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1.
Émilie L. Couture Beatriz P. Monteiro Jessica Aymen Eric Troncy Paulo V. Steagall 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):676-683
Objectives
To validate a thermal threshold (TT) nociceptive model in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and to document TT changes after administration of morphine.Study design
A two-part randomized, blinded, controlled, experimental study.Animals
Five adult bearded dragons (242–396 g).Methods
A TT device delivered a ramped nociceptive stimulus (0.6 °C second?1) to the medial thigh until a response (leg kick/escape behavior) was observed or maximum (cut-off) temperature of 62 °C was reached. In phase I, period 1, six TT readings were determined at 20 minute intervals for evaluation of repeatability. Two of these readings were randomly assigned to be sham to assess specificity of the behavioral response. The same experiment was repeated 2 weeks later (period 2) to test reproducibility. In phase II, animals were administered either intramuscular morphine (10 mg kg?1) or saline 0.9%. TTs (maximum 68 °C) were determined before and 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after treatment administration. Data were analyzed using one-way anova (temporal changes and repeatability) and paired t tests (reproducibility and treatment comparisons) using Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05).Results
Mean TT values were 57.4 ± 3.8 °C and 57.3 ± 4.3 °C for periods 1 and 2, respectively. Data were repeatable within each period (p = 0.83 and p = 0.07, respectively). Reproducibility between periods was remarkable (p = 0.86). False-positive responses during sham testing were 10%. TTs were significantly increased after morphine administration at 2, 4 and 8 hours compared with baseline, and at 2 and 4 hours compared with saline 0.9%. The highest TT was 67.7 ± 0.7 °C at 4 hours after morphine administration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Testing was repeatable, reproducible and well tolerated in bearded dragons. TT nociceptive testing detected morphine administration and may be suitable for studying opioid regimens in bearded dragons. 相似文献2.
Latifa Khenissi Gwen Covey-Crump Toby G. Knowles Joanna Murrell 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):452-460
Objective
To investigate whether the use of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) preserves body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg anaesthetised for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Study design
Prospective, randomised, clinical trial.Animals
Thirty-one client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to a treatment group [HME (n = 16) or no HME (n = 15)]. Dogs were pseudorandomised according to the premedication they were administered, either dexmedetomidine or no dexmedetomidine. Induction agents were not standardised. General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane vaporised in 100% oxygen delivered using a T-piece and a fresh gas flow of 600 mL kg?1 minute?1. Rectal temperature was measured before premedication (T1), after induction (T2), before moving to the MRI unit (T3) and at the end of the MRI scan (T4). Ambient temperatures were measured in the induction room, outside and inside the MRI unit. Data were analysed using a general linear model with T4 as the outcome variable. Linear correlations were performed between T1, T2, T3 and T4, and variables that predicted T4 were investigated.Results
Sex, age and body mass were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature between groups at any time point (group with HME at the end of MRI = 36.3 ± 1.1 °C; group with no HME at the end of MRI = 36.2 ± 1.4 °C) but at the end of the MRI, dogs administered dexmedetomidine (36.6 ± 0.7 °C) had a higher rectal temperature compared with dogs not administered dexmedetomidine (35.9 ± 1.6 °C) for premedication. Rectal temperature varied directly with ambient temperature in MRI scanning room and inversely with anaesthetic duration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Using an HME did not alter body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg undergoing an MRI, but including dexmedetomidine in the premedication regimen seemed to preserve the body temperature during anaesthesia. 相似文献3.
