日粮纤维对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响

日粮纤维的化学和物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要,其中有效纤维的含量也是影响瘤胃发酵的重要指标。奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率的变化,而对日粮中物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)水平的反应是其咀嚼活动。     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率。物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康。奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要。奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而peNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动。peNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小、多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力。综述了日粮peNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究。     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而peNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.peNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小、多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.综述了日粮peNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(PeNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而PeNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.PeNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小、多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.综述了日粮PeNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

有效纤维及其在奶牛日粮中的应用

奶牛日粮纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要。奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维（eNDF）水平的反应是乳脂率变化，而对日粮物理有效中性洗涤纤维（peNDF）水平的反应是其咀嚼活动。目前产奶牛peNDF最低推荐量是占日粮干物质的21％。本文对奶牛日粮有效纤维的发展、eNDF和peNDF的概念、奶牛对日粮有效纤维的反应、日粮peNDF的估测方法以及奶牛对peNDF的最低需要量进行了简单的综述。     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH和乳脂率.物理有效中性洗涤纤维(PeNDF)能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康.奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要.奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而PeNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动.PeNDF与纤维的物理性质(主要是指碎片大小,多指长度)有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力.本文浅谈PeNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究.     

日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究

纤维的物理性状影响奶牛的咀嚼、唾液分泌、瘤胃pH值和乳脂率。物理有效中性洗涤纤维（peNDF）能有效保持乳脂率和动物健康。奶牛日粮中纤维的化学与物理特性对于刺激其咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率十分重要。奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维（eNDF）水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而peNDF的反应是其咀嚼活动。peNDF与纤维的物理性质（主要是指碎片大小、多指长度）有关,有刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力。综述了日粮peNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究。     

浅谈物理有效中性洗涤纤维对奶牛营养的调控

奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维(eNDF)水平的反应是乳脂率变化,而对日粮物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)水平的反应是其咀嚼活动。peNDF水平对奶牛咀嚼活动、采食量、营养物质在瘤胃的消化率都有关的,刺激动物咀嚼活动和建立瘤胃内容物两相分层的能力。本文综述了peNDF对奶牛营养调控的研究。     

奶牛日粮纤维的营养作用及在生产中的应用

日粮纤维是奶牛泌乳和健康的重要保障,这已经得到国内外奶业科学家及生产者的普遍关注。但在我国目前的奶牛生产中,奶牛饲养者并未对此给予高度重视,导致奶牛产奶潜力不能充分发挥和营养代谢紊乱。就奶牛日粮纤维的营养作用及调控技术做一阐述,供同行参考。1日粮纤维的定义近年来,国外在奶牛营养中提出了有效纤维的新概念,即有效中性洗涤纤维(effective NDF,eNDF)和物理有效中性洗涤纤维(physically effective NDF,peNDF)。eNDF是指有效维持乳脂率稳定总能力的饲料特性;peNDF是指纤维的物理性质(主要是碎片大小)刺激奶牛咀嚼活动和…     

优质牧草对奶牛的生理营养作用

牧草是奶牛生理的必需饲料。奶牛是大食量的草食畜种．具有非常发达的瘤胃和反刍功能，饱食后的反刍是奶牛的生理需要．奶牛的咀嚼活动既有助于唾液缓冲液分泌．能有效地控制奶牛瘤胃中的酸碱度，也是决定瘤胃环境是否正常的一个指示剂。牧草等粗纤维的理化特性对于刺激奶牛的咀嚼活动和维持稳定的乳脂率是十分重要的，奶牛对日粮中有效中性洗涤纤维水平的化学反应是乳脂率变化，对其物理反应是其咀嚼活动。     

The relationship of food intake during growth and food intake at maturity with lactation food intake in a mouse model

