添加苯二氮Zhuo化合物F89对皖西白鹅生长和代谢性能的影响

利用生理调节剂Ｆ８９提高皖西白鹤的摄食量，加速动物生长。日粮中加２ｍｇ／ｋｇＦ８９，连续饲喂８－３５日龄皖西白鹅，日摄食量较对照组增加６．０２％，增重提高９．４０％，耗料比下降２．８９％，对育肥期鹅的增重也有明显影响，血液代谢物分析表明，馈喂Ｆ８９后，皖西白鹅血清中葡萄糖和尿酸浓度下降，β－脂蛋白浓度上升，提示Ｆ８９不仅能促进鹅的摄食量，而且可以影响鹅的代谢机能，促进生长。     

那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅生产陛能的影响

试验用那西肽（2．0％、3．0％、4．0％）饲喂皖西白鹅仔鹅，研究饲喂那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅的生长速度、饲料转化率、成活率等方面的影响。结果表明，在屠宰率方面，各试验组间和各试验组与对照组间差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；在体重方面，各试验组均高于对照组。当饲粮中那西肽添加水平为4．0％时，皖西白鹅的生长性能和饲料利用率最好。该试验旨在筛选出较佳的饲喂量，并在养鹅业中推广应用，以提高养鹅业的经济效益。     

引入皖西鹅的适应性及改良本地鹅的效果研究

本文阐述了引入皖西白鹅的适应性及杂交改良本地鹅的效果。结果表明,由安徽省引入吉林省的皖西白鹅能够适应引入地的饲养管理条件,与本地鹅杂交,改良的Ｆ１代增重比本地鹅提高３４．４％,毛重提高３２．６％,绒重提高２５．７％,受精率达８６％。     

日粮中添加女贞子粉对0~4周皖西白鹅生长性能和肠道发育的影响

研究旨在探讨女贞子粉对0~4周龄皖西白鹅生长性能和肠道发育的影响。选用180只1日龄健康、体重一致的皖西白鹅公鹅,按照随机原则,分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只,即Ⅰ组(基础日粮)、Ⅱ组(0.5%女贞子粉)、Ⅲ组(1%女贞子粉)。试验期28 d,试验结束,每个重复随机选取4只,测定肠道长度和重量。结果表明:日粮中添加女贞子粉显著提高了试验鹅日增重(P0.05),但对日采食量、料重比及各段肠道长度和重量影响不显著(P0.05);皖西白鹅仔鹅日粮中女贞子粉的适宜添加量为0.5%。     

那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅生产性能的影响

试验用那西肽(2.0%、3.0%、4.0%)饲喂皖西白鹅仔鹅,研究饲喂那西肽对皖西白鹅仔鹅的生长速度、饲料转化率、成活率等方面的影响.结果表明,在屠宰率方面,各试验组间和各试验组与对照组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);在体重方面.各试验组均高于对照组.当饲粮中那西肽添加水平为4.0%时,皖西白鹅的生长性能和饲料利用率最好.该试验旨在筛选出较佳的饲喂量,并在养鹅业中推广应用,以提高养鹅业的经济效益.     

皖西白鹅与罗曼鹅生长差异性比较

通过对1日龄皖西白鹅和罗曼鹅各200只进行养殖试验,观察2个品种肉鹅0~10周龄生长发育情况。结果表明:在相同饲养条件下,罗曼鹅公、母鹅体重均极显著或显著高于皖西白鹅(P0.05或P0.01)。皖西白鹅公、母鹅的绝对增重分别在第5、6周达到高峰;罗曼鹅公、母鹅则分别在第7和5周达到高峰。0~3周龄罗曼鹅的单位增重耗料量比皖西白鹅低,4~10周龄则高于皖西白鹅。皖西白鹅公母鹅翻翅率均高于罗曼鹅。综上,在本试验条件下,两者生长曲线不同,翻翅率不同,在相同生长阶段对营养的需求也不同。     

不同来源蜂花粉对皖西白鹅生长性能和胃组织结构功能的影响

试验旨在研究不同来源蜂花粉对皖西白鹅生长性能和胃组织结构功能的影响。选取150只30日龄健康、体重接近的皖西白鹅,随机分成3组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鹅,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加200 mg/kg茶花蜂花粉、200 mg/kg油菜花蜂花粉,试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,油菜蜂花粉组和茶花蜂花粉组的30、60、90日龄体重以及30～60、60～90、30～90日龄的平均日采食量、平均日增重、耗料增重比均无显著差异;3组皖西白鹅的肌胃、腺胃器官指数差异不显著;油菜蜂花粉组、茶花蜂花粉组腺胃浅层管状腺开口排列整齐,黏膜结构完整,深层复管腺较多,腺小管密集,肌胃腺发育好并且排列整齐,黏膜上皮厚;油菜蜂花粉组和茶花蜂花粉组的60日龄腺胃胃蛋白酶与对照组无显著差异,油菜蜂花粉组皖西白鹅90日龄腺胃的胃蛋白酶高于对照组和茶花蜂花粉组(P<0.01)。综上,在日粮中添加蜂花粉对皖西白鹅生长性能没有显著影响,但可改善肌胃、腺胃的组织结构,提高腺胃胃蛋白酶活性,从而增强机体的消化吸收功能,其中200 mg/kg油菜花蜂花粉对皖西白鹅应用效果较好。     

大麦日粮添加F89对肉鸭生长性能、消化和代谢机能的影响

大麦基础日粮（含大麦６０％）添加生理调节剂Ｆ８９，显著提高了肉鸭的增重、采食量、饲料利用效率、营养物质的消化率和血液胰岛素样生长因子－１（ＩＧＦ－１）浓度，降低血糖和尿酸浓度。提示Ｆ８９不仅是食欲促进剂，而且可以提高肉鸭的消化和代谢机能，促进生长     

皖西白鹅仔鹅日粮配合与饲喂技术的研究

皖西白鹅是我国优良的中型鹅品种之一，属羽肉兼用型鹅种，具有早期生长速度快、适应性强、羽绒纯白质优、肉质细嫩、肥肝性能较好等特点。2001年我市饲养皖西白鹅1800万只，农户在半舍饲放牧条件下，饲养皖西白鹅只均利润达20元。但受各种因素影响，目前本地鹅业生产现状与产业化经营要求还相差甚远，表现在饲喂方式粗放简单，鹅只日粮营养供应不足，     

马齿苋对皖西白鹅早期生长及小肠生理的影响

为了探讨日粮中添加马齿苋对皖西白鹅早期生长及消化道生理参数值的影响,选取1日龄健康皖西白鹅180只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20只试验鹅,分别饲喂添加0、5%、10%马齿苋的日粮,采用饲养试验和屠宰试验,研究马齿苋对皖西白鹅2~7周龄生长、小肠pH值及部分消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加5%和10%的马齿苋组鹅的7周龄体重分别提高了7.35%(P>0.05)和12.52%(P>0.05);试验组鹅十二指肠和空肠的pH值高于对照组,但回肠的pH值低于对照组;马齿苋能显著提高小肠淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活性,但对小肠脂肪酶活性的影响不明显.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.