肠炎沙门氏菌快速检测方法的建立

利用针对肠炎沙门氏菌主要O因子抗原O9的3－47－26单克隆抗体建立了快速检测肠炎沙门氏菌的竞争ELISA方法（C－ELISA）。将被检样品与McAb作用，竞争性抑制了McAb与包被肠炎沙门氏菌的结合，同时，也减弱了酶标二抗与McAb的结合，以降低底物反应的颜色，从而达到检测样品的目的。试验结果表明，本方法只选择性地与肠炎沙门氏菌反应，而与其它沙门氏菌均不反应。通过与国标法对210份样品检测结果比较表明，竞争ELISA方法的敏感性和特异性分别为94．4％和97．7％，从而为肠炎沙门氏菌的检测提供了一种快速、敏感、特异的检测方法。     

应用单抗竞争ELISA快速检测肠炎沙门氏菌

本研究应用抗肠炎沙门氏菌 O9抗原的酶标单抗 3- 4 7- 2 6和肠炎沙门氏菌脂多糖( LPS)建立了快速检测肠炎沙门氏菌的竞争ELISA方法 ,该法通过样品中的肠炎沙门氏菌 L PS与微量板包被的肠炎沙门氏菌 LPS竞争结合酶标抗体 ,以检测样品中的肠炎沙门氏菌。通过与国标法对样品的比较检测结果表明 ,该法可检测出每克粪便中 5×1 0 4 CFU的肠炎沙门氏菌 ,国标法可检出 4.9× 1 0 1 CFU/g粪便。竞争 EL ISA( C- ELISA)方法的敏感性和特异性分别为 94.4%和 97.7%。并进一步讨论了该方法建立时的选择条件和应用意义     

单抗竞争ELISA检测猪沙门氏菌感染方法的建立与应用

以猪霍乱沙门氏菌作为包被抗原 ,利用沙门氏菌O7单克隆抗体酶结合物建立了竞争ELISA方法检测猪霍乱沙门氏菌抗体。经过研究确定抗原包被浓度为 2×1 0 8CFU/ml,血清检测稀释度为 1∶1 6,酶标抗体浓度为 1∶70 0 ,包被液为碳酸盐缓冲液 ( 0 .0 5MpH9.6)。应用单抗竞争ELISA和平板凝集试验 (PAT)同时对 5 0 6份血清进行猪霍乱抗体检测 ,PAT的检出率为 3 .60 % ,ELISA检出率为 5 .75 % ,两者符合率达 96.4%。试验结果表明 ,ELISA方法敏感性高 ,特异性强 ,稳定性和重复性好 ,操作简便。本方法的建立在猪群沙门氏菌感染的检疫、实验室诊断的标准化及流行病学调查方面具有应用价值。     

抗鸡白痢沙门氏菌单抗及其在鸡白痢病检疫中的应用研究

本研究应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备了一组针对鸡白痢沙门氏菌O_9抗原的单抗。以单抗3-47-26酶结合物和鸡白痢沙门氏菌脂多糖抗原建立了一种抗体竞争ELISA试验以检疫鸡白痢病,该法通过样品抑制酶标单抗与LPS的结合,以检测鸡白痢抗体。试验结果表明,79份鸡白痢阳性血清具有显著抑制作用(95.0±4.3％),而130份鸡白痢阴性血清以及48份SPF鸡血清抑制不明显,它们的抑制率分别为12.3±10.6％和6.2±5.5％。对94份种鸡血清的检疫结果表明,抗体竞争ELISA比PAT、AGPT、PHA敏感和特异,并进一步讨论了该法在血清流行病学调查方面的应用前景。     

斑点免疫金渗滤法检测鸡白痢/鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体的应用研究

将鸡伤寒沙门氏菌LPS抗原包被于渗滤盒检测区（T区），针对沙门氏菌O9抗原单克隆抗体3-47-0包被在质控区（C区），用胶体金标记鸡伤寒沙门氏菌LPS抗原，建立了一种抗原夹心法快速检测鸡白痢、鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体的斑点免疫金渗滤法（DIGFA）。DIGFA比玻板凝集试验（PAT）灵敏度高，人工感染鸡试验表明在感染后第7d即可从32只鸡中的7只检测到抗体，在时间上早于PAT。722份现场血清样品的检疫结果表明，DIGFA的阳性检出率稍高于PAT，阳性样品抗体几何平均滴度DIGFA大于PAT法（P〈0．05）。DIGFA的结果得到细菌分离试验的验证。这些结果表明DIGFA快速、灵敏、准确，为鸡伤寒和鸡白痢的检疫提供了一个新的有效手段。     

