做好草原火灾防控工作刻不容缓

3月10日，农业部草原防火指挥部召开全国草原防火工作暨《草原防火条例》宣传会议，对全国草原防火工作作出部署。农业部副部长、农业部草原防火指挥部总指挥高鸿宾深入分析了今年的草原防火形势，全面安排部署了当前和今后一个时期的草原防火工作。     

浅析敦煌市草原防火工作现状及对策

近几年,敦煌市严格执行《草原法》《草原防火条例》,进一步健全草原防火机构,加大草原防火的工作力度,完善工作措施,使敦煌市草原防火工作取得了显著成效。本文通过阐述敦煌市草原防火工作现状,分析了敦煌市草原防火工作存在的问题,提出了草原防火工作对策,为今后切实搞好草原防火和促进畜牧业生产稳定发展提供参考。     

业界信息

全国草原防火工作会议召开农业部草原防火指挥部2007年6月底召开全国草原防火工作会议。会议认真总结了近年来全国草原防火工作取得的成绩和经验,深入分析了当前草原防火工作面临的新形势,对今后一段时期的草原防火工作进行了部署。会议认为,近年来,各级草原防火部门按照国务院     

新时代草原防火监管方式

基于乌鲁木齐市草原防火管理现状,本文对乌鲁木齐市草原防火现状进行论述,对草原防火工作特别是管理中出现的问题和原因,现行公共政策及相关法律法规现状等进行分析,研究草原防火法律法规及国家大政方针和新形势下草原防火工作特点。提出新时代乌鲁木齐市草原防火监管方式,从而实现政府在草原防火工作监管中的职能定位和功能回归,完善政府对草原防火工作的监管,确保草原生态建设成果和维护国土生态安全及人民财产不受损失。     

农业部部署草原防火工作

农业部草原防火指挥部日前召开会议，认真学习贯彻国务院领导同志关于加强草原防火的指示精神，分析草原防火形势，部署草原防火工作。     

农业部要求切实做好今年秋季草原防火工作

9月14日，农业部召开秋季草原防火工作动员会，认真贯彻落实国务院领导同志关于秋季草原防火工作的重要指示，分析草原防火工作所面临的严峻形势，进一步明确秋季草原防火工作的重点措施。农业部副部长、农业部草原防火指挥部总指挥尹成杰在会上对秋季草原防火工作作部署。     

全国草原防火工作会议召开

农业部草原防火指挥部2007年6月底召开全国草原防火工作会议。会议认真总结了近年来全国草原防火工作取得的成绩和经验，深入分析了当前草原防火工作面临的新形势，对今后一段时期的草原防火工作进行了部署。     

五方面入手,切实抓好草原防火工作

目前正值乌鲁木齐市春季草原火灾高危期,为了有效防止草原火灾的发生,市草原防火指挥部主要从五个方面切实抓好草原防火工作。一是提前部署,全面落实草原防火责任制。     

业界信息

农业部部署草原防火工作农业部草原防火指挥部日前召开会议 ,认真学习贯彻国务院领导同志关于加强草原防火的指示精神 ,分析草原防火形势 ,部署草原防火工作。会议认为 ,当前草原防火形势十分严峻 ,特别是 1 0月份以来 ,新疆、内蒙古、黑龙江等地连续发生多起森林火灾 ,给草原防火带来了一定威胁。现在正值秋冬季节 ,草原可燃累积物增多 ,草原人流、物流增加 ,流动火源管理难度加大 ,草原发生火灾的危险性正在加剧 ,草原已进入火险高危时期。农业部部长杜青林对落实国务院领导同志关于加强草原防火重要指示提出了明确要求 ,他强调要认真分析…     

加强我区草原防火信息化建设的必要性

草原防火事关草原畜牧业的稳定和持续发展.因此,加强我区草原防火信息化建设至关重要.本文结合我区草原防火管理工作的实际情况,在阐述加强我区草原防火信息化建设必要性的基础上,提出了信息化建设的对策,旨在保障我区畜牧业的可持续发展.     

基于牧户尺度的草原火灾风险评价——以东乌珠穆沁旗为例

随着全球气候变暖，草原火灾频发给牧区生境带来严重威胁，牧户生产生活行为对判断草原火灾风险具有重要意义。从牧户微观尺度出发，以东乌珠穆沁旗57个嘎查牧户为研究对象，依据自然灾害指数法，牧户调研和GIS方法，采用主成分分析法、层次分析法、加权综合评价法对牧户尺度草原火灾风险评价指标体系分析，获取东乌旗草原火灾风险等级分布图，并利用火点对风险区划精度验证。结果表明：1）东乌旗草原火灾风险评价4个一级指标的权重危险性25.85%、暴露性28.86%、脆弱性19.17%、防灾减灾能力26.12%。2）东乌旗草原火灾风险性整体呈由西到东逐渐递增的趋势，研究区绝大多数地区属于中高火险区，占比86.07%。3）研究区2001-2018年火点沿边境线分布，由南向北逐渐增多，火烧迹地面积2338.25 km²，国境线火烧频次集中在2~3次，中高火险区火点占比79.99%，风险区划精度较高。研究结果可对苏木政府制定草原火灾具体防灾减灾政策提供科学依据。     

