雷州黑鸭青壳与白壳蛋蛋品质比较分析

为比较分析不同壳色雷州黑鸭蛋蛋品质,试验选取21周龄雷州黑鸭所产的青壳和白壳商品蛋各30个,测定蛋形指数、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋黄颜色、哈夫单位,并进行分析。结果:青壳蛋蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋白高度、哈夫单位的均值均高于白壳蛋,而蛋黄比色和蛋黄相对重的均值低于白壳蛋(P0.05);青壳和白壳蛋的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度、蛋黄重和蛋重、蛋黄相对重和蛋黄重、哈夫单位和蛋白高度均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);而青壳蛋蛋黄相对重和蛋壳颜色、蛋白高度和蛋壳厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05);白壳蛋黄相对重和蛋壳厚度显著负相关(P0.05),蛋黄比色和蛋形指数、蛋白高度和蛋重、蛋白高度和蛋黄重显著正相关(P0.05)。结果表明:雷州黑鸭青壳蛋与白壳蛋的主要区别在于蛋壳颜色,蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度是雷州黑鸭蛋用性能选育的重要指标。     

褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色与鸡蛋品质相关性分析

研究旨在分析褐壳鸡蛋蛋壳颜色与鸡蛋各品质性状的相关性。选取北京市华都峪口禽业有限责任公司培育的褐壳蛋鸡纯系4个品系为试验材料,测定36周龄和56周龄时鸡蛋的蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋形指数、蛋重、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈夫单位,研究蛋壳颜色深浅与鸡蛋品质的相关性。结果表明:4个品系在36周龄和56周龄时,蛋壳颜色与蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度呈中低度相关,且不同品系、不同周龄相关程度不同,蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度随着蛋壳颜色变浅呈现降低的趋势。而蛋壳颜色与蛋形指数、蛋重、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈夫单位不相关。     

不同环境温度下日粮营养因素对蛋鸡生产性能影响的关联度分析

用星杂288蛋鸡研究了不同温度环境下(17.4～33.1℃),不同日粮营养水平对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响,并对试验数据进行了灰色关联度分析。高温显著降低产蛋量、蛋重和蛋壳厚度(P<0.01),显著提高蛋白高度和哈夫单位(P<0.05),但对蛋型指数无影响。关联度分析表明,17.4～25.2℃下影响产蛋量的主要营养因素为蛋白质食入量(CPI)与总磷食入量(TPI);29.3～33.1℃下TPI上升为首位因素,其次为CPI。影响蛋重、蛋型指数、哈夫单位和蛋白高度的主要因素为ME食入量(MEI)、饲料采食量(FI)与钙食入量(CaI);17.4～21.0℃下影响蛋壳厚度的主要因素为FI与CaI;而在25.2℃下则为MEI与FI、CaI;高温下(29.3～33.1C)日粮营养水平对蛋壳厚度无显著影响,高温为其降低的主要因素。     

沔阳麻鸭蛋品质测定与分析

为比较沔阳麻鸭青壳蛋和白壳蛋蛋品质的差异,选取300日龄沔阳麻鸭鸭蛋80个(青壳蛋40个、白壳蛋40个),对蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋黄比率、蛋黄色泽、蛋壳强度、蛋形指数、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋比重、蛋壳厚度进行测定分析。结果显示:沔阳麻鸭青壳蛋蛋形指数极显著低于白壳蛋(P0.01),蛋黄色泽显著高于白壳蛋(P0.05);青壳蛋蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋比重有低于白壳蛋的趋势(P0.05)。青壳蛋蛋重与蛋黄重、蛋黄色泽与蛋形指数、蛋壳强度与蛋壳厚度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),蛋壳强度与蛋白高度、哈氏单位呈显著正相关(P0.05);而蛋重与蛋形指数、蛋形指数与蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋壳厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。白壳蛋蛋重与蛋黄重、蛋白高度,蛋黄重与蛋白高度、哈氏单位呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究表明,青壳蛋和白壳蛋蛋品质的改善可通过蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度等指标进行选育。     

精纯昆虫粉代替进口鱼粉对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

利用等量精纯昆虫粉替换蛋鸡日粮中的进口鱼粉进行对比饲养试验,收集生产性能相关数据(产蛋率、死亡率、蛋重、蛋料比等)及对蛋品质(蛋白厚度、蛋黄色度、哈夫单位、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度等)进行相关检测。从蛋鸡生产性能指标来看,产蛋率、平均蛋重、蛋料比都稍有提升,平均死亡率略高;从蛋品品质测试指标来衡量,蛋白厚度、蛋壳厚度几乎无差异,蛋黄色度、蛋白哈夫单位昆虫粉组略差,蛋壳强度昆虫粉组稍好。试验结果表明,利用等量精纯昆虫粉代替进口鱼粉对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质无明显的不良影响,而且能较明显地降低饲料成本。     

