草地有毒植物狼毒种群分布格局及动态

狼毒为瑞香科根颈型多年生有毒植物。依据株丛枝条数量多少将狼毒株丛划分为3个级别即I级株丛、Ⅱ级株丛和Ⅲ级株丛。采用邻接格子样方法取样，运用扩散系数作为聚集强度的测度指标，并进行泊阿松分布和负二项分布的X^2拟合检验；运用Greig-Smith的成对样方方差法绘制格局分析图，研究了糙隐子草草原3个放牧演替阶段的狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模。结果表明：在重牧、过牧、极牧阶段狼毒种群I级株丛均为聚集分布，Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级株丛均为随机分布；重牧、过牧阶段狼毒种群总体呈聚集分布，而在极牧阶段则为随机分布。放牧扰动对狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模产生不同程度的影响。     

糙隐子草种群在不同放牧强度下的小尺度空间格局

利用Ripley's K函数, 在0～100 cm的空间尺度域上定量分析了4种放牧强度--无牧(0 只/hm2羊)、轻牧(1.33 只/hm2羊)、中牧(4.00 只/hm2羊)、重牧(6.67 只/hm2羊)下糙隐子草种群的空间格局及其随尺度的变化规律;用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)随机模拟方法估计了(t)的置信限.研究了放牧对糙隐子草种群空间格局的影响以及糙隐子草在不同放牧条件下的斑块大小,并进一步以放牧条件下糙隐子草的生活史特征、生态适应对策以及群落内植物种间的相互作用为基础,探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理.研究结果表明:1)放牧显著影响糙隐子草种群空间格局,即使在同一放牧强度下在不同尺度(0～100 cm)上糙隐子草种群的空间格局也显著不同;2)在0～100 cm尺度上,糙隐子草种群的空间格局在无牧条件下为均匀分布,在轻牧和中牧条件下为集聚分布.重牧条件下,糙隐子草种群的空间分布在0～42 cm尺度上为集聚分布,而在42～100 cm尺度上为均匀分布,这与其自身的生物学特性和种群对放牧压力的生态适应对策密切相关;3)不同放牧条件下,糙隐子草种群的斑块大小不同;4)放牧活动的加剧改变了群落中的各种过程,并最终代替群落中的种间竞争过程而成为决定群落内物种分布的主导过程,这为在放牧活动的干预下,退化草原群落演替规律的研究提供了理论依据.     

青南牧区南部嵩草草甸群落植被构成及种间关联

植物群落构成和植物种间联结,反映植物物种空间上相互关系,对于草地演替动态及稳定性的揭示具有重要理论意义。以青南牧区南部3个嵩草群落为对象,分析了群落生物量构成变化;并基于2×2列联表及植物种多度,采用Ochiai种间关联度指数及Spearman秩相关分析,探讨了不同嵩草群落的植物种间关系及群落演替特征。结果表明:藏嵩草群落的生物量显著高于高山嵩草+异针茅/杂类草群落,群落生物量主要由莎草科植物构成,其占总生物量的45%~80%,而禾草、杂类草和不可食植物则分别约占总生物量的8.1%,15.2%和16.4%;3个嵩草群落内的植物种对一般存在完全关联、绝对关联和完全独立3种关系,藏嵩草群落和高山嵩草+杂类草群落中完全独立的种对较多,为38.1%和40.0%;而高山嵩草+异针茅群落中完全关联种对较多,为36.3%;3个群落中较多植物种对间存在显著联结性,且显著正联结种对数多于显著负联结种对数,同一种对在不同群落中的种间关系不同;各嵩草群落均处于稳定发展阶段。     

围栏封育对呼伦贝尔草甸草原群落种间联结的影响

为探究短期封育对呼伦贝尔草甸草原植物种间联结的影响,运用方差比率法、基于2×2列联表的χ2检验对呼伦贝尔草甸草原群落进行总体联结性和种对间联结性检验,同时利用Ochiai指数和共同出现百分率(PC)测定各种对间的联结程度。结果表明:围栏内植物群落总体呈不显著负联结,围栏外植物群落总体呈不显著正联结;χ2检验发现围栏内正联结与负联结比例低于围栏外,围栏内植物群落并未稳定;围栏内外植物群落Ochiai指数和共同出现百分率(PC)趋势一致;围栏内Ochiai指数和共同出现百分率(PC)最大值均出现在糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和羊草(Leymus chinensis),糙隐子草和硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes),羊草和硬质早熟禾;围栏内优势种优势地位明显,优势种Ochiai指数和共同出现百分率(PC)均大于围栏外优势种。     

