青岛市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

为了估算青岛市畜禽粪便产生量及主要污染物含量,试验在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和排泄系数的基础上,对2012年青岛市畜禽养殖数据进行了估算,并对环境效应进行评价。结果表明:2012年青岛市畜禽粪便总排放量约为1 122.42万t,其中猪、牛排放量较高;畜禽粪便中化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总氮含量(TN)、总磷含量(TP)和水中氨氮(NH3-N)含量分别为28.43,26.68,6.90,2.19,2.96万t左右;农田畜禽粪便负荷量(以猪粪当量计)为29.83 t/hm2,氮、磷养分负荷量分别为164.30,52.06 kg/hm2,畜禽粪便已经开始对环境造成污染。     

南阳市畜禽温室气体排放量评估

为了对南阳市畜禽规模化养殖的温室气体年排放量进行定量估算,试验以跨政府气候变化委员会(IPCC)温室气体(GHG)清单指南和最新文献资料公布的各类畜禽温室气体排放量数据为依据计算温室气体排放参数,并计算了畜禽温室气体甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量。结果表明:甲烷的年排放总量是2.58×108kg,氧化亚氮的年排放总量是2.74×107kg,其中生猪的甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量分别占甲烷、氧化亚氮总排放量的64.03%、70.99%,生猪的粪便源甲烷排放量占总粪便源甲烷的93.10%;年甲烷当量排放量为5.42×106kg,氧化亚氮为8.49×106kg。说明规模养殖生猪是畜牧业温室气体排放的关键排放源,其中生猪养殖的粪污处理环节又是养殖业温室气体减排工作的重心。     

联合国粮农组织:奶业温室气体占总温室气体排放2.7%

<正>据联合国粮农组织(FAO)获悉,日前奶业温室气体排放量占全球温室气体总排放量2.7%。奶业温室气体排放量包括乳制品生产、加工和运输等环节所产生的温室气体。     

驻马店市畜禽养殖污染现状分析

通过估算2012年驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便和污水排放量,并通过耕地负荷、污染物产生量等参数评价了驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便污染状况。结果显示,2012年驻马店市的畜禽粪便产生量为4 007.72万t,养殖污水排放总量为8 485.29万t,单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷为43.47 t/hm2,畜禽养殖贡献的化学耗氧量(CODcr)、氨氮含量(NH3-N)分别是同期工业和生活污水排放量的2.3和1.5倍,表明畜禽养殖污染已成为驻马店市流域水体富营养化的主要原因,驻马店市养殖业污染风险正不断加大。     

畜牧业环境承载能力估算及预警分析

对乌兰察布市11个旗县(市区)2017年度生猪、肉羊、肉牛、奶牛的养殖统计数据进行了分析,估算了畜禽粪便年排放量和以氮含量为标准的猪粪当量,在此基础上计算了农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对各旗县(市区)农田畜禽粪便承受程度进行了风险评价.结果表明,乌兰察布市畜禽粪便年排放量已达11353207t;畜禽粪便猪粪当量农田年均负荷量为17.30t/hm2·a;畜禽粪便已对2个旗县构成Ⅱ级威胁1个旗县(市区)构成Ⅲ级威胁,对其余8个旗县(市区)暂未构成威胁.     

养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素及减排措施

21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。     

饲料原料来源及其对动物生产和环境可持续发展的影响

畜牧业是发展中国家综合农业体系的重要组成部分,其在生产动物蛋白、农家肥,保证动物源性食品的多样性方面发挥着重要作用。可以说,动物生产对全球人民的福祉和生活作出重要贡献,其生产系统可以根据地区、资源可利用性、基础设施可及性、粮食需求和市场潜力的差异性具体划分为自给自足、规模化、标准化、集约化的农业模式。在保障经济效益和生产性能的同时,畜牧业与其他行业一样,面临着全球变暖的现实问题。甲烷是主要的温室气体之一,至少占温室气体总量的14%,其潜在的全球变暖效应是二氧化碳的25倍,其中农业产生的甲烷排放量占总排放量的50%~60%,反刍动物生产的甲烷排放量占总排放量的15%~33%。由此可见,对动物生产日益增长的需求迫使研究人员探索如何减少饲养环节中的温室气体排放量。除了优化饲料配方和饲喂管理技术外,本文主要以反刍动物为例,积极探索利用当地饲料资源作为替代原料来调控瘤胃生态,以取得较好的替代效果和环保效益。     

黄土高原畜禽养殖结构及土地承载力分析——以甘肃省庆阳市为例

收集2010~2015年庆阳市统计学年鉴公布的数据,根据畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数,估算了2015年庆阳市畜禽粪便年产生量和主要污染物产生量。在了解不同农业非点源污染问题的基础上,提出了一些切实可行的对策建议。研究表明,2015年畜禽养殖排放的粪量为477.06×10~4 t,尿液为166.71×10~4 t,粪尿合计为643.77×10~4 t,牛的排放量最大,占总排放量的43.37%;其次是羊粪和猪粪,分别占总排放量的27.31%和2.55%。畜禽粪污污染物COD、TP和TN产生量分别为2.38×10~4 t、0.59×10~4 t和1.51×10~4 t。庆阳市仅有一个县的农田耕地负荷警报值达到Ⅱ级,基本上对环境没有构成威胁,农田耕地的承载力还有一定的空间。     

驻马店市畜禽养殖污染现状分析

通过估算2012年驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便和污水排放量,并通过耕地负荷、污染物产生量等参数评价了驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便污染状况。结果显示,2012年驻马店市的畜禽粪便产生量为4 007.72万t,养殖污水排放总量为8 485.29万t,单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷为43.47 t/hm^2,畜禽养殖贡献的化学耗氧量（CODcr）、氨氮含量（NH3-N）分别是同期工业和生活污水排放量的2.3和1.5倍,表明畜禽养殖污染已成为驻马店市流域水体富营养化的主要原因,驻马店市养殖业污染风险正不断加大。     

遵义市畜牧业发展与温室气体排放研究

为了对遵义市畜禽养殖业温室气体排放进行估算,笔者结合气候变化委员会和省级温室气体清单编制指南中的参数和最新的文献统计资料对各类温室气体中的CH_4和N_2O排放量进行了估算。结果表明:遵义市的CH4年排放量为8.81×10~7kg,N_2O为1.07×10~6kg;按照温室气体排放当量进行计算,遵义市畜禽CO_2的排放量为181万t CO_2当量,其中牛产生的CO_2当量占总排放量的69.51%,猪占19.37%,羊占5.28%,家禽占4.92%。说明养牛业是遵义市温室气体排放的关键,其次是养猪业,因此在未来养殖业减排中需要考虑养牛业和养猪业的减排措施,促进低碳高效畜牧业发展。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.