The hairy lizard: heterothermia affects anaesthetic requirements in the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)
Mads F. Bertelsen Osama Mohammed Tobias Wang Paul R. Manger David Michael Scantlebury Khairi Ismael Nigel C. Bennett Abdulaziz Alagaili 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):899-904
Objective
To study the effect of heterothermia on anaesthetic drug requirements in semi-free ranging Arabian oryx and to assess the temperature quotient (Q10) of oxygen consumption.Study design
Prospective observational study and controlled metabolic experiment.Animals
Sixty-eight anaesthetic events in 59 Arabian oryx from Mahazat As-Sayd protected area, Saudi ArabiaMethods
Anaesthesia was induced by remote injection of 25 mg ketamine, 10 mg midazolam and 0.5 mg medetomidine with a variable amount of etorphine based on a target dosage of 20 μg kg–1 and subjective assessment of body mass. Animals not recumbent within 15 minutes or insufficiently anaesthetized were physically restrained and administered supplementary etorphine intravenously depending on the anaesthetic depth. Body temperature (Tb) was measured rectally immediately upon handling of each animal. From six anaesthetized oryx, expiratory gasses for oxygen analysis and metabolic rate calculation were collected at two Tbs; before and after submersion in ice water for approximately 30 minutes.Results
Forty-two animals (62%) became recumbent with the initial dose, with a mean induction time (± standard deviation) of 9 ± 2 minutes. The remaining animals could be handled but needed 0.3 ± 0.1 mg etorphine intravenously to reach the desired level of anaesthesia. There was a significant positive correlation between Tb and effective etorphine dosage (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.0001). Average Tb of the six animals in which metabolic rate was measured decreased from 40.0 ± 0.5°C immediately after induction to 35.5 ± 0.5°C after cooling. This reduction was associated with a reduction in oxygen uptake from 3.11 ± 0.33 to 2.22 ± 0.29 mL O2 minute–1 kg–1, reflected in Q10 of 2.17 ± 0.14.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Tb significantly affects anaesthetic requirements in Arabian oryx and should be considered when selecting dosages for anaesthetic induction for species showing diurnal heterothermy. 相似文献4.
Sarah E. Bigby Jennifer E. Carter Sébastien Bauquier Thierry Beths 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):905-909
Objective
The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.Methods
All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.Results
Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs. 相似文献5.
Ryan S. Bailey Linda S. Barter Bruno H. Pypendop 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):876-882
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine when administered as a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of six healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the anesthetic dose was reduced to 0.7 × MAC, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg?1) was infused IV over 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 360 minutes following termination of the infusion. Samples were transferred into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged immediately. The plasma was harvested and stored at –80 °C until analyzed. Concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time and concentration data using nonlinear regression.Results
A three-compartment model best fit the data set. Median volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life were 3169 mL kg?1 (range, 2182–3859 mL kg?1) and 80 minutes (range, 72–88 minutes), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were characterized in this study. Data from this study can be used to determine dosing regimens for dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. 相似文献6.
Sachie Shimada Miki Shimizu Miori Kishimoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1208-1215
Objective
To determine whether an ultrasound (US)-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach could be successfully achieved in sedated dogs; to measure the time to execute the nerve block, onset time, duration, and complete block rate in sensory and motor nerves; and to examine any differences between two volumes for injection.Study design
Blinded crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 10 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The femoral nerve of the right pelvic limb was infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.4 (treatment 0.4B) or 0.2 mL kg?1 (treatment 0.2B), or saline at 0.4 mL kg?1 (control) in sedated dogs. The sensory and motor nerve functions were scored on a scale of 0 (complete blockade) to 2 (normal). The onset time and duration of the sensory and motor nerve blockade were compared between treatments 0.4B and 0.2B using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Sensory and motor nerve function scores for each of the three treatments were compared at multiple time points using a nonparametric multiple comparisons test.Results
The time to execute the nerve block was 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes (n = 30). For both 0.4B and 0.2B treatments, the onset times of both the sensory and motor nerve blockades were 15 minutes. The durations of the sensory nerve blockade for 0.4B and 0.2B were 9.9 ± 1.4 and 10.0 ± 1.2 hours, respectively, and those of the motor nerve blockades were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 10.2 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were noted. No significant difference was observed between 0.4B and 0.2B.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A US-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach demonstrated a short onset and long duration with 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2 mL kg?1 and can be performed under sedation in dogs. 相似文献7.
8.
