动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系模式研究

现代动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系具有对动物及动物产品生产全过程进行追踪和溯源的能力,在动物疫病控制、食品安全和国际贸易中发挥了越来越重要的作用。一些发达国家通过建立动物及动物产品标识及可追溯体系,加强动物及动物产品从农场到餐桌的全过程安全控制及监管,以保障动物及动物产品质量安全,维护公共卫生安全,促进畜牧业持续健康发展。本文论述了建立我国动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系的目标、原则,标识技术研究,以及可追溯管理,提出了建立我国动物及动物产品标识追溯体系的主要措施。     

淮北矿业集团朱仙庄煤矿工人村阳光小区锅炉房集中供暖改造

介绍了朱仙庄煤矿工人村锅炉房的历史及现状、所用设备及供暖系统存在缺陷,改造的必要性,集中供暖改造实施方案及可行性分析,改造后取得的成果及实现的社会经济效益.     

Influence Analysis of Underground Mining on Ash Dam Body and Hydraulic Construction

根据灰坝及水工建筑物区域煤层开采情况,选取合理参数,对灰坝及附属水工建筑物移动变形情况进行了演算,结果表明灰坝及水工建筑物经受了Ⅱ级采动影响。灰坝及水工建筑物现场勘查结果表明,采动对灰坝及水工建筑物的结构影响轻微,经过简单维修加固可以消除采动影响。井下开采和灰坝及水工建筑物保护必须统筹兼顾,才能做到在充分合理回收煤炭资源的基础上,保证灰坝及水工建筑物的正常安全使用。     

我国肉类进口政策分析

1我国猪肉进口变化特点我国进口的猪肉产品包括鲜冷冻猪肉、猪杂、加工猪肉及猪杂等,其中,加工猪肉及加工猪杂进口量很低。我国进口的主要产品为冻猪肉及冻猪杂。2008年,我国猪肉及猪杂进口量大幅增加,超过90万t;2009年因政策及市场因素进口减少;此后再度持续增长,     

犬阴道脱出及子宫脱出的诊疗

阴道脱出及子宫脱出常见于母犬发情期及分娩前后.是由阴道壁及子宫的一部分脱出阴门.1诊断1.1询问病史主要了解分娩的时间及经过(如是否难产,产后努责的强弱、胎衣排出与否等),发病时间,发病前后母犬的全身情况及饲养管理情况,有无本病的既往史,发病后是否经过治疗及治疗方法如何,如系产前阴道脱出,尚应了解预产期.     

犊牛常见疾病的防控

犊牛呼吸系统疾病及腹泻可导致犊牛生长发育缓慢,甚至死淘,是严重制约牧场可持续发展的重要原因之一。本文通过阐述犊牛呼吸系统疾病及肠炎发病的主要原因及常见的预防及治疗措施,为兽医在犊牛疾病防治上提供理论依据,并建议牧场给予犊牛更多的投入与付出,以增强犊牛抵抗力、提高犊牛福利,降低犊牛发病及死淘率。     

脂肪酸优化对于哺乳母猪与乳仔猪的研究与应用

脂肪酸的优化平衡,对于幼小动物及哺乳期动物,具有重要意义。幼小动物生长期及哺乳母猪泌乳期,对于脂肪的需求及利用率,有着特殊的要求。脂肪酸碳链的长短、饱和程度及双键的数目与位置,决定着不同生理阶段动物对代谢能值及脂肪利用率的高低。乳仔猪与哺乳母猪日粮的脂肪酸优化平衡,是近年来营养学家们普遍关注的问题。粉末脂肪可实现对于特殊生理阶段的能量供给时,不同脂肪酸组合优化及乳化。脂肪酸优化平衡及乳化处理后的粉末脂肪,具有消化利用率高、真正满足动物不同阶段能量需求、提供必需脂肪酸、促进动物快速生长、提高动物繁殖能力、改善饲料适口性及使用便利等优点。本文主要就脂肪特性、营养价值、消化利用及试验应用等方面做一综述,以期为乳化均衡粉末脂肪的研究与应用提供参考。     

