BOOK REVIEWS

Laboratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases: a Guide to Laboratory Diagnosis. Charles Sodikoff, ed Paul W. Pratt. Santa Barbara Veterinary Publications 1981. pp 215.
The Future of Beef Production in the European Community , Vol. 5, in current topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Seminar EEC Program of Co-ordination of Research on Beef Production and Land Use, Italy, 1978. Ed J. C. Bowman and P. Susmel.
Introduction to Veterinary Immunology. I. R. Tizard, W. B. Saunders, 1979. pp 367 $27.50.
Viral Diseases of Farm Livestock. W. I. B. Beveridge (Animal Health in Australia, Vol. 1). Australian Bureau of Animal Health, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra 1981 pp 197.     

Intraperitoneal vaccination of rams

Extract

Sir, —A recent issue of the Animal Health Division's excellent publication Surveillance (1978 No.5 Spring), reported that the Palmerston North Animal Health Laboratory had encountered a case involving 40 two-year-old rams, the majority of which had intramuscular perirenal abscesses. It was reported that these abscesses were due to vaccination with a single dose of Br. ovis vaccine, administered by the intraperitoneal route.     

Endemic disease control and regulation in Australia 1901-2010

At Federation in 1901, Australia retained separate State veterinary services responsible for the control of endemic animal diseases. By 2010 the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments and the livestock industries had coordinated a structure with supporting activities and shared finances that provides Australia's veterinary services and its livestock industries with preparedness and control programs for nominated exotic and endemic animal diseases. Animal Health Australia operates as the coordinating body for these programs. Since 1901, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, bovine brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis have been eradicated, providing considerable industry benefits. While the entry of exotic diseases has been restricted, tick fevers, tick infestation, bluetongue infection, avirulent and velogenic Newcastle disease, Hendra virus, lyssavirus infection and Menagle virus infection have arisen from either hosts within Australia or from insect incursion from neighbouring countries. The control of endemic livestock diseases has been accompanied by the development of veterinary laboratory services by the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments. The Australian Animal Health Laboratory operating since 1985 in Geelong has ensured Australia remains at the forefront of technological advances in veterinary diagnostic techniques. From the 1970s animal welfare has become an important component of national initiatives that remain focussed on satisfying community and international expectations.     

Herd-level economic losses associated with Johne''s disease on US dairy operations

Johne's disease (‘paratuberculosis') is a chronic, infectious, wasting disease that affects dairy cattle. Estimation of its impact on herd productivity and corresponding economic loss on US dairy operations was part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) 1996 national dairy study. Johne's-positive herds experience an economic loss of almost US$ 100 per cow when compared to Johne's-negative herds due to reduced milk production and increased cow-replacement costs. For Johne's-positive herds that reported at least 10% of their cull cows as having clinical signs consistent with Johne's disease, economic losses were over US$ 200 per cow. These high-prevalence herds experienced reduced milk production of over 700 kg per cow, culled more cows but had lower cull-cow revenues, and had greater cow mortality than Johne's-negative herds. Averaged across all herds, Johne's disease costs the US dairy industry, in reduced productivity, US$ 22 to US$ 27 per cow or US$ 200 to US$ 250 million annually.     

Evaluation of clinical pathology parameters in fecal PCR-positive or PCR-negative goats for Johne’s disease

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Johne’s disease (JD) is an economically important infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This...     

Lung lesion score system in cattle: proposal for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. The peculiar pathological features of...     

The challenges of implementing an integrated One Health surveillance system in Australia

As 75 per cent of emerging infectious diseases are of animal origin, a One Health approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and the environment could provide an earlier opportunity for zoonotic disease detection and prevention. In Australia, human, animal and ecological health are managed by separate sectors with limited communication. This study aims to explore how professionals in these fields perceive a One Health approach to zoonotic disease surveillance, aiming to identify the challenges to the implementation of an integrated system in Australia. Using a qualitative research method, ten semistructured interviews were conducted with academic experts to gain insight into the possibility of developing an integrated surveillance system in Australia. A thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. Findings showed the absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health act as a barrier to interdisciplinary collaboration, and that siloed approaches by different sectors restrict the ability for professionals to work collaboratively across disciplines. An understanding of disease transmission was considered by participants to be a necessary requirement for a successful One Health approach. Finally, participants considered political will an essential requirement for the integration of surveillance systems. This study demonstrates that for a One Health approach to be implemented in an Australian setting, those working in the fields of human, animal and ecological health must agree on several aspects. The establishment of a formal governance body with representatives from each sector could assist in overcoming long‐standing barriers of privacy and distrust. Further, developing interdisciplinary training in One Health concepts for medical, environmental and veterinary students may encourage cross‐disciplinary collaboration. Finally, demonstrating to policymakers the economic benefit of improved and timely detection of zoonoses may help in facilitating a structured One Health approach to disease surveillance in Australia.     

