红枣水提剂对小鼠小肠运动的影响

为了探讨红枣水提剂对小鼠肠运动功能的影响,试验采用中华墨汁推进试验,将24只昆明小鼠随机分成6组,每组4只(雌雄各半),分别为Ⅰ组生理盐水组,Ⅱ组红枣水提剂组,Ⅲ组硫酸阿托品注射液组,Ⅳ组氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液组,Ⅴ组红枣加硫酸阿托品组,Ⅵ组红枣加氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱组,各组小鼠在试验前禁食8 h,给药5 min后,所有小鼠灌胃10%的中华墨汁0.2 m L/只,观察分析红枣水提剂对小鼠肠运动情况的影响。结果表明:红枣水提剂能够显著提高正常小鼠小肠墨汁推进率(P0.05),并且能协同氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱提高小鼠小肠墨汁推进率,推进率为(93.43±2.15)%。说明红枣水提剂能够明显促进小鼠小肠运动,且对氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱促进小肠推进有协同作用。     

细菌内毒素检测法与家兔法检测葡萄糖酸钙注射液热原的比较探讨

目的：考察细菌内毒素检查法对葡萄糖酸钙注射液进行检查的可行性。方法：用细菌内毒素检测法对家兔热原试验的葡萄糖酸钙注射液进行比较试验。结果：供试品对鲎试剂与内毒素的反应无干扰作用。家兔热原检查法结果与细菌内毒素检查法结果相吻合。结论：用细菌内毒素检查法检测葡萄糖酸钙注射液热原是可行的。     

细菌内毒素检查法测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液的热原

参照《中国兽药典》2000版收载的细菌内毒素检查法，验证了硫酸卡那霉素注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。通过干扰试验证明，硫酸卡那霉素注射液对鲎试剂的凝集反应无干扰作用，用灵敏度为0．25EU／mL的鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素的方法可行、有效。可以用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔热原检查法来检测硫酸卡那霉素注射液的热原。     

安乃近注射液细菌内毒素检验方法的建立

本实验对安乃近注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法进行研究,建立快速准确的细菌内毒素检查法。按《中国药典》2010版附录XIE细菌内毒素检查方法进行。利用不同厂末生产的鲎试荆进行干扰试验,全面考察安乃近注射液对细茼内毒素控查的干扰作用,以确定最佳试验条件。安乃近注射液可以采用稀释方法排除干扰。本细茵内毒素检查结果安全、可靠。     

安乃近注射液细菌内毒素检验方法的建立

本实验对安乃近注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法进行研究,建立快速准确的细菌内毒素检查法。按《中国药典》2010版附录XIE细菌内毒素检查方法进行。利用不同厂末生产的鲎试荆进行干扰试验,全面考察安乃近注射液对细茼内毒素控查的干扰作用,以确定最佳试验条件。安乃近注射液可以采用稀释方法排除干扰。本细茵内毒素检查结果安全、可靠。     

四种兽药细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

建立四种兽药细菌内毒素检查方法,按2000版《中国兽药典》附录细菌内毒素检查法操作。结果表明,注射用青霉素钠、注射用氨苄西林钠、硫酸卡那霉素注射液、硫酸庆大霉素注射液四品种均可采用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法控制热原。     

四种兽药细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

建立四种兽药细菌内毒素检查方法，按2000版《中国兽药典》附录细菌内毒素检查法操作。结果表明，注射用青霉素钠、注射用氨苄西林钠、硫酸卡那霉素注射液、硫酸庆大霉素注射液四品种均可采用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法控制热原。     

双黄连注射液细菌内毒素检查及其限值的确定

本实验对双黄连注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法进行研究,建立快速准确的细菌内毒素检查法。按《中国药典》2010版附录XIE细菌内毒素检查方法进行。利用不同厂末生产的鲎试荆进行干扰试验,全面考察双黄连注射液对细茼内毒素控查的干扰作用,以确定最佳试验条件。双黄连注射液可以采用稀释方法排除干扰。本方法结果安全、可靠。     

母猪产后厌食、尿闭、胎衣不下的防治

母猪产后发生厌食、尿闭、产道感染、胎衣不下等产后疾病,在生产中常见而且目前尚未见特效防治办法。多年来,笔者在门诊临床实践中应用比赛可林注射液（氯化氨甲酰甲胆碱注射液）预防母猪产后疾病取得了很好的效果,现介绍如下。     

头孢喹肟注射液的细菌内毒素检查

参照《中国兽药典》2000年版一部附录细菌内毒素检查法进行试验,研究了头孢喹肟注射液细菌内毒素检查法的干扰情况。结果表明,供试品在0.78125 mg/mL稀释液的浓度下对细菌内毒素无干扰作用。通过实验研究,建立了该品种的细菌内毒素限量检查法。     