红豆杉叶对仙居鸡蛋品质指标及其相关性的影响

试验旨在研究在饲粮中添加不同水平的红豆杉叶对仙居鸡蛋品质指标的影响。试验分为基础日粮组、2%红豆杉叶组、3%红豆杉叶组、4%红豆杉叶组,试验期90 d。结果表明,与基础日粮组对比,2%红豆杉叶组鸡蛋的蛋形指数和蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),3%红豆杉叶组鸡蛋的哈夫单位显著提高(P0.05),4%红豆杉叶组的蛋壳强度显著降低(P0.05),而各组鸡蛋的蛋重、蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色差异不显著(P0.05);蛋品质相关性分析结果显示,基础日粮组鸡蛋的蛋白高度和蛋重、哈夫单位和蛋白高度、蛋形指数和蛋白高度间呈显著正相关(P0.05),2%红豆杉叶组、3%红豆杉叶组和4%红豆杉叶组的哈夫单位和蛋白高度均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),且3%红豆杉叶组的蛋壳厚度与蛋重、蛋壳强度与蛋壳颜色呈显著正相关(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲粮中添加红豆杉叶,可以改善仙居鸡蛋品质综合指标。     

纯系蛋鸡不同产蛋周龄蛋品质变化规律研究

为进一步分析纯系蛋鸡育种群体的品系特性,以新杨绿壳纯系蛋鸡和洛岛红纯系蛋鸡为研究对象,比较两个纯系3个产蛋周龄(26、40和60周龄)的蛋品质。结果:(1)新杨绿壳纯系蛋鸡除了蛋壳比例以外,其他指标均受产蛋周龄的极显著影响,蛋重和蛋黄比随着周龄的增加而增加,而蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、哈夫单位和蛋壳强度随着周龄增加而下降;40周龄蛋壳厚度和蛋壳重显著高于其他周龄(P0.01)。(2)洛岛红蛋鸡的蛋黄比、蛋白高度、蛋壳重和哈夫单位与前者相同;40和60周龄蛋黄颜色极显著低于26周龄(P0.01);40周龄蛋重和蛋壳比例显著大于26和60周龄(P0.01);26周龄蛋壳强度极显著高于其他周龄,40周龄蛋壳强度最低。综上,纯系蛋鸡26周龄内部蛋品质最好。     

攸县麻鸭蛋品质测定与分析

本试验旨在了解分析攸县麻鸭蛋品质及其相关性。以攸县麻鸭蛋为试验材料,测定蛋重、蛋壳强度、蛋形指数、蛋黄色泽、蛋白高度和哈氏单位,同时进行相关性分析。结果显示:攸县麻鸭蛋品质良好,具体指标测定结果为:蛋重66.79 g、蛋壳强度3.61 kg/cm~2、蛋形指数1.33、蛋壳厚度0.44 mm、蛋黄色泽11.24、蛋白高度8.49、哈氏单位89.02。蛋品质性状相关分析显示,蛋壳强度与蛋壳厚度呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.654。     

雉鸡蛋物理性状分析

作者旨在研究美国七彩雉鸡种蛋的物理性状,为雉鸡种蛋选择提供参考。采集9月龄美国七彩雉鸡种蛋30枚,测定蛋重、蛋比重、蛋形指数、蛋各组成部分比例、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、蛋黄色泽,计算哈氏单位和血肉斑率。结果表明,雉鸡蛋平均蛋重为28.56 g,蛋比重1.091,蛋形指数1.22,蛋壳厚度0.326 mm,哈氏单位66.39,蛋白、蛋黄、蛋壳占蛋重比例分别为55.24%、33.10%和11.67%,血肉斑率为10%,蛋黄颜色罗氏比色为7.03级。     

泰乌鸡种与代蛋品分和骨原代祖鸡的质析

进行了泰和原种代鸡和祖代鸡蛋的品质测定与比较研究.结果表明,两者的蛋重,蛋白高度差异极显著(P＜0.01),蛋白质蛋黄比差异显著(P＜0.05),蛋形指数,蛋壳厚度差异不显著(P＞0.05).祖代鸡比原种鸡产的蛋比重、哈夫单位分别高0.003g/cm3,0.31;但祖代鸡比原种鸡产的蛋蛋白高度低0.81mm.     

Genetic parameters of the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and egg compositional traits in layer-type chickens

ABSTRACT

1. Generating a robust egg albumen is one of the major factors contributing to interior egg quality owing to its nutritive value and superior appearance. However, the genetic factors regulating the proportion of thick albumen are poorly understood.

2. In this study, 1330 eggs were collected from 450 Rhode Island White layers, aged 40 weeks, to measure egg compositional traits for three successive days. The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate genetic parameters for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and other egg compositional traits. A univariate animal model was fitted to calculate heritability for each trait.

