犬注射免疫增强剂TMFN后淋巴细胞转化试验

采用免疫增强剂对正常犬淋巴细胞 转化试验和疫苗配合进行免疫试验,用以证 明该免疫增强剂对犬的免疫增强作用。将免 疫增强剂TMFN单独应用或与疫苗同时应 用,可显著提高疫苗对犬淋巴细胞转化水平, 并可延长疫苗维持较高免疫功能的时间。表 明该免疫增强剂可用于正常动物以提高免疫 功能,也可与疫苗合用,提高疫苗的免疫作 用。     

禽用中药免疫增强剂的研究进展

中药免疫增强剂能非特异性途径增强机体对抗原物质产生特异性免疫应答的能力,降低动物对病原的易感性及防止免疫抑制的发生,特别是作为疫苗的佐剂,能显著提高疫苗的免疫效果。文章详细论述了中药免疫增强剂的种类、有效成分及作用机理等。     

免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防制中的应用

随着现代化养鸡业集约化程度的不断提高,鸡场的疫病防御愈发重要。疫苗的应用已被广大养殖业者充分认可,在鸡疫病防制中起到了不可替代的作用。但是因各种原因,疫苗在疫病防制中并不能发挥最大的免疫保护效力。免疫增强剂自发现以来,已经在人及各种动物的疾病防治中得以广泛尝试应用。研究证明,免疫增强剂与疫苗的联合应用,取得了较好的免疫增强效果,提高了疫苗对动物机体的保护效率,因而对于免疫增强剂的研究已成为当代免疫学研究的热点之一。为了在临床中更好的应用免疫增强剂,提高疫苗效力,现将一些免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防制中的应用做一综述。     

CpG序列对副伤寒疫苗免疫小鼠应答反应的影响

研究了CpG序列作为分子免疫增强剂，对常规副伤寒疫苗免疫小鼠后，小鼠体液和细胞免疫反应的变化情况。试验结果显示，CpG序列作为免疫增强剂，可以使免疫小鼠的总IgG含量、血清特异性抗体效价、淋巴细胞IL—2的诱生活性和脾淋巴细胞的增殖反应有明显的提高。结果表明，CpG序列能显著增强免疫动物对常规疫苗的免疫应答反应水平，可以作为提高疫苗免疫效果的有效途径。     

中草药免疫增强剂的免疫机制及在畜禽业的应用

中草药免疫增强剂能非特异性地改变或增强机体对抗原的特异性免疫应答,增强相应抗原的免疫原性或改变免疫反应类型,在治疗、预防动物机体疾病和动物疫苗免疫过程中发挥着重要的作用.文章对中草药免疫增强剂的免疫机制和在畜禽业中的应用进展进行了综述,以期为中草药免疫增强剂在畜禽业中的应用提供理论参考.     

免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防治中的应用

自从免疫增强剂白被发现以来,已经广泛尝试与应用在人和各种动物的疾病防治中.研究表明,免疫增强剂与疫苗的联合应用,取得了很好的免疫增强效果,使疫苗对动物机体的保护效率得到提高.为了可以在临床中更好地进行疾病的预防,应合理使用免疫增强剂,来提高疫苗的效力,本文来综述一些免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防治中的作用.     

免疫增强剂在养猪业上的研究与应用进展

正免疫增强剂又称免疫佐剂,是一类能够通过非特异性途径提高动物机体对抗原或微生物特异性反应的物质。研究表明,在养猪业上应用免疫增强剂,可以增强猪免疫机能,提高抗病能力,防止仔猪腹泻,减轻仔猪断奶应激,改善生产性能,提高疫苗免疫效果,因此对免疫增强剂的研究和应用逐渐引起了养猪界的普遍关注和重视。现将常用的几种免疫增强剂介绍如下。1生物制剂1.1转移因子转移因子(TF)是白细胞中有免疫活性的T淋巴     

免疫活性因子增强猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的试验研究

猪瘟是一种较为普遍的传染病,给我国养猪业造成较大的麻烦。通过免疫猪瘟疫苗还不能较为有效地预防本病的发生,因此急需研制开发一种较为有效的生物活性免疫增强剂来提高免疫效果。免疫活性因子为细胞因子类制剂,生物活性高,具有增强免疫力、提高疫苗免疫效果等作用,具有广谱提高畜禽免疫力的作用,能够满足目前养殖业对于此类免疫增强剂的要求。本研究的目的,旨在进一步探讨免疫活性因子对猪瘟疫苗接种猪的免疫调节作用,并为其在实际中应用提供试验依据。现将本品对猪瘟疫苗免疫增强作用临床情况报告如下。1.1猪瘟活疫苗:齐鲁动物保健品厂生…     