Smoke inhalation

Unfortunately, fires are common events both in urban and rural portions of the United States. Smoke inhalation is the leading fire-related cause of death. The elemental combustion products of fire are light, heat, and smoke. Smoke is a very complex mixture of potentially harmful substances. Although a relatively rare presenting event to small animal hospitals, when animal fire victims do appear, clinicians must know how to recognize the signs of smoke inhalation and how to successfully deal with them. This discussion will investigate the toxic nature of fire smoke, its mechanism of action upon respiratory tissues, the clinical signs displayed, and its diagnosis and treatment. Differential diagnoses of smoke inhalation and prevention and prognosis will also be explored. Veterinary hospitals should have set protocols in place for managing animal victims of smoke inhalation in order to ensure a successful outcome.     

基于MODIS卫星数据的黑龙江省生物质燃烧火点时空分布

生物质燃烧是重要的气候强迫因子,也是影响空气质量的重要污染源。黑龙江作为农林业大省,森林、草地、农业资源丰富,研究和分析黑龙江生物质燃烧情况,能够为秸秆资源综合利用、森林草原防火、环境质量改善等提供依据。本研究基于MODIS卫星数据、土地利用数据及高程数据,对黑龙江2010-2017年生物质燃烧火点时空分布特征进行了分析,包括秸秆焚烧火点、林火、草地野火。结果表明,黑龙江省火点主要集中在松嫩平原、三江平原以及小兴安岭中北部;黑河市火点占总火点的30%,齐齐哈尔次之,占16%;秸秆焚烧火点占总火点的68%,林火占32%。年内火点在春、秋两季最为明显,呈双峰分布,春秋季火点数占比分别为51%、45%。2010年以来林地与草地火点数量波动较小;秸秆焚烧火点数量自2014年起显著增加(P<0.05),2016年禁烧政策的开展下火点数量得到控制,秋季火点减少,但春季依旧呈现增加趋势。     

青海省海北州草原监理现状与改进措施

通过对海北州草原监理系统中存在问题的分析，提出了加大贯彻实施《草原法》工作力度、加强监理人员培训、进一步完善法规制度、加强监理自身建设、加大执法力度、加强草地资源动态监测和全面落实草原防火责任制度等7个方面的改进措施。     

内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究

基于1981-2005年内蒙古草原火的统计资料分析表明,内蒙古草原在25年间共发生草原火3142次,其中人为火占68.84%,雷击火占5.19%,未查明起火原因草原火占25.97%。草原火强度主要以Ⅳ、Ⅲ级草原火为主,占查明起火原因草原火的81.15%。草原火的年发生次数总体呈减少趋势,但在21世纪初有所增加,且春、秋季是草原火的高发期,其中人为火在4月份发生次数最多,而雷击火集中于5,6月份。草原人为火发生时段集中在9:00-16:00,雷击火主要在13:00-17:00。内蒙古草原火的发生区域呈东北向西南减少的条带状分布,其中位于呼伦贝尔市的新巴尔虎右旗、陈巴尔虎旗、牙克石市和鄂伦春自治旗是发生草原火次数最多的4个旗(县),累计发生次数在119~187次之间。研究结果表明,内蒙古草原火预防工作在区域上应集中在内蒙古中、东部和东北部地区,在时间上拟关注春季,特别是白天9:00-16:00时段。     

浅议新形势下农村消防工作的现状及对策

当前农村人民群众消防安全意识普遍比较淡薄,消防基础设施缺乏,农村消防工作所面临严峻的形势。要改变当前农村消防工作应发挥政府职能建立健全消防安全组织网络;搞好农村消防规划,加强农村公共消防基础设施建设;深入开展消防宣传,提高村民的消防安全意识;强化公安派出所消防监督管理工作,夯实农村消防安全管理工作基石;突出重点,强化管理,全力维护农村消防工作稳定局面。     

中国草原火灾风险动态分布特征及管理对策研究

利用我国牧区1991～2005年的草原火灾资料,用统计方法分析了我国牧区草原火灾风险的时空动态分布特征.研究发现,随着经济的发展草原火灾的发生次数呈增长趋势,我国草原火灾风险正不断加大,草原火灾造成的损失也在逐年递增;每年的4月份是我国草原火灾的高峰期,10月份产生一个小高峰期;内蒙古、新疆、甘肃是我国草原火灾经济损失最严重的3个省份.针对我国目前草原防火减灾中出现的问题提出了管理对策.     