母猪妊娠后期日粮能量、蛋白质及氨基酸水平对乳腺发育及胎猪生长的影响

母猪妊娠后期是母猪乳腺及胎猪快速发育的重要时期,为处于这一时期的母猪配制营养水平适宜的日粮对提高母猪繁殖效率尤为重要。妊娠后期母猪乳腺发育及胎猪的生长对能量、蛋白质及氨基酸的需求不同,如何给妊娠母猪提供合理的营养,在满足胎猪生长发育的同时满足乳腺发育的需要研究还比较少。作者主要介绍了母猪妊娠后期日粮中的能量、蛋白质及氨基酸水平对乳腺发育及胎猪生长的影响,同时提出母猪妊娠后期能量、蛋白质及氨基酸的需要量及合理比例,以期为养猪生产者提供参考。     

加强铁路兽医检查站建设严防重大动物疫病传入

我省位于祖国北疆,与吉林、内蒙毗邻,是国内动物及动物产品进入俄罗斯的主要通道.随着我国市场经济的发展,国内贸易完全打破省域界限,逐步形成了统一的大市场,动物及动物产品流通渠道更加广泛,我省进出的动物及动物产品数量迅速增长,造成动物及动物产品流动量大幅度增长.     

对盈江畜禽产品生产加工消费及安全监管相关问题的探讨

因受区位、经济等多种因素的制约,盈江县的畜禽产品生产、加工、消费观念及习惯和城市差异较大,存在许多技术滞后和安全隐患,给优质畜禽产品生产及安全监管带来诸多困难。本文试图通过对盈江畜禽产品生产、加工、消费及安全监管现状、及存在问题剖析,提出相关措施,旨在为盈江畜禽产品安全监管及优质畜禽产品开发提供一定参考依据。     

Use of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction for confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a broth-based culture system ESP II.

The ESP II Culture System (ESP II), a broth-based culture system, has been modified and optimized for culturing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) in animal feces since 2000. Conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the IS900 sequence were performed as confirmatory tests for M. paratuberculosis in ESP II liquid culture medium. There were no differences between test results of conventional and real-time PCR assays. During the 5-week incubation period, if acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in ESP culture-positive samples, IS900 PCR assays were performed to confirm whether those AFB were M. paratuberculosis. At the end of the 5-week incubation, AF staining was performed on all ESP II-negative cultures to screen any false-negative cultures; IS900 PCR assays were performed on AFB-positive cultures. During a period of 1 year, of a total of 18,499 ESP II cultures, 2,814 (15.2%) PCR confirmation assays were performed. Of those, 2,259 (80%) were both ESP and PCR positive; 104 (4%) were ESP positive and PCR negative; 423 (15%) were ESP negative and PCR positive; 28 (1%) were both ESP and PCR negative. The AF-staining step after the 5-week incubation produced 423 (15%) more PCR-positive cultures. Of a total of 2,814 AFB-positive cultures, 132 (5%) were not confirmed as M. paratuberculosis. Further studies are needed for speciation of non-M. paratuberculosis isolates.     

Isoelectric focusing of soluble proteins from Fasciola hepatica L, 1758 and Fascioloides magna B, 1875.

Isoelectric focusing was performed on the soluble proteins of whole-body and excretory-secretory products (ESP) of Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna. Adult F hepatica flukes were recovered from experimentally infected sheep and ESP obtained from the flukes; portions of liver were cut and frozen at -70 C. Fascioloides magna adults were collected from naturally infected white-tailed deer and ESP obtained; portions of liver were collected from noninfected white-tailed deer. Adult flukes and their host tissues were homogenized and centrifuged; protein concentrations with their ESP were determined and adjusted to less than 2.50 mg/ml. Seven ESP samples from F hepatica and 1 from Fascioloides magna were subjected to isoelectric focusing with the 2 species of fluke and their respective host liver homogenates. After separation, gels were stained with silver and scanned on a laser densitometer. Protein banding patterns of the 2 species of flukes were dissimilar. In the pH range of 3.5 to 9.6, the body protein had approximately 30 peaks and ESP about 23 peaks in both species. Overall banding patterns of the body protein and ESP of both species were distinct from those of respective host tissues. Of the peaks reported as dominant, 3 of the body protein and 2 of ESP were shared between the 2 species. Fascioloides magna had more dominant peaks than F hepatica. This technique of soluble protein isoelectric focusing is simple and reproducible, and the 2 fluke species can easily be differentiated by this technique, as well as by morphologic characteristics.     