Effects of bethanechol on canine urinary bladder smooth muscle function

We studied whether the effects of bethanechol are mediated via a muscarinic receptor, the role of extracellular calcium on bladder contraction, and down-regulation of bladder contraction by bethanechol after activation with potassium chloride (KCl) and acetylcholine (Ach). Smooth muscle strips of normal urinary bladder were studied with standard methods to measure isometric force. Bethanechol caused a dose-dependent increase in bladder contraction. The potency of bethanechol is higher than Ach, as shown by higher peak active isometric stress (P(max)) and lower half-maximal contraction (ED(50)) (P< 0.01). The contractile responses to bethanechol were diminished in the presence of atropine, nifedipine and in calcium-free medium as shown by P(max) decreased by 58%, 87% and 65% and ED(50) increased by 314-, 24- and 16-fold, respectively. When bladder strips were stimulated with KCl and Ach, pre-treatment with bethanechol reduced the responses to KCl by 116-242% (P<0.05), while the contractile responses to Ach were unaltered. Thus, bethanechol induces bladder contraction via muscarinic receptor activation while both intracellular and extracellular calcium play a crucial role on bladder smooth muscle contraction. The mechanisms of down-regulation by bethanechol may be related to interference with calcium influx into the smooth muscle cells, rather than the desensitisation of muscarinic receptors or post-receptor steps of signal transduction following bethanechol binding to the receptor.     

转移因子注射液中细菌内毒素检测方法研究

为检测转移因子(TF)注射液中细菌内毒素,本研究采用鲎试剂与细菌内毒素产生凝集反应的凝胶法对国内1个生物制品厂的TF注射液样品进行了检测,实验结果表明当TF注射液稀释至0.025 mg/mL时,对鲎试剂的凝集反应无干扰作用.因此,该方法适用于TF注射液中细菌内毒素检测,并可以用于该项生物制品的质量监控.     

A syndrome resembling feline dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell syndrome) in a dog.

Dysautonomia, or autonomic nervous system dysfunction, was diagnosed in a 1-year-old dog. Clinical signs of disease included diarrhea, vomiting, prolapse of nictitating membranes, and urinary incontinence. Bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and decreased anal sphincter tone were also observed. On the basis of response to atropine, results of intradermal histamine testing and gastric motility studies, and ocular response to parasympathomimetics and sympathomimetics (direct and indirect acting), autonomic nervous system function was determined to be abnormal. Treatment with metoclopramide hydrochloride and bethanechol chloride resulted in improved attitude, appetite, Schirmer tear test response, and decrease in frequency of vomiting within 24 hours. Bladder function and anal tone improved within 3 weeks.     

Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses

Five horses with sabulous cystitis were managed for up to three years. They were treated by emptying the bladder through a urinary catheter and saline lavage with cytoscopic guidance to remove residual sabulous material. The cystitis was treated with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medications, and bethanechol chloride was also administered. Frequent catheterisation and emptying of the bladder was an alternative to regular cystoscopic examination with saline lavage but it resulted in the development of a urethral stricture in one case. Four of the horses returned to work and one was retired owing to persistent incontinence.     

Myoclonus and urinary retention following subarachnoid morphine injection in a dog

A 5-year-old German Shepherd dog which presented for total hip replacement developed myoclonus and urinary retention after the subarachnoid injection of preservative-free morphine. Myoclonus was resistant to treatment, except pentobarbital anesthesia. Urinary retention was treated with bethanechol and subsided within a few days. Involuntary muscular activity can result from the epidural, subarachnoid or systemic injection of various opioid drugs, or as a result of the toxic or irritant effect of preservatives or autologous blood. The latter were not causative factors in this case. Opioid agonist inhibition of central inhibitory neurotransmitter action may have explained the myoclonus. Postoperative urinary retention was attributed to the spinal action of morphine inhibiting efferent parasympathetic nervous activity.     