免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防制中的具体应用

随着现代养殖技术的提高,养殖鸡的疫病防控措施也越来越完善,疫苗作为应用较为广泛的防疫手段,得到了广大家禽养殖者的一致认可。但是疫苗的大量使用,使得机体免疫应答下降,疫苗的防疫作用相应减小。相关研究表明,将免疫增强剂与疫苗结合使用,能够大幅提高对动物机体的保护效率。文章从现阶段使用较为广泛的几种免疫增强剂入手,介绍了免疫增强剂在鸡疫病防控中的应用。     

免疫增强剂提升猪用灭活疫苗免疫效力的研究

为评价免疫增强剂对猪细小-乙脑二联灭活疫苗的免疫效力提升作用,将免疫增强剂以伴侣形式与疫苗共同混合免疫5~6月龄阴性后备母猪和种公猪,检测其抗体水平。结果显示,免疫增强剂与疫苗混合免疫后1周抗体全部转阳,免疫后1~6月平均抗体效价均显著高于不含免疫增强剂的常规疫苗组,表明该免疫增强剂能够显著提升猪细小-乙脑二联灭活疫苗对后备母猪和种公猪的免疫效力。     

牛羊养殖中细菌性疾病防治

牛羊养殖技术不断增强,养殖中加强对于各类疾病的处理预防和控制也至关重要,需要不断完善相关管理措施,提升各系统类型疾病的预防效果,提升牛羊养殖业的整体收益,细菌性疾病是牛羊养殖中较为常见的一种病症类型,在实际养殖中需要明确了解细菌性传染病的发病原因,且在实际牛羊养殖中,需要通过对牛羊的生理表现及临床症状的关注,了解其病变情况,分析其是否存在细菌感染情况及时开展相应的控制措施。     

我国畜产品生产与贸易

对1990-2009年中国与世界主要畜产品生产和贸易进行分析,近20年世界和中国主要畜产品产量均呈增加趋势。1990-2009年,世界和中国肉类产量由17.99和3.0千万t增到28.39和7.8千万t,中国占世界比重由16.9%增到27.5%;世界鸡蛋产量由3.52千万t增到6.28千万t,中国占世界比重从18.61%增到37.61%;中国牛奶产量近20年增加8倍;世界羊毛产量从3.35百万t降至2.04百万t,中国羊毛产量由23.94万t上升到36.40万t。牛肉净贸易逆差量从478 t增到1694 t;2009年羊肉贸易逆差量和逆差额为7.65万t和1.566亿美元(美元),比1990年增加745.6%和1102%。中国猪肉进出口除2000年和2006-2008年外,其他年份贸易量和贸易额都处顺差;中国禽肉进口远超出口,1990-2006年贸易额处顺差,2007-2009年贸易额处逆差。2000-2009年,鸡蛋出口量持续增至13.47万t,2009年鸡蛋进口量268 t。过去20年,中国牛奶贸易处顺差,2009年其进口量和进口额增至1.46万t和1.18千万美元,比2008年增加80.9%和64.05%;中国羊毛贸易处逆差,逆差量和逆差额由3.52万t和1.274亿美元增至26.92万t和1.368亿美元。因动物疫病、药物残留、动物福利等问题,中国畜产品国际贸易受到限制,需从饲草生产、养殖、产品加工、流通等环节加以改善。     

Half a century of equine reproduction research and application: A veterinary tour de force

Over the past 50 years, per season pregnancy rate in Thoroughbred mares have risen from 70 to >90% and foaling rates from 55 to >80%. Some of the significant pharmacological treatments and diagnostic methods which have driven this marked improvement in breeding efficiency are reviewed. They include the application of artificial lighting to hasten the onset of ovulatory oestrous cyclicity in early Spring, rapid steroid hormone assays to aid in determining the stage and normality of the mare's cycle, prostaglandin analogues, synthetic progestagens and Gonadotrophin‐releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogues to better control and manipulate her cycle to good effect, transrectal ultrasound scanning to monitor follicle growth, endometrial architecture and ovulation and to allow accurate, early pregnancy diagnosis thereby enabling successful ablation of one of twin conceptuses. Also, flexible videoendoscopy to monitor physiological and pathological changes in the uterine endometrium and rigid laparoscopy to apply prostaglandin to the oviducts to dislodge and clear suspected blockages of them to restore fertility. The outbreak of Contagious Equine Metritis in Newmarket in the spring of 1977 and the swabbing‐related changes to mare and stallion management, plus the improved veterinary hygiene methods, which followed are also recounted. The past half century has witnessed many technical and therapeutic advances that have enhanced tremendously the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of studfarm veterinary surgeons. They, in turn, have improved greatly the efficiency of breeding Thoroughbreds and other types of horses.     