Infectious bursal disease: outbreak investigation,molecular characterization,and vaccine immunogenicity trial in Ethiopia

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The study was conducted with the objective of isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) circulating in Ethiopia and...     

Identification and genetic analysis of infectious bursal disease viruses from field outbreaks in Kerala,India

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Recurrent infectious bursal disease (IBD) outbreaks were reported in different regions of Kerala, India. This paper reports the comparative genetic analysis...     

Ovine Johne's disease in Australia--the first 20 years

OBJECTIVE: To review the history of ovine Johne's disease in Australia. PROCEDURE: Relevant publications and reports were identified and reviewed to document the spread of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) from 1980 until the end of 2000, as well as the response of industry and government to the spread of this disease. RESULTS: OJD was first diagnosed in the central tablelands region of New South Wales in 1980. Since then it has spread, either from the initial focus or through separate introductions so that by December 2000 a total of 823 infected flocks had been identified. Cases have been confirmed in New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, on Flinders Island in Tasmania, on Kangaroo Island in South Australia and in Western Australia. In early 1999, agreement was reached to fund and implement a 6-year, $40 million National OJD Control and Evaluation Program (NOJDP). This program is jointly funded by the sheep industries (national and state), and Commonwealth and State governments, and is managed by Animal Health Australia. CONCLUSION: A national program is now in place to support the control of OJD and research to determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of eradication. The development of new diagnostic techniques, such as abattoir surveillance and pooled faecal culture, provide opportunities to refine surveillance strategies and to define better the distribution and prevalence of this disease, as required by the national program. Effective control measures, combined with quality surveillance data, will enable informed decision making for the future national management of OJD.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断方法的研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒引起的一种牛的热性、急性、接触性传染病。该病是世界动物卫生组织(OIE)规定的必须上报的疾病之一,在我国也被列为二类疫病。牛传染性鼻气管炎可降低牛的肥育率、繁殖率和产奶量,给养牛业造成了重大经济损失。从病毒的分离鉴定、血清学以及分子生物学等方面对该病的诊断方法进行综述,以期为牛传染性鼻气管炎的检测和防控提供参考。     

Establishment of lung auscultation scoring method and responses of acute phase proteins and heat shock proteins in vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Pneumonic pasteurellosis is an economically important infectious disease in the small ruminant industry which causes sudden death and loss for farmers....     

Detection of bovine carriers of Leptospira by serological,bacteriological, and molecular tools

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Bovine leptospirosis is an important infectious disease that causes reproductive problems and economic risks, particularly in the tropics. The present study...     

International trends impacting antimicrobial stewardship in animal health

The Tripartite collaboration (World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, and the World Organisation for Animal Health) produced two documents for consultation with Member Countries in 2017 ‐ Monitoring and Evaluation of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: Proposed approach and the Global Framework for Development & Stewardship to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Draft Roadmap. These documents intend to support a strategic whole‐of‐system approach towards the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. This paper outlines the recent thinking in antimicrobial stewardship being developed by the major international organisations involved with mitigating global antimicrobial resistance. The directions being set in key frameworks will need to be considered by Australian stakeholders as their own antimicrobial stewardship approaches and activities are formulated.     