Matheus R. Ribeiro Carolina B. de Carvalho Ricardo H.Z. Pereira Gabriel M. Nicácio Rejane B. Brinholi Renata N. Cassu 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1236-1244
Objective
To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) as an adjuvant for postoperative pain management in cats.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.Animals
Twenty cats aged (mean ± standard deviation) 25 ± 9 months and weighing 2.7 ± 0.6 kg undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Methods
The cats were sedated with intramuscular (IM) ketamine (5 mg kg?1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg?1) and tramadol (2 mg kg?1). The cats were randomly distributed before induction of anesthesia into two groups of 10 cats each: group YNSA, in which bilateral basic D points were stimulated with a dry needle from 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction to the end of the surgery; group Control, in which no acupuncture was applied. Postoperative analgesia was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours postextubation using an Interactive Visual Analog Scale and Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale (UNESP-Botucatu MCPS). Rescue analgesia was provided with IM tramadol (2 mg kg?1), and the pain scores were reassessed 30 minutes after rescue intervention. If the analgesia remained insufficient, meloxicam (0.2 mg kg?1 as a single dose) was administered IM. Data were analyzed using Student t-test, Fisher exact test, Mann–Whitney U test and Friedman test (p < 0.05).Results
Significantly lower pain scores were observed in YNSA when compared with Control at 1–4 hours based on the UNESP-Botucatu MCPS scores. Although significant differences were not identified between groups requiring rescue analgesia, additional postoperative analgesia was administered to four of 10 cats in Control and no cats in YNSA.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Perioperative YNSA resulted in decreased pain scores and a reduction in postoperative requirement for rescue analgesia in cats. This method should be considered a viable option as an adjuvant analgesic therapy for cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 相似文献9.
Carlos Ros Carme Soler Alejandra García de Carellán Mateo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1085-1090
Objective
To compare the effects of general anaesthesia using sevoflurane or alfaxalone on the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test in adult healthy cats.Study design
Prospective, clinical, ‘blinded’, crossover study.Animals
Ten feral adult healthy cats.Methods
Premedication consisted of dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg–1) intramuscularly (IM). The first general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (treatment S) for physical examination, BAER test, complete blood tests, thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. The second general anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (treatment A) IM (2 mg kg–1) and maintained with alfaxalone (10 mg kg–1 hour–1) for the BAER test, followed by neutering surgery.The BAER recordings were compared for differences in latencies, amplitudes and waveform morphology. Data were analysed using Student's t test and Wilcoxon rank test for paired samples for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
General anaesthesia was uneventful; normal BAER comprising five peaks could be identified in both treatments. Mean ± SD latencies were 1.05 ± 0.09, 1.83 ± 0.11, 2.52 ± 0.19, 3.43 ± 0.17 and 4.39 ± 0.15 ms and 1.03 ± 0.04, 1.81 ± 0.73, 2.53 ± 0.15, 3.37 ± 0.13 and 4.33 ± 0.13 ms in treatments S and A, respectively. Median (interquartile range) amplitudes were 2.83 (0.67), 1.27 (0.41), 0.30 (0.40), 1.05 (0.82), 0.61 (0.38) microvolts and 2.84 (1.21), 1.49 (1.18), 0.26 (0.32), 0.91 (0.50) and 0.92 (0.64) microvolts in treatments S and A, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in mean latencies or median amplitudes between both the anaesthetics.Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study demonstrates that there were no statistically significant differences between both the anaesthetics on the BAER test in adult healthy cats. Moreover, two possible anaesthetic protocols are described for cats undergoing this electrodiagnostic test. 相似文献10.
Marija Damjanovska Erika Cvetko Maxine M. Kuroda Alenka Seliskar Tanja Plavec Katarina Mis Matej Podbregar Tatjana Stopar Pintaric 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):236-245
Objective
To test whether neurotoxic effects of a bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension differ from those of a standard formulation of bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) after intraneural injection into the sciatic nerves in pigs.Study design
Prospective, randomized study.Animals
Fifteen pigs, hybrids of Landrace and Large White.Methods
After the National Ethics Committee approval, 15 pigs were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 5/group) to receive intraneural injections of 4 mL of 1.33% bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension, 0.5% bupivacaine HCl or normal saline. Serial neurologic examinations were conducted to detect sensory and motor response to noxious stimuli using a modified Thalhammer’s scale at 2 hour intervals for the first 12 hours after injection and daily thereafter for 2 weeks. Fiber characteristics (density) of the harvested sciatic nerves were measured during histomorphometric analysis. Inflammatory response was studied using immunohistochemical analysis. Data were tested using analyses of variance; p values for paired comparisons were Bonferroni adjusted.Results
Compared with bupivacaine HCl, bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension provided longer sensory (11.2 ± 1.8 hours versus 3.2 ± 1.1 hours, respectively, p < 0.0001) and motor (10.0 ± 2.0 hours versus 4.0 ± 1.4 hours respectively, p < 0.0001) blockade. Histomorphometric parameters were similar among the groups. No changes in axonal density or myelin structure indicative of injury to the sciatic nerves were observed in any of the groups. Number of immunopositive cells did not differ between the bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (23 ± 6 cells per mm2) and the bupivacaine HCl groups (21 ± 4 cells per mm2), p > 0.90.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraneural injections of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension or bupivacaine HCl in our porcine model did not result in evidence of neurotoxicity. 相似文献11.
