方尼卡巴嗪、马杜霉素铵对鸡艾美耳球虫临床防治效果初探

试验表明,推荐量的复方尼卡巴嗪（125mg／kg）、马杜霉素铵（5mg／kg）对E．tenella GD珠球虫抗球虫指数为194．1,对6个E．tenella 田间分离株抗球虫指数都在170以上,其抗球虫指数优于单方的尼卡巴嗪及马杜霉素组,尤其对耐药虫株。     

我国部分地区乳房炎奶样中大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎奶样中大肠杆菌的耐药情况,以指导牛场合理使用抗生素,提高治疗效果和畜产品质量,从全国六个省市自治区采取158例奶牛乳房炎的奶样,对奶样中的大肠杆菌进行分离纯化与鉴定,并进行药敏试验。结果显示,158份奶样中,共分离出38株大肠杆菌,其中黑龙江18株(分离率为36.0%)、上海3株(分离率6.0%)、北京3株(分离率27.2%)、新疆10株(分离率33.3%)、山东4株(分离率26.7%)、陕西0株(分离率0)。药敏试验显示,磺胺异噁唑耐药率最高,为73.7%;环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、链霉素药物的敏感率最高,为100%。分离菌株最多耐13种药物,最少耐4种药物,呈现多重耐药性。不同种类的抗生素中,上海和山东对β-内酰胺类药物和氯霉素类药物以及黑龙江、上海和新疆对磺胺类药物的耐药情况比较严重,耐药率高达50%以上。结果表明,各地区分离株对多种抗菌药物产生了不同程度耐药性和多重耐药,临床兽医在治疗时应注意合理用药,提高疗效和畜产品质量,减少耐药性的产生。     

Study on Biological Characteristics and Drug Sensitivity of Haemophilus parasuis Isolated in Sichuan Province

The study was aimed to investigate the biological characsteristics and drug sensitive tests of Haemophilus parasuis isolated in Sichuan province.This paper reported the biological characteristics,16S rRNA gene PCR and drug sensitive test of the isolates by technique of microbiological and molecular biology.The results showed that the isolates had micro anaerobic and could produce satellite phenomenon,the isolates were just same in biochemical characteristics with field isolates in other area.All the isolates amplified 821 bp 16S rRNA gene.And drug sensitive tests showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to cefradine,ampicillin,cefradine,amoxicillin,cefaclor,ofloxacin,cefotaxime and furadantin,the sensitive rate was 75.61% to 87.80%,but the isolates were high resistance to lincomycin,carbenicillin,enrofloxacin,amikacin and sulfamethoxazole,and multiple-drug resistance was found among the isolates,the number of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics were more between five and eight,the resisitance strains were 21.95% to 30.49%,7 isolates were even resistant to 13 antibiotics.The results showed the phenomenon of drug resistance of the isolates was very serious.     

广东水禽源大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类耐药基因研究

为了调查广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物耐药现状和耐药基因的流行情况,探索大肠埃希菌的氨基糖苷类耐药基因型与耐药表型之间的关系,本研究采用琼脂梯度稀释法测定251株广东地区水禽源大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药性和采用PCR方法检测耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示,大肠埃希菌对链霉素耐药较严重,鸭源和鹅源的耐药率分别为81.58%和75.43%,对庆大霉素和卡那霉素较敏感,耐药率分别为25%和54.86%,对阿米卡星最为敏感,其中鸭源的菌株耐药率仅为1.32%。PCR方法检测显示,aadA1和aph(3′)-1检出率较高,为84.6%和91.9%,表明携带aadA1和aph(3′)-1耐药基因的水禽源大肠埃希菌在广东地区呈流行趋势。耐药基因型与耐药表型相关性分析结果显示,耐药基因rmtB的携带与4种药物(庆大霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素和壮观霉素)耐药株的产生具有显著相关性,表明耐药基因rmtB对大肠埃希菌耐药株的产生起重要的作用。本试验结果可为指导广东地区水禽大肠埃希菌病的临床用药提供理论基础和研究大肠埃希菌的耐药基因提供相关的数据。