多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地放牧演替及群落稳定性的研究

本研究于1994年在湖南省南山牧场进行。聚类分析表明，放牧导致多年生黑麦草（Loliumperenne）／白三叶（Trifoliumrepens）人工草地的演替可以划分为四个阶段，即轻牧使人工草地向原生植被演替，形成野古草（Arundinellahirta）、芒草（Miscanthussinensis）占优势的群落；重牧导致绒毛草（Holcuslantus）、多头苦荬菜（Ixerispolycephala）占优势的群落出现；过牧则形成橐吾（Ligulariasp）、酸模（Rumexacetosa）占优势的群落；唯有适牧方可以维持多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地的稳定性。轻度放牧或过度放牧都可以引起人工草地的退化演替。     

松嫩平原主要草地群落放牧退化演替阶段的划分

本文采用聚类分析和主分量分析的方法对松嫩平原主要草地群落；贝加尔针茅－羊草群落，贝加尔针茅群落，贝加尔针茅－线叶菊群落、羊草群落和羊草－杂类草群落和羊草－杂类草群落的放牧经演替阶段进行划分，结果表明，每个群落的放牧退化演替过程的可划分为四个阶段，即：轻牧、中牧、重牧和过牧。随着放牧压梯度的变化，群落主要植物种的优势地位明显的替代变化，这与其生态生物学特性和动物的采集行为密切相关。     

春季休牧后放牧强度变化对短花针茅草原植物种群种间关系的影响

为探讨春季休牧后放牧对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原植物种群种间关系的影响,于2013年8月对苏尼特右旗荒漠草原进行调查研究,试验设2种放牧方式,分别为春季休牧+夏季重牧+秋季适牧(SA1)和春季休牧+夏季适牧+秋季重牧(SA2),分析物种数、物种频度差异,种对关联及群落总体关联性,得到如下结果:春季休牧较对照(全年禁牧)能够显著增加单位面积的物种数,且SA1>SA2;不同植物种群出现频率对春季休牧后不同放牧方式的响应存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。春季休牧后,主要植物种群短花针茅和无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)主要表现为无关联性,短花针茅与碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)主要表现为负关联性。无芒隐子草和碱韭受春季休牧影响,种间关联由对照处理的正关联转为负关联,且负关联程度SA1较SA2强。春季休牧后,无论放牧强度变化如何,正关联种总数较对照均减少,但物种总体种间亲和作用增加。     

不同放牧强度对糙隐子草功能性状的影响

以典型草原退化群落优势种糙隐子草为研究对象,探究其植株茎秆、叶片、根系等形态特征及生物量等功能性状指标对不同放牧强度的响应,结果表明:(1)轻度放牧和适度放牧对糙隐子草茎叶功能性状指标均无显著影响,重度放牧和极重度放牧使糙隐子草的株高较对照显著降低20.24%和21.09%,使糙隐子草的叶长较对照显著降低23.50%和23.24%,而重度放牧使糙隐子草的茎粗较对照显著增加35.00%。(2)糙隐子草根系总根长、表面积、体积等性状指标均随放牧强度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在重度放牧处理下最低,极重牧处理下有所升高。(3)糙隐子草茎秆和根系生物量性状指标随着放牧强度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,叶片生物量性状指标随着放牧强度的增加呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,其值均在重牧处理最低。(4)Pearson相关分析发现糙隐子草的株高、叶长、分蘖数与地上生物量均呈显著相关关系;根系生物量与总根长、表面积、体积、根尖数均呈极显著相关关系;地上生物量与根系物量之间呈极显著相关关系。研究表明,糙隐子草是通过改变茎秆、叶片、根系功能性状,调整其生存策略适应放牧环境变化,以保证在典型草原放牧生态系统中的存在比率。     

蒙辽农牧交错区草地植物群落能量特征研究

农牧交错区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,是遏制草地沙化转移的重要生态屏障。植物能量是生态学功能研究中的基本概念之一,能量的传输与转化是生命运动的基础特征。因此文章选取蒙辽农牧交错区为研究区域,对草地植物群落能量特征进行分析。结果表明:大针茅群落平均热值显著高于黄蒿、胡枝子、糙隐子草三个群落的平均热值;而黄蒿群落、胡枝子群落、糙隐子草群落三者之间无显著性差异。大针茅群落能量现存量最高,其与黄蒿、糙隐子草群落之间有明显差异;胡枝子群落与大针茅、黄蒿、糙隐子草群落之间也无明显差异。     

糙隐子草群落特点和规律的研究

本文着重讨论糙隐子草生态生物学特性，指出糙隐子草为风滚草和草地退化指示植物，并对大气敏感性较强的一种牧草，同时指出群落出现一般是放牧演替类型。分蘖芽和枝条多少，取决于生态条件，也直接影响生产力。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.