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of ultrasound- and electrostimulation-guided nerve blocks of the brachial plexus and to determine whether ultrasound guidance is feasible in conscious dogs.Study design
Blinded, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Six clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The nerves of the brachial plexus of the right thoracic limb were blocked under ultrasound guidance (UNB) in conscious dogs and under electrostimulation guidance (ENB) in anesthetized dogs with bupivacaine (0.4 mL kg–1, 0.25%). Saline (0.4 mL kg–1) was injected in control animals. Sensory nerve blockade was evaluated by scoring cutaneous sensation in targeted nerves. Motor nerve blockade was evaluated based on weight bearing, conscious proprioception and withdrawal reflex scores. Times to execute the technique in UNB and ENB were compared using t tests (p < 0.05). Scores for sensory and motor nerve blockades in each treatment were compared with scores before treatment and with control treatment scores using nonparametric repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance. Time to onset and duration of sensory nerve block were assessed using scores for four sensory nerve functions. A successful sensory nerve block was defined by decreases in scores for these functions. Success rates of nerve blocks were compared among treatments using McNemar’s test.Results
In UNB and ENB, onset times of sensory nerve blocks were 1 hour and 1.5 hours, respectively. Onset times of motor nerve blocks were 0.5 hour in both treatments. In UNB and ENB, durations of sensory nerve block were 3 hours and 0.5 hour, respectively, and durations of motor nerve block were 7.5 hours and 6.5 hours, respectively. Success rates did not differ between the techniques.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The UNB brachial plexus block had a shorter onset time and longer duration than ENB. UNB can be performed in conscious dogs or those under mild sedation. 相似文献12.
Josiane Lauper Vincent Marolf Olivier Levionnois Esther Schelling Mireille Meylan Claudia Spadavecchia 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):281-286
Objective
To investigate whether an intravenous (IV) lidocaine bolus in calves premedicated with xylazine-butorphanol reduces the amount of ketamine required to allow endotracheal intubation.Study design
Randomized, prospective clinical study.Animals
In total, 41 calves scheduled for elective umbilical surgery.Methods
Calves were randomly assigned to one of two groups (L: lidocaine or S: saline). The calves were administered xylazine (0.07 mg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1) intramuscularly and 10 minutes later lidocaine (2 mg kg?1; group L) or saline (group S) IV over 1 minute. After 2 minutes, ketamine (2.5 mg kg?1) was injected IV. If the depth of anaesthesia was insufficient for intubation, additional ketamine (1 mg kg?1) was administered every minute until intubation was successful. The amount of ketamine required for intubation, respiratory rate, pulse rate, arterial pressures, the depth of sedation and conditions of endotracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia were compared between the two groups.Results
The calves in group L were sedated more deeply than those in group S; however, neither the median (range) amount of ketamine required for intubation, 3.5 (2.5–4.5) mg kg?1 and 3.5 (2.5–3.5) mg kg?1, respectively, nor the induction quality differed significantly between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
A bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) administered 10 minutes after xylazine-butorphanol in calves deepened the degree of sedation but did not decrease the requirement of ketamine for endotracheal intubation. No adverse effects were recorded in the physiological variables measured. 相似文献13.