3. The heritabilities of egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, Haugh units, percentages of yolk, thick albumen, thin albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were 0.32, 0.34, 0.28, 0.47, 0.61, 0.39, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. The percentage of thick albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits, and percentage of thin albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits except for Haugh units. The thick-to-thin albumen ratio was positively correlated genetically with egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units, with correlations ranging from 0.21 to 0.54.

4. The results indicated that the percentage of thick albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were found to be moderately to highly heritable, and selection for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio could be conducive to the improvement of egg albumen quality.     

Differential Effects of Heat Stress in Three Strains of Laying Hens

Hy-Line Brown, W36, and W98 hens were housed for 2 wk at 22°C, exposed to 35°C heat stress (HS) for 2 wk, and had 2 wk of recovery at 22°C. Production parameters (egg production, feed intake, egg quality measures, and mortality), acid-base status (pH, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, pO₂), intestinal calcium uptake, and expression of hepatic heat shock protein-70 were measured. All production parameters except mortality were reduced by HS in all 3 strains. There were strain × temperature interactions for egg production, feed intake, shell thickness, specific gravity, and yolk weight, with the least severe reduction in W98 hens. The W36 hens were intermediate for egg production and feed intake, and the Brown and W36 hens were equivalent for shell thickness, specific gravity, and yolk weight. There were no interactions for egg, albumen, and shell weights, Haugh units, and intestinal calcium uptake, and all were reduced by HS. Blood pH and pCO₂ were reduced by HS, and hepatic heat shock protein-70 was increased, with no differences among strains. Mortality rates during HS were 16, 8, and 4% for the Brown, W98, and W36 hens, respectively, but were not subjected to statistical analysis. The results suggest a mechanism in the W98 bird that appears to confer an advantage during HS with regard to egg production.     

Diallel cross of six long-term selected leghorn strains with emphasis on heterosis and reciprocal effects

Six strains under long-term selection for egg production and other economically-important traits were crossed in a full diallel, and tested with two commercial stocks and two control strains at two stocking rates (1 bird per 20.3-cm cage and 3 birds per 30.5-cm cage) and two diets (with and without an oyster shell supplement). The mean of the 30 strain crosses exceeded the mean of the six selected strains for egg production and egg quality traits, sexual maturity and viability, which in turn exceeded the performance of both of the control strains. The performance of several of the 30 strain crosses was similar to the commercial stocks. The only significant genotype X environment interaction was for Haugh units at 450 d. Performance at the lower stocking rate was generally superior to that at the higher stocking rate. General combining ability was important for the complete array of traits measured. Specific combining ability was important for the majority of traits. Heterosis was important for all traits except specific gravity, Haugh units, blood spots and laying house viability to 272 or 496 d at the higher stocking rate. The magnitude of heterotic effects was generally greater at the higher stocking rate. Reciprocal effects were important for egg production traits, sexual maturity, egg quality traits and viability. The dietary oyster shell supplement resulted in an improvement in shell quality as measured by specific gravity.     

Genetic control of egg quality. I. Sources of variation

Measurements of specific gravity, egg weight and albumen height of eggs from three consecutive trap days were taken at approximately 225, 350 and 450 d of age, for three years, from three strains of the White Leghorns. Haugh units were calculated for each egg. From these data estimates of genetic parameters were derived.

Pooled estimates within the 27 strain‐period‐year subclasses for heritability of single egg records from sire components of variance for specific gravity, egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units were 0.36, 0.48, 0.46 and 0.45, and repeatability within periods for the four traits were 0.68, 0.74, 0.76 and 0.74 respectively. The intra‐class correlations (repeatabilities) between period‐means of the same hen expressed in standard deviation units for each subclass were 0.58, 0.71, 0.74 and 0.69 respectively. Genetic correlations between adjacent periods were high varying from 0.91 to 0.96 while those between non‐adjacent periods varied from 0.76 to 0.87 for the four traits.

It was suggested from the size of these estimates that annual performance for a quality trait could be improved by selecting pullets on the basis of a small number of egg measurements taken at early periods in the laying year.     

笼养与平养蛋鸭蛋品质测定与相关性分析

试验旨在比较笼养和平养方式对不同品种蛋鸭蛋品质的影响,以期为评价不同饲养方式下的鸭蛋品质提供参考依据。随机选取40周龄笼养和平养的金定鸭（青壳蛋）和山麻鸭（白壳蛋）鸭蛋各30枚于产后24 h内进行蛋品质测定。结果表明,同一品种笼养蛋鸭蛋重极显著大于平养蛋鸭蛋重（P<0.01）,蛋重与蛋壳重、蛋白重和蛋黄重之间均存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）,但不同类型鸭蛋的蛋黄重之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。青壳蛋的蛋壳强度显著高于白壳蛋（P<0.05）,笼养青壳蛋的蛋壳强度亦高于平养青壳蛋（P<0.05）。蛋的比重与蛋壳厚度呈极显著正相关（0.503,P<0.01）,与蛋壳强度的相关系数亦达到0.536（P<0.01）。4种类型鸭蛋的哈氏单位均达到72以上。虽然蛋白重与蛋黄重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,但蛋白重与蛋黄比率之间却呈极显著的负相关（P<0.01）。蛋的比重与蛋黄重和蛋黄比率之间亦存在显著负相关（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,就蛋品质而言,蛋鸭养殖以采用笼养模式、选择青壳蛋鸭品种为宜。     

