功能性寡糖在猪生产中应用的研究进展

本文对功能性寡糖的理化特性、分类、结构特点及主要作用机理进行了探讨,综述了近十年来功能性寡糖对猪生产影响的研究,分析了其在养猪业应用和研究中尚存在的问题,对功能性寡糖的应用前景进行了展望.     

功能性寡糖在猪营养中的应用

目前，国际上成功开发的功能性寡糖有70多种。而在饲料工业中研究与应用的功能性寡糖有果寡糖、甘露寡糖、异麦芽寡糖、大豆寡糖、木寡糖、半乳寡糖及β-寡葡萄糖等，其中FOS、MOS、IMO最为常见。下面主要介绍其在养猪营养上的应用。     

功能性寡糖及其在猪营养中的应用

本文主要介绍了功能性寡糖的概念、种类和作用机理,对果寡糖、甘露寡糖、异麦芽寡糖及半乳寡糖等饲料工业中常见的功能性寡糖在猪营养的应用作一综述,并提出了未来相关研究的重点.     

功能性寡糖的生理功能及其在养猪生产上的应用研究

摘要：功能性寡糖是动物生命活动的活性物质，在体内起着重要的生理调节作用，成为当今新型添加剂的研究热点，本文简述了功能性寡糖的种类、性质，分析了其生理功能与消化特点，综述了其在养猪生产上的应用及其影响利用效果的因素，为合理利用、开发和研究功能性寡糖提供了理论与实践依据。     

饲用功能性寡糖研究现状与进展

阐述了饲用功能性寡糖在动物体内消化代谢的途径,从改善动物消化道菌群结构、提高机体免疫力、促进消化道发育、增强动物消化吸收能力四个方面综述了有关饲用功能性寡糖生理功能的研究进展,浅谈了饲用功能性寡糖在家禽、猪、反刍动物、水产动物生产中的应用现状,并提出了饲用功能性寡糖未来研究的主要方向,以期为饲用功能性寡糖的应用及进一步研究提供理论依据。     

猪功能性寡糖营养的研究与应用

寡糖作为抗生素的一种替代品有着广泛的应用前景，在寡糖研究开发及应用方面，日本位居世界前列，我国从20世纪80年代起开始功能性寡糖的研制，目前尚处于初级阶段，就当前国内外猪功能性寡糖营养的研究与应用现状作一综述。     

功能性寡糖及其在猪营养中的应用

主要介绍功能性寡糖的概念、种类和作用机理,对果寡糖、甘露寡糖、异麦芽寡糖及半乳寡糖等饲料工业中常见的功能性寡糖在猪营养方面的应用作一综述,并提出了未来相关研究的重点。     

功能性寡糖在家禽生产中的应用研究进展

功能性寡糖是一类具有特殊生物学功能的低聚糖，在动物生产中具有重要的作用。综述了功能性寡糖的定义、种类及作用机理，在家禽生产中的应用及产生的经济效益，并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

功能性寡糖及其在反刍动物营养中的应用

本文介绍了功能性寡糖的概念、种类和作用机理,综述了果寡糖、甘露寡糖、异麦芽寡糖及半乳寡糖等饲料工业中常见的功能性寡糖在反刍动物营养的应用,并提出了未来相关研究的重点。     

功能性寡糖在养猪生产中的研究与应用

功能性寡糖作为生物饲料添加剂中的一种,具有能够提高猪只对营养物质的消化吸收,调节肠道菌群平衡,增强机体免疫力等多种功能,是一种良好的抗生素替代产品。本文就功能性寡糖在猪体内代谢的方式、功能特性,及其在养猪生产中的应用进行阐述分析,为进一步研究功能性寡糖在养猪上的应用提供理论依据。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

Macrolides and lincosamides

Macrolides and lincosamides are first choice bacteriostatic antibiotics used in veterinary dermatology. The main antibiotics in these classes are erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin and tylosin. They are well absorbed if given orally and are able to penetrate well into infected skin. Their spectrum of action comprises bacteria commonly associated with skin infections, including staphylococci. Their main disadvantages are the rapid development of bacterial resistance and occasional gastroenteric upset, most often seen with erythromycin. More recently developed macrolides, such as azithromycin and clarithomycin, are bactericidal, have a larger spectrum of action, a longer endurance, less resistance and may be given once a day instead of two or three times daily.