Objective
To evaluate the 24-hour postoperative respiratory effects of either intravenous fentanyl administered as a constant rate infusion or boluses of methadone, in dogs following spinal surgery, assessed by serial arterial blood gas analyses.Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical study.Animals
Thirty-two healthy dogs (American Society of Anesthesiologists I/II) anaesthetized for elective caudal thoracic and/or lumbar decompression spinal surgery.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to be administered a fentanyl constant rate infusion (5 μg kg?1 hour?1; group F, n = 14) or methadone boluses (0.2 mg kg?1, every 4 hours; group M, n = 15) postoperatively for 24 hours. Each dog’s anaesthesia protocol was customized. Arterial blood samples were collected from an arterial cannula, placed under anaesthesia, at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours postextubation, while breathing room air. Cardiorespiratory variables, Glasgow composite pain scale (GCPS) and sedation (SED) scores were also recorded at these time points. Independent t tests, repeated measures anova and Mann–Whitney U tests were used. Significance was defined as p < 0.05.Results
There were no significant differences found between groups in any of the overall mean values or at any time point for values of partial pressure of oxygen [13.9 ± 2.1 kPa (103.9 ± 16.1 mmHg) and 12.6 ± 2.0 kPa (94.7 ± 15.2 mmHg)], partial pressure of carbon dioxide [4.8 ± 0.6 kPa (36 ± 4.2 mmHg) and 4.9 ± 0.6 kPa (36.5 ± 4.5 mmHg)], pH (7.38 ± 0.03 and 7.40 ± 0.03), bicarbonate (21.5 ± 2.3 mm and 21.9 ± 6.6 mm) and base excess (?3.4 ± 2.6 mm and ?2 ± 3 mm) for groups F and M, respectively. Cardiorespiratory variables, GCPS and SED scores were also similar between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
At the doses studied, neither fentanyl nor methadone caused respiratory depression postoperatively in dogs following caudal thoracic and/or lumbar spinal surgery. 相似文献14.
Preet M. Singh Craig B. Johnson Brett Gartrell Sheryl Mitchinson Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):538-545
Objective
To evaluate analgesic efficacies of morphine and butorphanol in lame broiler chickens.Study design
Double blind, randomized, controlled experimental study.Animals
In study 1, 36 lame and 36 sound chickens. In study 2, 48 lame and 48 sound chickens.Methods
Sound and lame chickens were gait scored and randomly assigned into four groups: sound-drug, sound-placebo, lame-drug, and lame-placebo in study 1. In study 2, an additional lame and sound handling control group was included. Chickens in drug groups were injected with either morphine or butorphanol 2 mg kg?1 intravenously. Chickens in placebo groups were injected with an equal volume of normal saline. All birds underwent an obstacle course (OC) and latency-to-lie (LTL) test before injection and at 30 minutes and 2 hours after injection, to assess their walking ability and their standing ability. The time taken to finish the OC and the standing time in the LTL test were recorded. Friedman tests with Dunn’s correction were used to identify significant differences.Results
Lame chickens finished the OC faster (mean ± standard deviation 36 ± 8 c.f. 69 ± 18 seconds) after the injection of butorphanol. Morphine caused sedation with an increase in time taken to finish the OC, even in sound chickens. In the lame handling control and placebo groups the OC times increased and the LTL times decreased with each observation.Conclusion
Intravenous butorphanol (2 mg kg?1) may be analgesic in chickens for up to 2 hours. Morphine caused sedation. 相似文献15.
Preet M. Singh Katherine Reid Ravindra Gaddam Madhav Bhatia Stefan Smith Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1149-1155
Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline in vivo and in vitro and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of choline.Study design
Randomized, controlled studies.Animals
In vivo trials used 16 Romney sheep. In vitro experiments utilized RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.Methods
Hypoxaemia induced in 16 sheep by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 μg kg–1 xylazine, an α-2 agonist, was measured in sheep at 0, 1 and 4 minutes using arterial blood gas analysis with and without 50 mg kg–1 IV choline chloride premedication. Cell culture studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages with and without choline chloride premedication. TNF-α release was compared to thalidomide suppressed and untreated cells.Results
Choline premedication in sheep mitigated a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) but did not prevent development of clinically significant hypoxaemia. Decrease in mean PaO2 of choline treated sheep was 6.36 kPa (47.7 mmHg) compared to 9.81 kPa (73.6 mmHg) in control sheep. In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-α expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-α expression. Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 ± 4.52 ng mg–1 TNF-α while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 ± 3.20 ng mg–1.Conclusions
Choline is able to prevent macrophage activation in vitro when administered prior to LPS activation and may reduce hypoxaemia in sheep developing pulmonary oedema after xylazine administration. This effect requires premedication with choline.Clinical relevance
Pharmacological manipulation of autonomic inflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of inflammation. However, the complex cellular mechanisms involved in this reflex means that an adequate therapy should approach multiple pathways and mechanisms of the inflammatory response. 相似文献16.