加米霉素注射液对猪呼吸道疾病治疗的临床试验

为明确加米霉素注射液按推荐剂量用药对猪目标适应症的临床效果,将符合试验要求的120头病猪随机分成2组(每组60头),一组为受试药物组,按推荐剂量(6mg/kg体重)给予华北制药生产的加米霉素注射液治疗;另一组为对照药物组,按推荐剂量(6mg/kg体重)给予梅里亚公司生产的加米霉素注射液治疗。结果表明,华北制药公司生产的加米霉素注射液治疗由多杀性巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌等病原菌引起的猪呼吸系统疾病安全有效。说明此制剂治疗效果与梅里亚公司生产的加米霉素注射液相当,临床中可推广使用。     

Veterinary surgeon's guide to Australian bat lyssavirus

Veterinary surgeons in Australia must be aware of the emerging viral diseases and their potential effects on public health generally and, more specifically, on the veterinary profession. Australian bat lyssavirus was identified in 1996 and causes rabies-like disease in bats and humans. Two humans from Queensland have died of Australian bat lyssavirus encephalitis. Surveillance has shown that all Australian bats must be considered carriers of this new virus, therefore protective apparel should be used when handling bats. The pre-exposure regimen of inactivated rabies vaccine (Pasteur Mérieux) provides protection against infection. As part of the preventive regimen, at risk groups, such as veterinary surgeons, should seriously consider pre-exposure rabies vaccination. The post-exposure protocol involves administration of human rabies immunoglobulins and five intramuscular injections of the inactivated rabies vaccine.     

The structure, dynamics and movement patterns of the Australian sheep industry

Objective To describe the structure of Australia's sheep industries and the movement of sheep to enable examination of the potential for animal movements to spread disease between farms. Procedure The structure, size, marketing and movement patterns of Australian sheep farms was determined through (i) review of data published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, (ii) interviews with producers and saleyard managers and (iii) expert opinion. Results Twelve geographic regions are described, based on the type and extent of sheep farming in each region. Five production sectors were identified within the Australian sheep industry, with the proportion of each varying between the geographic regions. Over the past 20 years, the industry has decreased in size and contracted from the northern and central areas of Australia. Movement of sheep onto the majority (79%) of properties was limited to the introduction of less than 50 stud rams annually, although cross‐bred‐ and wether‐based farms introduced up to 2000 sheep annually; 75% of sheep movements occurred over distances less than 200 km, but stud rams moved up to 500 km. An increasing percentage of movements off farms was direct to abattoirs and over 80% of sheep sold through saleyards were purchased by abattoirs. Conclusions The majority of Australian sheep farms operate as self‐replacing enterprises and introduce few stock. In addition, most sheep movements occur over distances of less than 200 km and therefore sheep movements within Australia have only a limited potential to spread disease over larger distances.     

小反刍兽疫的流行、诊断与防控

小反刍兽疫是一种传染性极强的病毒性疾病,主要影响家养及野生的小反刍动物。该病的主要特征是发热、口腔炎、结膜炎、肠胃炎和肺炎,是世界动物卫生组织(World Organization for Animal Health,OIE)规定必须上报的疾病之一。文章对该病的流行与传播、诊断方法及防控措施进行了综述。     

Progress in national control and assurance programs for bovine Johne's disease in Australia

Cattle strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis are known to infect cattle, goats and alpaca in southeastern Australia, where there are also significant numbers of farmed deer. Although sheep strains have recently been identified in some cattle in Australia, epidemiological evidence to date supports the distinction (between bovine Johne's disease (JD), caused by cattle strains in cattle, goats and alpaca, and ovine JD, caused by sheep strains in sheep and goats) for the purposes of control and assurance programs. The National Johne's Disease Control Program is coordinated by the Australian Animal Health Council, working with the livestock industries and with the Commonwealth, state and territory governments. The council also brokers industry and government funding for the program. The National Johne's Disease Market Assurance Program for Cattle was launched in 1996 as the first of a suite of voluntary national market assurance programs (MAPs) to assess and certify herds as negative for JD. By December 1998, over 550 herds had achieved an assessed negative status. A MAP was also launched for alpaca in 1998 and a program for goats should be finalized in early 1999. National standards for state control of JD through zoning, movement controls and procedures in infected and suspect herds have also been developed. The paper covers factors affecting development and implementation, uptake of and improvements to national control and assurance programs for bovine JD in Australia.     

In this issue – May 2010

Flea-associated infectious agents in cats in Eastern Australia · Complications of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres · Reproductive efficiency of Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses · GPS tracking collars to monitor horses · Correction of vesicovaginal reflux in mares · Antibodies to Lawsonia intracellularis in Australian pig herds · Mucormycosis in the platypus · Panniculitis from Mycobacterium mageritense in a Tasmanian devil