Egg production,body weight and egg quality characters; their heritability and the correlations between them

The heritabilities of and genetic correlations between part record production, body weight, egg weight, shell colour, specific gravity and albumen quality have been estimated in one strain each of Light Sussex and Rhode Island Red and in three strains of White Leghorns using variance and covariance components in a hierarchical classification.

The heritability values are in general agreement with published figures. Because of the wide variation in the size of the variance components no valid conclusions about the effects of sex linkage, dominance or maternal effects can be drawn from this type of analysis.

Significant positive genetic correlations exist between: egg weight and body weight in four strains; egg weight and shell colour in one strain; body weight and Haugh units in one strain; specific gravity and Haugh units in one strain, and a negative correlation exists between body weight and shell colour in one strain.

Because of the difference in genetic correlations, selection is thought likely to have a rather different outcome on the characters in each strain and stress is laid on the need to calculate genetic parameters separately for each strain.     

高铁高碘日粮对蛋品质的影响

用高铁高碘日粮饲喂产蛋母鸡,观察对蛋品质的影响。结果表明,蛋黄重、蛋黄占蛋重比略有下降,蛋白占蛋重比、哈夫单位有所上升;蛋壳占蛋重比、蛋壳厚度及蛋壳密度无明显变化。提示高铁高碘日粮不会引起蛋品质的明显下降。     

Determination and Correlation Analysis on the Egg Quality of Egg-laying Ducks Reared in Cages and on Floor

The purpose of this test was to evaluate the egg quality from two breeds of ducks reared in cages and on floor.30 eggs were chosen from each type of eggs,which were from Jinding (green shell) and Shan Partridge ducks (white shell)at 40 weeks-old reared in cages and on floor for egg quality evaluation.The results showed that the egg weight of caged duck was extremely significantly larger than the floor duck (P<0.01) in the same breed,there were very significant positive correlations between the egg weight and eggshell weight,egg-white weight and egg yolk weight (P<0.01),but no significant difference among the egg yolk weights of different types of ducks (P>0.05).The shell strength of green egg was obviously higher than that of white shell eggs (P<0.05),and the shell strength of green egg from caged ducks was higher than that of the green egg ducks on floor.The correlation coefficients of the egg specific gravity and eggshell thickness,the specific gravity and eggshell strength were 0.503 (P<0.01) and 0.536 (P<0.01) respectively.Haugh units of four types of ducks all reached 72 or more.Although there was significant positive correlation between egg-white weight and egg yolk weight (P<0.01),significant negative correlation was existed between egg-white weight and egg yolk ratio (P<0.01).There were significant negative correlations between egg specific gravity and egg yolk weight (P<0.05) and egg yolk ratio (P<0.05).In conclusion,the mode of cage feeding and the breed with green shell were appropriate choices in laying-egg duck production for high egg quality.     

太行鸡与矮脚麻鸡蛋品质比较研究

随机抽取214日龄的引入品种矮脚麻鸡与河北本地品种太行鸡种鸡鸡蛋各100枚,分别测定蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋比重、蛋黄颜色、哈氏单位、蛋黄比率、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、血肉斑比率。结果表明:二品种鸡蛋品质在蛋重、蛋比重、蛋黄颜色、蛋壳厚度方面无显著性差异(P>0.05);哈氏单位、蛋黄比率差异极显著(P<0.01);蛋形指数、蛋壳强度差异显著(P<0.05)。     

不同周龄母鸡鸡蛋及不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋的蛋品质比较

本文比较了同一品种不同周龄(26、40周龄和64周龄)母鸡所产蛋的蛋壳品质和蛋品质,包括蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位、蛋清pH值。之后,还比较了该鸡种不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋(正常蛋和砂壳蛋)之间上述指标的差异。结果表明:在不同周龄母鸡所产蛋之间,蛋重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位等均存在显著差异(p<0.05),而蛋壳厚度之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。此外,蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比率随着母鸡周龄的增加呈上升趋势,而蛋壳强度、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位、蛋黄指数、蛋清pH值呈下降趋势。最后,蛋壳质地不同的鸡蛋(正常蛋与砂壳蛋)之间,蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳强度、蛋清pH值之间存在极显著差异(p<0.01),而其他参数之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。