Ilaria Cerasoli Alexandru Tutunaru Alessia Cenani Juan Ramirez Johann Detilleux Marc Balligand Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):337-345
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of the amount of rescue analgesia required, and the clinical usefulness of epidural injection of morphine with bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for elective pelvic limb surgery in dogs during a 24-hour perioperative period.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
A group of 26 dogs weighing 31.7 ± 14.2 (mean ± standard deviation) kg and aged 54 ± 36 months.Methods
All dogs were premedicated with methadone intravenously (0.2 mg kg–1) and anaesthesia induced with diazepam (0.2 mg kg–1) and propofol intravenously to effect. After induction of anaesthesia, dogs randomly received a lumbosacral epidural injection of morphine 0.1 mg kg–1 with either levobupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group LevoBM) or bupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group BM). Cardiovascular, respiratory and temperature values were recorded during the intra- and postoperative period. A visual analogue scale, subjective pain scale, sedation scale and the short form of the Glasgow pain scale were assessed every 6 hours after epidural injection during 24 hours. The ability to stand and walk, neurological deficits and other side effects were assessed at the same time points. The amount of rescue analgesia (sufentanil intraoperatively and methadone postoperatively) was recorded.Results
No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the recorded data, with the exception of the incidence of spontaneous urination and postoperative rescue analgesia requirement. In group LevoBM four dogs spontaneously urinated at recovery while none of the dogs in group BM did (p = 0.03) and seven dogs of group LevoBM required postoperative rescue analgesia versus none of the dogs in the BM group (p = 0.005).Conclusions
and clinical relevance Epidural LevoBM is a suitable alternative to BM in healthy dogs during elective pelvic limb surgery. Epidural BM produced more urinary retention but better pain control compared to the same concentration and dose of LevoBM in dogs. 相似文献17.
Alexandra F. Schütter Julia Tünsmeyer Sabine B.R. Kästner 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):309-316
Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of tramadol on acute nociception in dogs.Study design
Experimental, blinded, randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six healthy laboratory Beagle dogs.Methods
Dogs received three treatments intravenously (IV): isotonic saline placebo (P), tramadol 1 mg kg?1 (T1) and tramadol 4 mg kg?1 (T4). Thermal thresholds were determined by ramped contact heat stimulation (0.6 °C second?1) at the lateral thoracic wall. Mechanical thresholds (MT) were measured using a probe containing three blunted pins which were constantly advanced over the radial bone, using a rate of force increase of 0.8 N second?1. Stimulation end points were defined responses (e.g. skin twitch, head turn, repositioning, vocalization) or pre-set cut-out values (55 °C, 20 N). Thresholds were determined before treatment and at predetermined time points up to 24 hours after treatment. At each measurement point, blood was collected for determination of O-desmethyltramadol concentrations. The degree of sedation and behavioural side effects were recorded. Data were analysed by one-way anova and two-way anova for repeated measurements.Results
Thermal nociception was not influenced by drug treatment. Mechanical nociception was significantly increased between P and T1 at 120 and 240 minutes, and between P and T4 at 30, 60, 240 and 420 minutes. T1 and T4 did not differ. O-desmethyltramadol (M1) maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 4.2 ± 0.8 ng mL?1 and 14.3 ± 2.8 ng mL?1 for T1 and T4, respectively. Times to reach maximum plasma concentrations (Tmax) were 27.6 ± 6.3 minutes for T1 and 32.1 ± 7.8 minutes for T4. No sedation occurred. There were signs of nausea and mild to moderate salivation in both groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Tramadol was metabolized marginally to O-desmethyltramadol and failed to produce clinically relevant acute antinociception. Therefore, the use of tramadol for acute nociceptive pain is questionable in dogs. 相似文献18.