Decision support systems for monitoring and maintaining health in food animal populations

To mitigate the effects of risks to food safety and infectious disease outbreaks in farmed animals, animal health authorities need to have systems in place to identify and trace the source of identified problems in a timely manner. In the event of emergencies, these systems will allow infected or contaminated premises (and/or animals) to be identified and contained, and will allow the extent of problems to be communicated to consumers and trading partners in a clear and unambiguous manner. The key to achieving these goals is the presence of an effective animal health decision support system that will provide the facilities to record and store detailed information about cases and the population at risk, allowing information to be reported back to decision makers when it is required. Described here are the components of an animal health decision support system, and the ways these components can be used to enhance food safety, responses to infectious disease incursions, and animal health and productivity. Examples are provided to illustrate the benefit these systems can return, using data derived from countries that have such systems (or parts of systems) in place. Emphasis is placed on the features that make particular system components effective, and strategies to ensure that these are kept up to date.     

Constraints to microbial food safety policy: opinions from stakeholder groups along the farm to fork continuum

This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to identify constraints to microbial food safety policy in Canada and the USA from the perspective of stakeholder groups along the farm to fork continuum. Thirty-seven stakeholders participated in interviews or a focus group where semi-structured questions were used to facilitate discussion about constraints to policy development and implementation. An emergent grounded theory approach was used to determine themes and concepts that arose from the data (versus fitting the data to a hypothesis or a priori classification). Despite the plurality of stakeholders and the range of content expertise, participant perceptions emerged into five common themes, although, there were often disagreements as to the positive or negative attributes of specific concepts. The five themes included challenges related to measurement and objectives of microbial food safety policy goals, challenges arising from lack of knowledge, or problems with communication of knowledge coupled with current practices, beliefs and traditions; the complexity of the food system and the plurality of stakeholders; the economics of producing safe food and the limited resources to address the problem; and, issues related to decision-making and policy, including ownership of the problem and inappropriate inputs to the decision-making process. Responsibilities for food safety and for food policy failure were attributed to all stakeholders along the farm to fork continuum. While challenges regarding the biology of food safety were identified as constraints, a broader range of policy inputs encompassing social, economic and political considerations were also highlighted as critical to the development and implementation of effective food safety policy. Strategies to address these other inputs may require new, transdisciplinary approaches as an adjunct to the traditional science-based risk assessment model.     

草原牧区要率先实现乡村振兴

通过梳理草原、牧区和乡村振兴战略的概念、内涵与相互关系,阐述草原牧区乡村振兴在巩固脱贫成果、确保和谐稳定、维护民族团结、筑牢生态屏障和减轻农区压力等方面的重要意义,分析了草原牧区具有丰富的自然资源、深邃的草原文化、多样的物质传承、美丽的自然景观和良好的发展潜力等实施乡村振兴战略的有利条件,提出了以下推进草原牧区率先实现乡村振兴的对策措施：延伸绿色畜产品产业链、打造价值链,实现产业兴旺;通过草原改良措施,提升草原人口承载力,发展多种产业吸收富裕的农牧民,实现生态宜居;强化牧区教育,传承草原文明建设成果,培育农牧民的良好风气,实现乡风文明;完善法律法规,改善法治环境,增强法治建设,同时充分发挥农牧民群众自治的作用,实现治理有效;政策支持和引导草原牧区发展文化旅游业、花卉业、食品业、药材业等多种产业,实现草原牧区生活富裕。     

Mineral requirements for weight gain in growing male Santa Inês and Morada Nova hair sheep