Selection for increased leanness and improved food efficiency in pigs has resulted in a decreased voluntary food intake. It has been argued that voluntary food intake during lactation should be considered in sow breeding programmes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic correlation of food intake during growth and food intake at maturity with maximum lactation food intake in a mouse model. A total of 179 records were available on female mice selected for litter size at birth (S-line) and non-selected control females (C-line) from 3 weeks of age to 21 days in lactation. Half of the litters were standardized to eight pups per litter (s) and half were not standardized (ns). Growth intake was measured as the average intake between 21 and 42 days of age, mature intake was measured from a linear regression of food intake against age between 42 and 69 days of age, and lactation intake was measured as a linear regression of food intake against days in lactation between 5 and 14 days in lactation. In both lines, females with a higher growth intake also had a higher mature intake (r = 0.63 to 0.75, P < 0.0001). Lactation intake was related with growth intake and mature intake in Sns females (r = 0.50 and 0.46, P < 0.01) and with growth intake in Ss females (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). In both lines, lactation intake was highly correlated with litter weight (r = 0.48 to 0.94, P < 0.001). Sns and Ss females with higher growth intake supported larger litter weights during lactation (r = 0.32 and 0.30, respectively, P < 0.05) and Sns females with higher mature intakes tended to support larger litter weights (r = 0.28, P = 0.060). It is suggested that lactating C-line females eat to support a given litter size, while S-line females support the maximum litter weight that is allowed for by their intake capacity, and still produce at high levels when litters are standardized. Since lactating sows mobilise body reserves, the relationship of food intake during growth with that during lactation may be reflected in the relationship between growth intake and body condition.     

Protein intake but not feed intake affects dietary energy for finishing pigs

The effects of dietary protein and feeding levels on dietary metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE) content were determined in 24 pigs, each offered two diets at 2.0 times the energetic maintenance requirement or for ad libitum intake between 55 and 95 kg body weight. Within feeding levels, pigs received, in random order, low‐protein (LP; 11.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) or high‐protein (HP; 20.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) diets of similar digestible energy content. Dietary NE was calculated from heat production based on 24‐h indirect calorimetry following a 7‐day N‐balance period. Feed intake was greater for LP than HP when fed for ad libitum intake (p = 0.001). Protein level did not affect daily gain (p > 0.1) but HP improved gain: feed (p = 0.003). Dietary ME and NE were not significantly affected by feeding level but were decreased by high protein intake (p < 0.07). Reducing dietary protein reduced urinary energy losses and increased energy retention but did not affect heat production. The effect of dietary protein restriction was already evident on the ME level and carried over to a similar degree to the NE level because the utilization of ME was not affected by protein level. Dietary ME and NE decreased by 0.012 MJ/kg (p = 0.014) and 0.018 MJ/kg (p = 0.062), respectively, for each gram per day N intake. The results suggest that although there was an effect of protein level on NE, the greatest effect occurred at the level of ME. However, the prediction of both ME and NE may be improved by adopting energy values for dietary protein that changes with dietary protein content.     

Effects of milk intake on forage intake and performance of suckling range calves

A study to examine the relationships between milk intake, forage intake, and performance of Hereford-Angus suckling range calves was conducted during July, August, and September of 1984 and 1985. Twenty calves were used each year. The study was conducted at the Red Bluff Research Ranch located 56 km west of Bozeman, Montana. Average daily gain, milk intake (MI), forage digestibility, and fecal output (FO) were measured at 28-d intervals, beginning when the average calf age was 66 +/- 4 d. Milk intake was estimated using weigh-suckle-weigh techniques. Total fecal collections were used to measure FO. Forage digestibility and rates of passage were determined using nylon bag in situ techniques and external markers in ruminally cannulated calves of the same age. Fecal output by calves increased as body weight and age increased. Milk intake was higher (P less than .05) in 1985 than in 1984, but FO was higher (P less than .01) in 1984 than in 1985. Fecal output by calves was negatively correlated to MI in July (r = -.62; P less than .05) and August (r = -.56; P less than .05). No significant correlations were detected between MI and ADG (P greater than .10). Forage intake estimates were derived from FO, rate of passage, and in situ digestibility values. During July, calves consumed .3 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .05). In both August and September, calves consumed .6 kg more forage for each kilogram of reduction in fluid MI (P less than .10). Calves maintained similar digestible energy (DE) intake both years, although the source of DE varied.     