Yishai Kushnir Noa Toledano Liat Cohen Tali Bdolah-Abram Yael Shilo-Benjamini 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):346-355
Objective
To evaluate whether intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration produces sufficient intra- and postoperative analgesia for castrating dogs under sedation.Study design
Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical study.Animals
Twenty-three healthy dogs weighing 5.8–35.6 kg admitted for castration.Methods
Dogs were sedated with medetomidine (0.01 mg kg?1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1) intramuscularly, and were randomly assigned to group R, 0.2–0.4 mL kg?1 of ropivacaine 0.5%, or group S, an equivalent volume of saline injected intratesticularly and along the incision line. If persistent motion was observed during surgery, sedation was considered to be insufficient and general anaesthesia was induced. Carprofen 2.2 mg kg?1 was administered postoperatively. Pain was evaluated in all dogs before sedation and postoperatively following atipamezole administration at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours using an interactive visual analogue scale (IVAS; 0–100), the Glasgow composite pain scale-short form (CMPS-SF; 0–24), and a mechanical algometer. Methadone 0.3 mg kg?1 was administered intravenously to dogs if IVAS >30 or CMPS-SF >4.Results
There was no significant difference between groups for the number of dogs administered general anaesthesia. The time from the beginning of surgery to induction of general anaesthesia was significantly shorter [median (range)] in group S [6 (3–25) minutes] than in group R [56 (36–76) minutes]. At 8 hours IVAS was significantly higher in group S (14 ± 10) than in group R (6 ± 4).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intratesticular and incisional ropivacaine infiltration delayed the time to anaesthesia induction, and provided analgesia after castration performed under deep sedation in dogs. Intratesticular local anaesthesia can be an important part of the anaesthetic plan for castration. 相似文献19.
Amélie Choquette Jérôme R.E. del Castillo Maxim Moreau Martin Guillot Kate Alexander Jean-Jacques Kona-Boun Dominique Gauvin Eric Troncy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):317-328
Objective
To compare the motor and sensory block efficacy and duration of a modified paravertebral brachial plexus block (PBPB) after administration of lidocaine alone (LI) or combined with epinephrine (LE).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.Animals
A total of eight healthy female Beagle dogs.Methods
Under general anesthesia, modified PBPB was performed on the left thoracic limb using neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance to administer lidocaine (2 mg kg–1; 0.2 mL kg–1) either alone (treatment LI, n = 10) or with epinephrine (1:100,000; treatment LE, n = 9). Sensory block was evaluated through reaction to a painful mechanical stimulus applied at five sites on the limb. Motor block effect was evaluated according to visual gait assessments and thoracic limb vertical force measurements under dynamic and static conditions. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures generalized estimating equations. All statistical tests were performed two-sided at the α = 0.05 significance threshold.Results
The duration of sensory block did not differ significantly between treatments. Visible gait impairment was more persistent in LE than in LI (118 ± 63 minutes for LI and 163 ± 23 minutes for LE; mean ± standard deviation) (p = 0.027). At nadir value, dynamic peak vertical force was lower in LE than in LI (p = 0.007). For both dynamic and static evaluations, the nadir and the return to baseline force were delayed in LE (return to normal at 180–200 minutes) when compared with LI (130–140 minutes) (p < 0.005).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine prolonged the duration and increased the intensity of the regional block, as verified by visual gait assessment and kinetic analysis. No significant difference was noted between treatments regarding sensory blockade. Kinetic analysis could be useful to evaluate regional anesthetic effect in dogs. 相似文献20.
Etiane M.H. Saccol Érika P. Londero Caroline A. Bressan Joseânia Salbego Luciane T. Gressler Lenise V.F. Silva Rosa H.V. Mourão Ricardo B. Oliveira Susana F. Llesuy Bernardo Baldisserotto Maria A. Pavanato 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):555-566