兔出血症病毒抗原捕获ELISA检测方法的建立

用兔出血症病毒（RHDV）单克隆抗体包被酶标板,以兔多克隆抗体作为夹心抗体,建立RHDV抗原捕获ELISA检测方法,优化反应条件并对该方法的敏感性、特异性、重复性、稳定性等指标进行了测试和评价。结果表明,单抗最佳包被质量浓度为1mg/L,兔多抗血清最佳质量浓度为4mg/L。本方法可特异性地检测出兔肝脏病料中的RHDV,纯化病毒的最低检出量为26μg/L。对已知阳性样品的检测显示,捕获ELISA检测的病毒滴度是HA试验的3～13倍。对67份可疑病料,捕获ELISA阳性检出率为62.7%,HA试验阳性检出率为55.2%。用不同批次包被的酶标板重复检测已知样品显示出良好的重复性。本方法敏感性、特异性、稳定性良好,可应用于RHDV的快速、批量、特异检测。     

单抗竞争EILSA试验及其在鸡白痢病检疫中的应用

应用针对沙门氏菌 O_9抗原的单抗3-47-26酶结合物和鸡白痢沙门氏菌脂多糖抗原建立了一种单抗竞争 ELISA试验,以检测鸡白痢抗体.试验结果表明,79份鸡白痢阳性血清具有显著抑制作用,而130份鸡白痢阴性血清以及48份 SPF 鸡血清抑制不明显.对94份种鸡血清的检疫结果表明,单抗竞争 ELISA 比 PAT、AGPD、PHA 特异性好、敏感性高,文中进一步讨论了该法的应用前景.     

恩诺沙星ELISA快速检测方法的建立

采用活酯法合成酶标记半抗原（ENR-HRP），紫外扫描分析和ELISA方法鉴定，结合比为1．6：1。选择ENR-HRP与游离ENR相竞争的模式建立检测ENR残留的ELISA检测方法，其最佳工作条件为：二抗的包被浓度为2μg／mL，抗体工作浓度1：1000，酶标半抗原工作浓度1：500。标准曲线在0．423～1000ng／mL之间线性关系良好，其IC50为33．76ng／mL，回归方程为Y=-0．07769lnx＋0．770801，相关系数r=0．99153，最低检测限0．423ng／mL。单抗对达氟沙星、培氟沙星、麻保沙星有少许交叉，特异性较好。ELISA检测方法批内平均变异系数为5．75％，批间平均变异系数为10．69％，重复性较好。     

肠炎沙门氏菌的单克隆抗体检测系统

研制出两株能与鸡组织、鸡蛋和环境样品中肠炎沙门氏菌反应的单克隆抗体（以下简称单抗），并以此建立了能特异检测肠炎门沙氏菌的快速酶联免疫吸附试验和凝集试验。ＥＬＩＳＡ和常规微生物学分离定系统能检出１００％鸡蛋和９９．８％不同野外和人工接种样品中的炎沙门氏菌，滴定试验表明ＥＬＩＳＡ可检出１０＾４个细菌。     

猪水肿毒素单抗竞争ELISA试剂盒的研制及应用

本研究旨在建立猪水肿毒素抗体的快速检测方法.以纯化的猪水肿毒素A亚基基因片段的原核表达产物作为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠制备单抗,并利用表达蛋白和猪水肿毒素A亚基单抗酶结合物建立了竞争ELISA方法检测猪水肿毒索抗体.经过研究确定抗原包被浓度为0.32 btg·mL-1,待检血清最佳稀释度为1:2,酶标单抗工作浓度为1:3 200,血清抑制率大于40 %为阳性.应用单抗竞争ELISA和细胞毒性中和试验同时对60份血清进行猪水肿毒素抗体检测,竞争ELISA的检出率为33.8%,细胞毒性中和试验检出率为30.9%,两者符合率达88.2 %.试验结果表明,该ELISA方法特异性强,敏感性高,稳定性和重复性好,操作简便.本方法的建立在实验室诊断的标准化、猪水肿病疫苗免疫效果的评价及流行病学调查方面具有较高的应用价值.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.