The effect of milk intake on forage intake and growth of nursing calves

Thirty-nine Holstein steer calves were assigned to one of five treatments at birth and individually fed for 200 d with milk replacer reconstituted to equal the fat and protein concentration of beef cow milk. Treatment levels were the quantities of reconstituted milk fed per day based on lactation curves, which were based on peak milk levels (PML) of 2.72, 5.44, 8.16, 10.88, and 13.6 kg/d, respectively. In addition to reconstituted milk, chopped alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum to allow for maximal voluntary forage consumption. All calves were fed a high-energy diet postweaning until they reached a similar degree of fatness in the 12th rib (4 to 5% chemical fat) as determined by ultrasound. There were differences (P < 0.05) among groups in weaning weight, preweaning ADG, age, and weight at slaughter. During the preweaning phase, there was a linear relationship (P < 0.01) for daily milk and forage DE intake; however, DE intake per unit of BW did not differ across treatments (P = 0.06). Increasing PML resulted in a linear (P < 0.01) decrease in alfalfa hay intake in the preweaning phase, and G:F increased quadratically (P < 0.01). During the postweaning phase, preweaning milk intake had no meaningful effect on postweaning ADG, but overall ADG had a linear relationship (P < 0.01) with preweaning milk level. There was no effect of PML on the 12th-rib lipid percent, marbling score, or quality grade, but protein and fat concentration in the carcass and empty BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) with PML. The group fed at 2.72 kg/d PML was 58 kg lighter (P = 0.03) and required 34 d more (P < 0.01) to reach the predetermined degree of fatness at slaughter than the group fed at 13.6 kg/d PML, suggesting that increased milk production by the dam can decrease the number of days to the slaughter weight at which a similar rib lipid concentration is reached.     

The relationship between residual feed intake and feed intake behavior in group-housed Duroc barrows

Because feed is the major input in pork production, conversion of feed into lean tissue at minimum costs has been a focus for improvement. Several researchers have proposed using residual feed intake (RFI) rather than feed conversion ratio (FCR) for genetic improvement of feed efficiency. Little is known about the variation in RFI in pigs. As several studies suggest a greater RFI is related to greater animal activity levels, the current study investigated the phenotypic relationship between RFI and feed intake (FI) behavior of 104 group-housed growing Duroc barrows allowed ad libitum access to feed. Feed intake, BW gain, feeding time (TIME), feeding frequency (VISITS), RFI, and FCR were calculated for 5 periods of 14, 23, 28, 21, or 23 d in length (periods 1 through 5, respectively) on animals that were between 73 to 95 d of age at the start of the testing period. Barrows that grew faster consumed more feed (P < 0.001), and barrows that consumed more feed were fatter (P < 0.01). There were no correlations between VISITS and TIME, between VISITS and FI, or between VISITS and RFI. Barrows that spent more time at the feeder, however, consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater RFI in periods 1, 3, and 5 (P < 0.05). As expected, FI and FCR were highly correlated with RFI (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a greater FI rather than greater feed intake activity resulted in greater RFI values.     

The effect of residual feed intake classification on forage intake by grazing beef cows

