引进西德、丹麦奶牛四年来在我场适应性观察

我场于83年7月从西德引进黑白花奶牛16头,84年6月从丹麦引进黑白花奶牛35头,85年8月从西德引进黑白花奶牛28头,三年来分三批共引进奶牛79头,至86年底奶牛存栏数已达142头,其中自繁母牛68头。经过四年的饲养观察。现报告如下。一、引进时牛群基本情况西德、丹麦黑白花奶牛体型较大、肌肉发达、丰满,乳区呈盆状、附着良好。背腰平     

黑白花奶牛品系间杂交组合试验

我区奶牛数量近几年增加较快,但奶牛质量提高缓慢,1988年底,我区黑白花奶牛已发展到7万余头,平均产奶量在3000公斤左右,乳脂率3.4％,较国内同类乳牛差距很大,尤其后躯发育不良,乳器参差不齐,严重的影响着奶牛生产力的发挥。为了解决奶牛质量低的问题,曾先后引进丹麦、西德费里生和美国荷斯坦、费里生牛。美系和加系荷斯坦奶牛因具有优良品质而誉满全球,很多国家都在广泛利用其提高当地的奶牛质量,并进行纯繁。荷兰的科研机构研究了导入荷斯坦牛血液的效果。如:某畜牧试验站从1970年到1981年进行了一批母牛与美系荷斯坦公牛的杂交试验。业已查明,纯种荷兰黑白花牛305天的产奶量平均为     

丹麦黑白花奶牛在贵阳市饲养效果(一报)

丹麦黑白花奶牛是一九八五年十二月十八日,从丹麦引进哈尔滨市隔离,次年二月七日运进贵阳市花溪奶牛场饲养,经过一年多饲养,效果报告如下: 一、引进花溪奶牛场的丹麦黑白花奶牛情况所谓丹麦黑白花奶牛,其体型介于英国的弗里生牛和美国的荷斯坦牛之间。他们自己承认丹麦黑白花奶牛已经是“国际化”了。1982～1983年度登记的丹麦黑白花奶牛产奶量为     

黑白花奶牛,西德长毛兔血乳酸常值和患病时其含量变化

用对羟基联苯比色法测定了51头黑白花奶牛、55只西德长毛兔的血乳酸常值，并检测了29头黑白花奶牛在患前胃弛缓与瘤胃积食、乳房炎、跛行，27只西德长毛兔在腹泻、疑似支气管败血波氏杆菌病等疾病时的血乳酸含量变化。结果表明，黑白花奶牛血乳酸常值为3.34±1.32mmol／L，西德长毛兔为3．09±0．60mmol／L，当牛、兔患某些疾病，血液中的乳酸含量不同程度地升高。     

新西兰黑白花奶牛适应性的研究

<正> 四川省绵阳市于1986年1月引进新西兰黑白花奶牛176头(以下简称新牛),为了养好和充分利用这批奶牛,我们结合生产,以新牛为试验组,用本地黑白花奶牛(以下简称本牛)作对照,进行了适应性的研究,现将结果简报于后。     

“国外黑白花奶牛在青海高原适应性的观察研究”课题取得可喜成果

青海畜牧兽医学院“国外黑白花奶牛在青海高原适应性的观察研究”课题于1988年12月10日在西宁通过鉴定。该课题组对我省引进的西德、丹麦黑白花奶牛从产奶性能、生长发育、繁殖性能、生理生化指数、抗病能力等方面进行了系统     

黑白花奶牛冷冻胚胎移植技术应用试验初报

引进上海高产黑白花奶牛冷冻胚胎,在贵阳三联乳业有限公司奶牛场进行胚胎移植。试验分3次进行,黑白花受体牛56头。结果妊娠2l头,平均妊娠率37．50％;其中第3次移植29头,妊娠14头,移植妊娠率48．28％。     

北京黑白花牛生产性能的初步研究

北京市国营农场饲养着19000多头奶牛,其中北京黑白花牛以及其杂种有17000头左右,占全部牛群的90％以上。其他为荷兰黑白花牛、苏联黑白花牛,及其几个品种间的杂种牛。达些奶牛主要分布在十一个农场的44个牛场。北京饲养奶牛已有较长的历史,最初饲养的奶牛绝大部分是蒙古黄牛,以及从东北哈尔滨等地运来一部分杂种牛。后来有各大学、教会和私营奶场从日本、欧美等国家购进少数奶牛,并与本地牛群进行杂交。奠定了北京黑白花牛繁育的基础。     

中国荷斯坦牛体型鉴定的标准及购牛注意事项

荷斯坦牛已成为国际性品种，因其体型大、产奶量高，现已成为全世界奶牛业的当家品种。我国自19世纪60年代开始，从国外输入少量的荷斯牛（黑白花）与当地的母牛进行杂交，形成大量的黑白花奶牛。以后，又不断从国外引进优良种公牛与原有黑白花奶牛配种，经过几十年的努力，终于在1987年由农业部命名为“中国黑白花奶牛”。由于全世界许多优秀的种公牛都含有红色基因，其后代也有呈红白花，体型、生产性能与黑白花奶牛相似，因此1992年农业部根据奶牛协会的建议，将“中国黑白花奶牛”更名为“中国荷斯坦牛”。奶牛品种及特征见表1。     

奶牛醋酮血症病因浅析

新疆124团共有泌乳奶牛800头,其中大部分是改良黑白花牛,少数是上海引进的黑白花牛。从1987年11月开始,奶牛的代谢性疾病——牛醋酮血症不断发生,至1988年5月底,该团共发病12例,     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.