Influence of chlorine,iodine, and citrate-based water sanitizers on the oral bioavailability of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to determine if the 3 most commonly used water sanitizers in commercial broiler chicken production affected the stability of enrofloxacin (ENR), when each was administered concurrently with ENR to broiler chickens via the drinking water. To that effect, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the solution of each ENR-sanitizer product (ESP) was compared to that of ENR alone. Also, bioavailability (F) studies of ESP were carried out in chickens and compared to the corresponding values of ENR in drinking water without sanitizer. Water sanitizers tested were iodine (as iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone), chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite), and a citrate-based sanitizer from grapefruit extract. They were mixed with ENR in sterile de-ionized water, and the resulting substances were regarded as ESP. Then, the referred studies of ESP were carried out. Results showed that ESP of ENR/sodium hypochlorite decreased both the antimicrobial activity, as well as maximum serum concentration (C_max) and F of ENR in chickens. ESP of ENR/citrate-based sanitizer increased both the in vitro antimicrobial activity and C_max and F values of ENR at the 2 highest concentrations tested. ESP of ENR/iodine reduced both in vitro antimicrobial activity and C_max values of ENR at the highest concentrations tested. This study demonstrated that interactions between water sanitizers and ENR must be considered when medicating chickens via the drinking water to meet pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ratios. The use of a citrate-based sanitizer is recommended, as relative F was increased.     

Immunisation of lambs with excretory secretory products of Oestrus ovis third instar larvae and subsequent experimental challenge

Excretory-secretory products (ESP) of myiasis producing agents are involved in nutrition and development of larvae and are often immunogens. This study was carried out in order to define the antigenicity, the immunogenicity of Oestrus ovis ESP and the role of sheep immune response to ESP. Twenty-four six to eight month old female lambs were randomly allocated into two groups. The first one was immunised twice, four weeks apart, with excretory-secretory products of Oestrus ovis third instar larvae (L3ESP) in complete then incomplete Freund adjuvant. The second one served as a control, and received two injections of PBS plus complete and incomplete Freund adjuvant. Fifteen and twenty-eight days after the second immunisation, animals of both groups were experimentally challenged with O. ovis first instar larvae. Twelve days after the second experimental challenge, the twenty-four lambs were necropsied. The total number of O. ovis larvae, their stages of development, weights and sizes were recorded per animal and compared between the two groups. Establishment rates were very similar in both groups: 39% and 35% in control and vaccinated groups respectively but the percentage of developing stages was higher in the control group (13%) than in the vaccinated group (6%). It was concluded that the L3ESP immunisation of sheep did not protect against larval establishment but provided an inhibitory effect on larval growth.     

不同日龄仔猪小肠黏膜下神经丛神经元类型变化的研究

采用组织化学和免疫组织化学的方法对0、5、28日龄的仔猪小肠黏膜下神经丛中神经元类型的变化进行了定性研究和定量测定。结果表明，仔猪小肠黏膜下神经丛分为靠近环肌层表面的ESP(external submucosal plexus)和靠近黏膜肌层的ISP(internal submucosal plexus)；ESP与ISP神经纤维的性质不同，ESP主要是有髓神经纤维，而ISP主要是无髓神经纤维；随着日龄增长，黏膜下神经丛发育较快，ESP与ISP的差异日益显著。研究揭示：仔猪出生后黏膜下神经丛在形态和不同亚群神经元比例上均有一调整期，其生理学意义可能是使小肠黏膜下神经丛的功能日益完善。     

Excretory-secretory products from Fasciola hepatica induce eosinophil apoptosis by a caspase-dependent mechanism