Although feed intake and efficiency differences in growing cattle of low and high residual feed intake (RFI) classification have been established, little is known about the difference in grazed forage intake between beef cows of known RFI classification. Two experiments were conducted using Hereford cows for which RFI had been determined as heifers using the GrowSafe 4000E feed intake system, after which heifers had been divided into thirds as low RFI, mid RFI, and high RFI. During Exp. 1, 2 replicates of low and high RFI cows (n = 7/replicate) in mid- to late-gestation were blocked to 1 of 4 non-endophyte-infected tall fescue paddocks (1.8 to 2.4 ha), which they grazed continuously for 84 d during summer. Using grazing exclosures, weekly rising plate meter readings, and forage harvests every 21 d, average forage DMI was calculated. Low and high RFI groups did not differ (P > 0.05) in BW change or BCS change over the trial (19.5 vs. 22.1 kg of BW gain and 0.11 vs. 0.10 BCS gain), but low RFI cows had a 21% numerically lower DMI than high RFI cows (12.4 vs. 15.6 kg/d; P = 0.23). The average area needed per paddock over the trial was similar for low and high RFI cows (1.71 vs. 1.82 ha; P = 0.35), and the average DM on offer over the trial was less for low RFI than for high RFI cows (4,215 vs. 4,376 kg; P = 0.06). During Exp. 2, 3 replicates of low and high RFI cows with their calves (n = 4 pair/replicate) strip-grazed stockpiled and early spring growth tall fescue paddocks (0.7 to 0.9 ha) for 60 d in late winter and early spring. Because of limiting forage availability and quality at trial initiation, cow-calf pairs were also fed 3.31 kg/pair of pelleted soyhulls daily. Pre- and post-grazed forage samples were harvested for 4 grazing periods, and forage growth was estimated using a growing degree days calculation and on-site weather station data. Performance did not differ (P > 0.05) between low and high RFI cows throughout the experiment (18.4 vs. 26.6 kg of BW gain and -0.04 vs. 0.15 BCS gain). Despite the utilization of forage offered being similar for low and high RFI cow-calf pairs (P > 0.05), low RFI cows and their calves had an 11% numerically lower DMI than high RFI pairs (12.5 vs. 14.1 kg/d; P = 0.12). We concluded that either no intake differences existed between low and high RFI cows or that current methodology and small animal numbers limited our ability to detect differences.     

Colostrum intake by dairy calves

AIMS: To determine which clinical parameters could be used to identify calves with low serum immunoglobulin levels and to examine the influence of cow and calf behaviour on colostrum intake. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 74 dairy calves after they were separated from their dams, and analysed for serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Physical and behavioural measurements were taken for 57 of these calves at this time. The behaviour of 2 1 dairy cows and their calves was observed between birth and the time the calves were separated when a blood sample was taken from 17 of them and analysed for GGT. RESULTS: Low serum GGT activities (below 200 U/l GGT), indicating low serum immunoglobulin levels, were found in 45% of the group of 74 calves. The calves which had not received colostrum were not easy to distinguish from those that had on the basis of physical or behavioural features. The amount of time that the 2 1 calves spent with their dams before being separated ranged from 1.2 to 24.9 hours. Thirty-three per cent of these calves had not sucked within this time. Of the calves that did suck, 79% did so within 6 hours of birth. CONCLUSIONS: About one half of New Zealand dairy calves may not receive colostrum from their dams even when they are together for up to 24 hours. Most calves that are going to suck of their own accord will do so within 6 hours of birth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dairy calves should be removed from their dams after 6 hours and fed colostrum to guarantee that they receive sufficient immunoglobulins.     

Palatability improves young piglets'feed intake

断奶(前)仔猪采食量下降不可避免地会导致其生长放缓,进一步引发整个饲养期经济损失.众所周知,推迟断奶后首次采食的时间将会显著提高断奶后厌食对肠道发育和维护进而对仔猪生产性能的负面影响.因此,在仔猪生长的最早时期优化采食量是仔猪营养师最重要的挑战之一.     

泌乳母猪采食量降低的原因和改善措施

<正>1母猪育种的目标和问题随着现代遗传育种科学的不断发展,人们趋向性地根据自身的需要对猪遗传特性进行改良。现代遗传育种的方向是追求生长速度快、瘦肉率高,在母猪的选育中就更明显,包括:①脂肪组织减少;②成熟体重增大;③性成熟提前;④更高的饲料转化率。在以上这些遗传性状改善的同时也带来一些不