In vitro effects of bethanechol on specimens of intestinal smooth muscle obtained from the duodenum and jejunum of healthy dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To describe the in vitro effects of bethanechol on contractility of smooth muscle preparations from the small intestines of healthy cows and define the muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in mediating contraction. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue samples from the duodenum and jejunum collected immediately after slaughter of 40 healthy cows. PROCEDURES: Cumulative concentration-response curves were determined for the muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol with or without prior incubation with subtype-specific receptor antagonists in an organ bath. Effects of bethanechol and antagonists and the influence of intestinal location on basal tone, maximal amplitude (A(max)), and area under the curve (AUC) were evaluated. RESULTS: Bethanechol induced a significant, concentration-dependent increase in all preparations and variables. The effect of bethanechol was more pronounced in jejunal than in duodenal samples and in circular than in longitudinal preparations. Significant inhibition of the effects of bethanechol was observed after prior incubation with muscarinic receptor subtype M(3) antagonists (more commonly for basal tone than for A(max) and AUC). The M(2) receptor antagonists partly inhibited the response to bethanechol, especially for basal tone. The M(3) receptor antagonists were generally more potent than the M(2) receptor antagonists. In a protection experiment, an M(3) receptor antagonist was less potent than when used in combination with an M(2) receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists for M(1) and M(4) did not affect contractility variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bethanechol acting on muscarinic receptor sub-types M(2) and M(3) may be of clinical use as a prokinetic drug for motility disorders of the duodenum and jejunum in dairy cows.     

浊度法测定维生素C注射液细菌内毒素含量

应用BET-32型细菌内毒素测定仪定量测定维生素C注射液的细菌内毒素含量，干扰试验表明，维生素C注射液在400倍稀释时，测定内毒素的干扰最小。7个不同批号的维生素C注射液测定结果显示，7批的回收率均符合测定要求，其中4个批号的人用维生素C注射液内毒素含量符合药典标准，兽用3个批号产品的内毒素含量偏高。     

咪唑苯脲注射液特殊安全性试验研究

通过豚鼠、新西兰大白兔的皮肤致敏、皮肤刺激、肌肉刺激、红细胞溶血试验,考察咪唑苯脲注射液的安全性。试验用新西兰大白兔6只进行皮肤刺激,染毒剂量为咪唑苯脲注射液0.5 mL/只(规格:1211.5 mg/mL);用白化豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验,按0.5 mL/kg剂量,以豚鼠背部左侧皮肤进行染毒;用新西兰大白兔8只,进行肌肉刺激试验,在右侧股四头肌注入0.1、0.2、0.5 mL/kg bw,左侧股四头肌注入同样体积的灭菌0.9%氯化钠溶液作对照;用新西兰大白兔2只,进行红细胞溶血试验,采用体外试管法进行,采心脏血50 mL,制成红细胞悬液,加入受试药物原液温育3 h。结果显示,皮肤刺激试验:受试物咪唑苯脲注射液各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;皮肤致敏试验:受试药物组和阴性对照组豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应率为0;肌肉刺激试验:给予受试物各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;红细胞溶血试验:受试药物及阴性对照在3 h内红细胞全部下沉,上清液体均为澄明,溶液中未见棕红色或红棕色絮状沉淀。试验表明,咪唑苯脲注射剂无皮肤刺激性、不出现过敏反应、无肌肉刺激性、无溶血和凝聚作用,临床上可以肌肉注射使用。     

Contamination of multiple-dose vials in a veterinary hospital

Bacterial contamination of multiple-dose saline bottles and medication vials in a veterinary teaching hospital was evaluated. Bacterial contamination was identified in 16/88 (18%) containers, with no difference in contamination between the large animal clinic, small animal clinic, and ruminant ambulatory clinic. Contamination of multiple-dose containers containing substances for injection was common, and potential pathogens were present in many situations. While the clinical significance is not resolved at this point, infection control practices should address this potential source of nosocomial infection.     

加米霉素注射液特殊安全性试验研究

通过豚鼠、大白兔的皮肤致敏、皮肤刺激、肌肉刺激、红细胞溶血试验,考察加米霉素注射液的安全性。试验用新西兰大白兔8只进行皮肤刺激,染毒剂量为加米霉素注射液0.5 mL/只(规格:150 mg/mL);用白化豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验,按0.5 mL/kg剂量,以豚鼠背部左侧皮肤进行染毒;用新西兰大白兔24只,进行肌肉刺激试验,在右侧股四头肌注入6、12、30 mg/kg bw,左侧股四头肌注入同样体积的灭菌0.9%氯化钠溶液作对照;用新西兰大白兔2只,进行红细胞溶血试验,采用体外试管法进行,采心脏血50 mL,制成血细胞悬液,加入受试药物原液温育3 h。结果显示,皮肤刺激试验:受试物加米霉素注射液各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;皮肤致敏试验:受试药物组和阴性对照组豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应率为0;肌肉刺激试验:给予受试物各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;红细胞溶血试验:受试药物及阴性对照在3 h内红细胞全部下沉,上清液体均为澄明,溶液中未见棕红色或红棕色絮状沉淀。试验表明加米霉素注射剂无皮肤刺激性、不出现过敏反应、无肌肉刺激性、无溶血和凝聚作用,临床上可以肌肉注射使用。