Fire as a Land Management Tool: Rural Sector Perceptions of Burn-off Practice in New Zealand

Fire has long been used as a tool to remove pests and disease, regenerate land, and remove unwanted vegetation buildup. Although traditionally used as a widespread land management tool in the past, its continued use could be under threat due to public perceptions pertaining to risks from burns getting out of control, as well as the impacts of smoke pollution and ecological damage. To determine the attitudes of rural practitioners and residents toward use of fire as a land management tool, this paper reports the results, analysis, and interpretation to a survey question: “Do you feel fire is a good option for managing rural land?”, along with an analysis of key attitudes toward the use of fire as a land management tool. The survey was undertaken with 696 respondents consisting of (rural land managers, rural populace, and rural fire personnel) within New Zealand. The survey identified differing perceptions about the suitability of prescribed fire use by land-based sectors. Five constructs explained the attitudes toward use of fire as a land management tool: benefits of fire use, the tradition of fire as a tool, regulations and liabilities, smoke impacts from fire, and the risks from knowledge loss and changing land use. Results showed that a person’s high agreement with the construct concerning negative smoke impacts resulted in less agreement that fire was a good option for use in rural land management in New Zealand. Main demographics influencing a positive attitude toward the use of fire included gender (male), their current use of fire, and larger land area managed. For prescribed fire to continue to be a useful tool, an improved understanding of current management practices and clear guidelines around best practice in using fire in New Zealand to manage land are required, with particular emphasis on limiting smoke impacts.     

Liability and Prescribed Fire: Perception and Reality

Changing climate and fuel accumulation are increasing wildfire risks across the western United States. This has led to calls for fire management reform, including the systematic use of prescribed fire. Although use of prescribed fire by private landowners in the southern Great Plains has increased during the past 30 yr, studies have determined that liability concerns are a major reason why many landowners do not use or promote the use of prescribed fire. Generally, perceptions of prescribed fire ? related liability are based on concerns over legal repercussions for escaped fire. This paper reviews the history and current legal liability standards used in the United States for prescribed fire, it examines how perceived and acceptable risk decisions about engagement in prescribed burning and other activities differ, and it presents unanticipated outcomes in two cases of prescribed fire insurance aimed at promoting the use of prescribed fire. We demonstrate that the empirical risk of liability from escaped fires is minimal (< 1%) and that other underlying factors may be leading to landowners’ exaggerated concerns of risk of liability when applying prescribed fire. We conclude that providing liability insurance may not be the most effective approach for increasing the use of prescribed fire by private landowners. Clearly differentiating the risks of applying prescribed fire from those of catastrophic wildfire damages, changing state statutes to reduce legal liability for escaped fire, and expanding landowner membership in prescribed burn associations may be more effective alternatives for attaining this goal. Fear of liability is a major deterrent to the use of prescribed fire; however, an evaluation of the risks from escaped fire does not support perceptions that using prescribed fire as a land management tool is risky. Prescribed burning associations and agencies that support land management improvement have an important role to play in spreading this message.     

Absence of a Grass/Fire Cycle in a Semiarid Grassland: Response to Prescribed Fire and Grazing

Many nonnative invasive grasses alter fire regimes to their own benefit and the detriment of native organisms. In southern Arizona the nonnative Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) dominates many semiarid grasslands where native grasses were abundant. Managers are wary of using prescribed fire in this fire-prone community partly due to the perceived effects of a grass/fire cycle. However, examples of the grass/fire cycle originate in ecosystems where native plants are less fire-tolerant than grasses and the invasive plant does not mimic the physiognomy of the native community. We investigate the effects of prescribed fire and livestock grazing on a semiarid grassland community dominated by a nonnative invasive grass. Lehmann lovegrass does not appear to alter the fire regime of semiarid grasslands to the detriment of native plants. Prescribed fire reduced the abundance of Lehmann lovegrass for 1 to 2 yr while increasing abundance of native grasses, herbaceous dicotyledons and fall richness, and diversity. Effects of livestock grazing were less transformative than the effects of fire in this long-grazed area, but grazing negatively affected native plants as did the combination of prescribed fire and livestock grazing. Although Lehmann lovegrass produces more fuel than native plants, fire frequency in semiarid grasslands appears to be limited by the paucity of above-average precipitation, which constrains high fuel loads. In addition, many native grasses tolerate high temperatures produced by Lehmann lovegrass fires. Consistent with previous research, fire does not promote the spread of Lehmann lovegrass, and more importantly human alteration of the fire regime is greater than the nominal effects of Lehmann lovegrass introduction on the fire regime.