This study estimated the net macro and micromineral requirement from the 48 male uncastrated lambs (24 growing male Santa Inês and 24 growing male Morada Nova hair sheep), with initial weights of 21.7 ± 1.2 kg and 20.8 ± 0.8 kg using the comparative slaughter method. The experimental diet consisted of 30% forage (Buffel—Cenchrus ciliaris (L) hay) and 70% concentrate (corn grain 43.5%, soybean meal 22.0%, vegetable oil 3.0% and mineral supplement 1.5%). The experimental design was a completely randomized with two breeds, four weights, and six replicate. Mineral requirements sufficient to promote weight gain in Santa Inês sheep ranged from 1.75 to 1.03 g Ca, 1.01 to 0.61 g of P, 0.38 to 0.21 g of K, 0.38 to 0.16 of Na, 0.10 to 0.06 Mg, 28.5 to 16.0 mg of Fe, 6.14 to 3.22 mg of Cu, and Zn 23.0 to 14.0 mg/kg per unit of empty body weight (EBW) gain. In the Morada Nova breed, the requirements ranged from 1.96 to 0.84 g of Ca, 1.15 to 0.46 of P, 0.39 to 0.19 of K, 0.28 to 0.13 of Na, 0.10 to 0.05 Mg, 26.2 to 12.9 mg of Fe, 5.59 to 2.46 Cu, and Zn 23.6 to 10.3 mg/kg of EBW gain. Mineral requirements varied mainly in accordance with the proportion of bone mass and fat concentration in the carcass, which were influenced by the slaughter weight of the animals, and therefore should be used in the formulation of dietary mineral supplements.     

Phenotypic Resistance to Disinfectants and Antibiotics in Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Pigs

The aim of this research was to study the phenotypic resistances to disinfectants and antibiotics in strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) obtained from Canary black pigs. Analyses were performed on 54 strains of MRSA, isolated in Canary black pigs from the province of Tenerife (Spain); all of them carried the mecA gene. The strains were isolated by means of nasal swab samples of healthy pigs, collected under veterinarian supervision. Bactericidal activity of antiseptics and disinfectants was tested by means of the dilution–neutralization method. Susceptibility to the disinfectants glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid and silver nitrate was assessed, as well as to the antiseptics chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride and povidone iodine. Susceptibility to a wide array of antibiotics representing the main groups was determined by means of the disc diffusion method. All the strains demonstrated susceptibility to the disinfectants tested at the recommended concentration, and even to dilutions equal to or lesser than 1/16. The most effective antiseptic and disinfectant were, respectively, chlorhexidine and silver nitrate. With regard to the antibiotics, the strains proved to be multiresistant. All presented phenotypic resistance to the β‐lactam antibiotics ampicillin, penicillin and cefoxitin, as well as to numerous aminoglycosides, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. It was also observed that 61.1% of the strains were carriers of plasmids. Our results underline that in the strains such as MRSA, which show multiple resistances to antibiotics, the antiseptics and disinfectants show great efficacy. Moreover, as other authors also suggest, for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by MRSA, the use of β‐lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics may be less effective.     

Research Progress on Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Dermatophytosis

Canine and feline dermatomycosis is the common skin disease in small animal,which not only affects the appearance of the canine and feline, but also leads to itching or pain, and even increases the risk of dog and cat owners suffering from dermatomycosis. Dermatomycosis is harmful to health of animals and human beings. The dermatomycosis is difficult to identify, has long treatment cycle and high recurrence, and affected by regional or/and environmental factors, lead to its prevalent and brought great difficulties to the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Canine and feline dermatomycosis could be diagnosed according to illness history survey, clinical symptoms, isolation and identification of pathogens and histopathological examination. In order to curing canine and feline dermatomycosis effectively, systemic therapy combined with topical administration, scientific and rational use of antibiotics, and improvement of animal feeding management should be carried.     

Cell-mediated immune responses in man to Epstein-Barr (EB) virus infection

Cell-mediated immune response are now known to be important components of the host response to the Epstein-Barr (EB) herpesvirus. They are also likely to be essential in the control of EB-virus infection. Failure to mount any immune response to EB virus results in loss of control over the multiplication of cells transformed by the virus and gives rise to polyclonal neoplasia. A number of studies, using different preparations of antigen and a variety of assays, have demonstrated specific cell-mediated immune responses to the virus in normal individuals, most of whom by adulthood harbour the virus, and in patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), where a consistent pattern of response is beginning to be established. However, in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma, specific cell-mediated immune responses to the virus have been less easy to detect and difficult to relate in any consistent way to the course of the disease. In this communication we review some of the recent results obtained on cell-mediated immune responses to EB-virus infection, with particular emphasis on the pathogenesis and control of EB-virus-associated diseases. It is clear that EB-virus, though an ubiquitous, almost universal human virus, has a demonstrated potential to produce malignant neoplasia. The oncogenicity of the virus is normally held in check, at least in part through cell-mediated immune mechanisms, so that the usual mode of infection is inapparent or, in some cases, a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disease (IM). Under particular circumstances, Burkitt's lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma may result, but the role of EB-virus in the pathogenesis of these diseases and especially the part played by cell-mediated immune responses to the virus have by no means yet been elucidated.