牛奶质量安全主要风险因子分析 Ⅱ.霉菌毒素

霉菌毒素的污染是牛奶质量安全的重要问题。作者对牛奶中主要存在的霉菌毒素种类、各国及组织制定的限量值及风险评估等方面的研究进行了综述。以期为中国进行牛奶质量安全风险监测、风险评估,完善中国牛奶质量安全监测体系提供参考。     

牛奶中霉菌毒素检测方法的研究进展

在实际生产活动中,高效准确地检测牛奶中的霉菌毒素对于牛奶质量进行风险评估具有重要的意义。文章综述了牛奶中霉菌毒素常用检测方法的原理、优点和缺点,提出了防止奶牛日粮受霉菌毒素污染的有效措施。     

牛奶中霉菌毒素风险排序

霉菌毒素污染是牛奶质量安全的重要问题。作者在对牛奶中主要存在的霉菌毒素种类、毒性、限量等分析的基础上,对中国牛奶中霉菌毒素进行风险排序,为对中国进行牛奶质量安全风险监测、风险评估提供参考。     

牛奶中霉菌毒素检测方法的研究进展

牛奶中霉菌毒素含量的定性或定量测定对于牛奶中霉菌毒素的研究具有重要的作用,文章综述了TLC法、HPLC法、LC-MS法、ELISA法等牛奶中霉菌毒素常用检测方法的原理、优缺点及检测方法的发展,为牛奶中霉菌毒素的研究提供参考。     

呕吐毒素对畜禽肠道健康的影响及相关研究进展

呕吐毒素是饲料原料中最为常见，对畜禽健康危害最大的一种霉菌毒素，其给畜牧业生产造成极大经济损失。大量研究结果发现，动物肠道可能是呕吐毒素进入机体内产生毒理作用的重要靶器官，因此，呕吐毒素诱导的动物肠道健康损伤也成为目前的一个研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展，综述了饲料中呕吐毒素污染对畜禽肠道健康的影响与毒理机制，以及相关防治措施，为饲料生产及畜禽健康养殖提供一些参考。 [关键词] 饲料|呕吐毒素|畜禽|肠道健康     

奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害及其防控方法研究进展

近年来,霉菌毒素污染饲料已经引起饲料行业的高度重视。奶牛采食被霉菌毒素污染的饲料后很容易引发各种疾病,有些霉菌毒素还会代谢进入牛奶中对人们的健康造成威胁。本文主要就霉菌毒素对奶牛的危害及其防控方法的研究进行综述,以期为生产实践中降低霉菌毒素的危害提供理论参考。     

饲料中常见霉菌毒素及产生原因

2011年,国内先后发生了黄曲霉毒素污染花生油和蒙牛牛奶的事件,黄曲霉毒素等霉菌毒素日渐走入公众的视线,对霉菌毒素及其危害的研究越来越多。现就饲料中常见的霉菌毒素及其产生原因做一简单介绍。霉菌毒素是霉菌在适宜条件下生长产生的有毒次级代谢产物。在饲料生产中,饲料原料、生产工艺、管理、储存环境等     

2006年四川地区饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况的调查报告

试验采用酶联免疫(ELISA)法对来自四川地区的5类10个品种133个饲料原料样品进行了伏马毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A和黄曲霉毒素B1共6种常见霉菌毒素的测定,引用霉菌毒素污染程度判定标准和限量标准分析了所测样品的霉菌毒素污染状况。结论是所测饲料原料普遍受到6种霉菌毒素的污染,呕吐毒素和T-2毒素在所测饲料原料中污染较为严重;伏马毒素在玉米和玉米蛋白粉中,玉米赤霉烯酮在玉米蛋白粉、小麦和其它谷物副产品中的污染也较为严重;黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A污染相对较轻。     

饲料中黄曲霉素B1的检测

正饲料中的霉菌毒素污染问题早在上个世纪60年代已引起各个国家和地区的普遍重视。据世界粮农组织(FAO)统计,全球每年由于霉菌及其毒素污染饲料、粮食及食品所造成的损失高达数亿美元。哺乳类动物摄入被黄曲霉毒素B1污染的饲料或食品后,通过羟基化作用转化成黄曲霉毒素M1,物理化学性质相当稳定,不被巴氏消毒法破坏,所以在一般的巴氏消毒牛奶中残留的黄曲霉毒素对人体的危害相当严重。而牛奶中黄曲     

牛奶中霉菌毒素来源、转化及危害

霉菌毒素污染是牛奶质量安全的主要风险之一,其种类主要包括黄曲霉毒素(AFs)、赭曲霉毒素(OTs)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)、伏马毒素(FUM)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、T-2毒素(T-2)等。牛奶中的霉菌毒素主要来源于动物饲料,本文在国内外已有文献报道基础上,对牛奶中霉菌毒素来源、转化以及危害、限量进行综述。     

