不同放牧强度下高寒草甸矮崇嵩草无性系分株构件的研究

对放牧强度分别为0、2、4、8（藏羊只／hm^2）的矮嵩草无性系各构件数量和地上生物量进行了研究。结果表明随放牧强度的加重每分株生殖分蘖数、分蘖地上生物量、营养和生殖地上生物量呈下降的趋势，而营养生物量占分蘖生物量的分配呈上升趋势。在不放牧的情况下，矮嵩草无性系分株总数小，其各构件地上生物量和生殖分蘖数高（P＜0．001）；每分株分蘖数、营养分蘖数及杆叶比低（P＜0．001）。     

不同放牧强度下高寒草甸矮嵩草无性系分株构件的研究

对放牧强度分别为０、２、４、８（藏羊只／ｈｍ２）的矮嵩草无性系各构件数量和地上生物量进行了研究。结果表明随放牧强度的加重每分株生殖分蘖数、分蘖地上生物量、营养和生殖地上生物量呈下降的趋势，而营养生物量占分蘖生物量的分配比例呈上升趋势。在不放牧的情况下，矮嵩草无性系分株总数小，其各构件地上生物量和生殖分蘖数高（Ｐ＜０．００１）；每分株分蘖数、营养分蘖数及杆叶比低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

三种类型苏丹草发育形态学研究初报

本文对黑亮、红壳、白亮三种类型苏丹草进行了穗形态、营养器官的形态学分析,结果表明穗轴长度、二级分枝数、茎节数差异性极显著;穗轴节数、一级分枝数差异性显著;三级分枝数、分蘖数及根冠比极不显著;单株可育小穗数目黑壳类型最多（16475．6粒／穗）,白壳最少（5457．7粒／穗）,红亮居中（9267．9粒／穗）;黑壳类型小穗颖片为黑色,长5－7mm,宽28－3mm;红亮小穗颖片为红色,长5－6．smm,宽2．5－3mm;白亮小穗为淡黄色,长55．6Cm,宽2．52．smm。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸矮嵩草分株结构数量的研究

对不同退化程度下矮嵩草分株结构及数量关系进行了初步研究。结果表明不同退化程度下矮嵩草均以营养繁殖为主扩大无性系繁殖后代 ,单株无性系和无性系分株的分蘖芽占无性系分蘖总数的比例最大 ,分别为 41 97%～ 56 44%和 36 35 %～ 49 2 0 %。矮嵩草无性系分株构件结构可以概括为二级芽分蘖 (1年 )、一级芽分蘖 (1～ 2年 )、复合主分蘖 (2～ 3年 )、单分蘖 (2～ 3年 )、生殖分蘖 (3～ 4年 )和种子 6个组成部分。随放牧强度的增加 ,矮嵩草无性系分株各构件除生殖分蘖外均以中度退化程度为高。矮嵩草无性系分株的分蘖数、叶片数以及生物量都比单株无性系分株的为多。矮嵩草无性系分株生物量表现为根茎 >叶 >根 >生殖 ,地上生物量是地下生物量的 41 85 %～ 47 37%。     

不同季节放牧对矮嵩草草甸植物叶面积指数的影响

采用样方法对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸冬春季放牧、夏秋季放牧和不放牧样地各类植物叶面积指数、相对生长速率、地上活植物量以及叶茎比进行了调查分析,以研究不同季节放牧对矮嵩草草甸的影响。结果表明,7~8月,地上活植物量都是先增加后降低,7月24日达到峰值,其中夏季放牧地上活植物量最大,322.7 g/m2。不放牧对其叶面积指数的影响不大,夏季放牧其叶面积指数不断增大,8月8日达到最大值3.9;冬季放牧其叶面积指数先降低后增加,7月24日降到最小值2.9;地上活生物量与叶面积指数之间呈正相关。3种处理下矮嵩草草甸植物1个月内相对生长速率变化不同,7月9日~7月24日,群落地上植物量的净积累为正增长过程(RGR0),7月24日~8月9日呈负增长(RGR0),植物量下降。冬春季放牧下矮嵩草草甸各类植物的叶茎比不断增加,8月8日达最大值6;夏秋季放牧先增加后降低,7月24日达最大值6.9;不放牧先降低后增加,7月24日降到最小值4.3,8月8日达到最大值6.6。     

结缕草属植物生殖性状的遗传分析

选用2份生殖性状存在差异的结缕草(Z136)和中华结缕草(Z039)相互杂交,获得正反交F₁分离群体,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对F₁群体的花序密度、生殖枝高度、花序长度、每穗小穗数、小穗长度、小穗宽度、小穗长度/宽度进行遗传分析,以初步明确这些性状的遗传特性。结果表明,1)在调查的7个性状中,正反交杂交后代中每一个性状的变异范围均超出了双亲的变异范围,不同性状的变异系数差异较大,花序密度的变异系数最大,其次为生殖枝高度和每穗粒数,小穗长度和宽度的变异最小,花序长度的变异居中。2)花序密度、生殖枝高度、小穗长度和小穗长/宽正反交后代的观测值存在显著差异,可能有母体遗传效应,花序长度、每穗粒数和小穗宽度正反交后代间的观测值无显著差异。3)花序密度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型为存在2对主基因控制的遗传模型,生殖枝高度、花序长度和小穗宽度正反交后代群体的最佳遗传模型均为A-0模型,即无主基因模型。每穗粒数正交为1对主基因的遗传模型,反交为无主基因模型,小穗长度的正交为无主基因模型,反交为1对主基因模型。小穗长/宽正交的最适遗传模型为B-1模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为42.72%,反交群体的最适遗传模型为B-2模型,即2对主基因的加性-显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为98.81%。     

“雪狐”扁穗冰草（Snowfox Crested Wheatgrass）

“雪狐”扁穗冰草是禾本科冰草属长寿型多年生草本植物。须根十分发达，茎秆直立、丛生，株高50-70cm叶长5～10cm，宽0．2～0．5cm；穗状花序长5～7cm，小穗水平排列呈蓖齿状，种子黄褐色，千粒重约2．0g。     

兰州的草坪与草坪草(续)

多年生小草本,须根。株高5—20厘米,具细长根茎,杆三棱形,基部生叶。叶线形,长5—20厘米,宽约2毫米,质较硬,常弯卷,叶鞘长2—4厘米。花序单生于杆的顶端,卵圆形或长圆形,淡白色,由数个或十数个小穗组成。长1—1.5厘米。小穗雄雌顺序,卵形或狭卵形。鳞片卵形,具宽膜质边缘,背面中肋绿色,常有突尖;雄花有雄蕊3枚;雌花囊包卵圆     

农业部重点推广的牧草品种

1 巴哈雀稗巴哈雀稗,别名百喜草,禾本科。雀稗属多年生草本植物。暖季型,根不深而发达,短而粗壮的根茎。基生叶众多,平展或折叠,边缘具短柔毛, 叶长20～30cm,宽3～10mm。茎杆高30～75cm。总状花序穗状,有2～3分枝,长约6．5cm,小穗2 行,排列穗轴一侧,每小穗1朵小花。种子卵圆形,有光泽,长约3mm。千粒生0．0029kg。巴哈     

“雪狐”扁穗冰草（Snowfox Crested Wheatgrass）

“雪狐”扁穗冰草是禾本科冰草属长寿型多年生草本植物。须根十分发达，茎杆直立、丛生，株高50-70cm；叶长5～10cm，宽0．2～0．5cm；穗状花序长5～7cm，小穗水平排列呈蓖齿状，种子黄褐色，干粒重约2．0g。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.