电化学生物传感器在真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。     

Mycotoxins: Their implications for human and animal health

Abstract

Mycotoxins contaminate various feed and food commodities, due to the global occurrence of toxinogenic molds. They exert adverse health effects in human and animals. The nature of these toxic effects varies depending on the chemical structure of the toxin. The degree of these adverse effects is not only determined by the toxin concentration present in foods and feeds, but also by the time of exposure. Whilst in animals, next to acute intoxication, losses in productivity, reduced weight gain and immunosuppression are considered as most important feature of mycotoxicoses, genotoxic effects and the involvement of certain mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, ochratoxins and fumonisins in the etiology of human cancers have obtained particular attention. This implies that recent research activities concentrate on mechanistic aspects of mycotoxin‐ induced pathologies, rather than compiling analytical measures of mycotoxin concentrations in food and feeds.     

Mycotoxins. Contemporary issues of food animal health and productivity.

Modern agriculture and production animal medicine require attention to high-quality feeds that are free from mycotoxin contamination that can cause economically important decreases in productivity. Maintaining current information about effects of mycotoxins on feed intake and growth, reproductive efficiency, and possible immunosuppression aid in effective consultation with livestock producers. Investigation and determination of potential production losses related to mycotoxins should use historical, clinical, laboratory, and experimental information to objectively evaluate whether mycotoxin contamination is clinically relevant. The practicing veterinarian or veterinary consultant can provide valuable clinical and interpretive assistance to producers who may have a real or potential mycotoxin contamination. Thorough diagnostic evaluation of animals, appropriate testing of feeds and forages, and rational consideration of differential diagnoses help to put mycotoxins in the proper perspective as a production-related management problem.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对猪毒害作用及毒理机制研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)是一种常见的污染粮食、饲料和食品的霉菌毒素，严重影响人和牲畜的健康。猪对DON非常敏感，DON可造成猪拒食、生长抑制、呕吐以及器官损伤、细胞毒性、免疫毒性等毒害作用。本文主要综述了DON对猪的毒害作用、毒理机制以及解毒剂开发等方面的研究进展，尤其关注DON毒理作用的遗传调控研究，旨在为从遗传本质提高猪对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的抵抗力提供更全面的参考。     

Mycotoxins: their implications for human and animal health

Mycotoxins contaminate various feed and food commodities, due to the global occurrence of toxinogenic molds. They exert adverse health effects in human and animals. The nature of these toxic effects varies depending on the chemical structure of the toxin. The degree of these adverse effects is not only determined by the toxin concentration present in foods and feeds, but also by the time of exposure. Whilst in animals, next to acute intoxication, losses in productivity, reduced weight gain and immunosuppression are considered as most important feature of mycotoxicoses, genotoxic effects and the involvement of certain mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, ochratoxins and fumonisins in the etiology of human cancers have obtained particular attention. This implies that recent research activities concentrate on mechanistic aspects of mycotoxin-induced pathologies, rather than compiling analytical measures of mycotoxin concentrations in food and feeds.     

2006~2007年中国饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查报告

作者评估了2006年和2007年上半年我国饲料原料和全价饲料中6种主要霉菌毒素的检出水平和分布特点,得出如下结论：①我国饲料原料和全价饲料中超标率和检出水平最高的霉菌毒素是玉米赤霉烯酮、烟曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素（田间型毒素）。人们一直重视的黄曲霉毒素（仓储型毒素）超标率和检出水平均比较低;②饲料原料和全价饲料中多种霉菌毒素往往同时存在,由于不同毒素间具有协同作用,将加剧毒素的毒性作用和中毒症状的严重程度;③副产品原料,特别是玉米副产品如干燥酒糟（DDGS）和玉米蛋白粉中霉菌毒素的污染非常严重;④与单一能量和蛋白质饲料原料相比,全价饲料中的多种霉菌毒素的检出水平才是相对比较准确和客观的控制指标;⑤控制霉菌毒素危害的最经济有效的措施是控制原料质量和使用有效的霉菌毒素吸附剂。     

Mycotoxin interactions in poultry and swine

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi. When one mycotoxin is detected, one should suspect that others also are present in a contaminated feed ingredient or finished feeds. The toxicity and clinical signs of observed in animals when more than one mycotoxin is present in feed are complex and diverse. Some mycotoxins, such as the combination of aflatoxin with either ochratoxin A or T-2 toxin, interact to produce synergistic toxicity in broiler chicks. The effects observed during multiple mycotoxin exposure can differ greatly from the effects observed in animals exposed to a single mycotoxin. For example, fatty livers in poultry are used for presumptive diagnostic identification of aflatoxicosis. However, simultaneous presence of ochratoxin A prevents fatty livers. Of the mycotoxin combinations that have been investigated in poultry and swine, the aflatoxin + ochratoxin A and aflatoxin + T-2 toxin interactions appear to be the most toxic.