Eosinophils (Eo) are known to be important effector cells in the host defense against helminth parasites. Excretory-secretory products (ESP) released by helminths have shown wide immunomodulatory properties, such as the induction of cellular apoptosis. We investigated the ability of ESP from Fasciola hepatica to induce Eo apoptosis. In this work, we observed that ESP induced an early apoptosis of rat peritoneal eosinophils and that this phenomenon was time- and concentration-dependent. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of protein tyrosine kinases (TyrK) and caspases were necessary to mediate the Eo apoptosis induced by the ESP, and that carbohydrate components present in these antigens were involved in this effect. We have described for the first time the ability of ESP from F. hepatica to modify the viability of Eo by apoptosis induction. Besides that, we have observed Eo apoptosis in the liver of rats 21 days after F. hepatica infection. The diminution in Eo survival in early infection could be a parasite strategy in order to prevent a host immune response.     

A preliminary analysis of proteolytic activity of excretory-secretory products from Cyathostominea

The excretory-secretory product (ESP) derived from Cyathostominea in vitro was assessed, in terms of subunit composition, and proteolytic activity using as substrates azocasein and two synthetic fluorogenic peptides. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) resolved 13 subunits, and the presence of the protein cysteine proteinase activator dithiothreitol (DTT) revealed 21 subunits. DTT also enhanced azocaseinolysis, and hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec) and carbobenzoxy-arginyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec). At the optimum pH of 5.5, hydrolysis of Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec was three-fold greater than that of Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec suggesting that the proteolytic specificities of the ESP are more like those of papain or cathepsin L, rather than cathepsin B. In SDS-PAGE gelatin gels, DTT was a requirement for proteolysis by the ESP. Optimum resolution was at pH=5.5, resolving six bands ranging from 114-20kDa. Cysteine proteinase inhibitors abolished all gelatinolytic activity at the pH values tested. Such data indicate the presence of cysteine-class proteinases in the ESP of Cyathostominea.     

The effect of erector spinae plane block on perioperative analgesic consumption and complications in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy surgery: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo compare the perioperative use of analgesics and complication rates in dogs administered an erector spinae plane (ESP) block or a traditional opioid-based (OP) treatment as part of analgesic management during hemilaminectomy.Study designRetrospective cohort study.AnimalsMedical records of 114 client-owned dogs.MethodsGeneral data included demographics, duration of procedure, number of laminae fenestrated, perioperative use of steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Intra- and postoperative analgesics used in 48 hours and complications rates were compared between groups. Opioid use was expressed in morphine equivalents [ME (mg kg^?1)]. Continuous data were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and incidence of events with a Fisher's exact tests. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate association between perioperative ME consumption (dependent variable) with other independent variables. Data are presented as median (range). Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.ResultsGroup ESP comprised 42 dogs and group OP 72 dogs. No differences were observed in the general data. Intraoperative ME was 0.65 (0.20–3.74) and 0.79 (0.19–5.60) mg kg^?1 in groups ESP and OP, respectively (p = 0.03). Intraoperative infusion of lidocaine was administered intravenously (IV) to 23.8% and 68% of groups ESP and OP, respectively (p < 0.0001). Intraoperative infusion of ketamine was administered IV to 21% and 40% of groups ESP and OP, respectively (p = 0.04). Regression analysis revealed the ESP block as the only independent variable affecting the perioperative ME consumption. Pharmacological intervention to treat cardiovascular complications was administered to 21.4% and 47.2% of dogs in groups ESP and OP, respectively (p = 0.008). There were no differences in postoperative complication rates.Conclusions and clinical relevanceESP block was associated with reduced perioperative opioid consumption, intraoperative adjuvant analgesic use and incidence of pharmacological interventions to treat cardiovascular complications in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy.     

In vitro biomechanical comparison of equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis techniques: prototype equine spoon plate versus axially positioned dynamic compression plate and two abaxial transarticular cortical screws inserted in lag fashion

Objectives— To compare in vitro monotonic biomechanical properties of an equine spoon plate (ESP) with an axial 3‐hole, 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) using 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws (DCP‐TLS) inserted in lag fashion for equine proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis. Study Design— Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of 2 methods of stabilizing cadaveric adult equine forelimb PIP joints. Animal Population— Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (n=18 pairs). Methods— For each forelimb pair, 1 PIP joint was stabilized with an ESP (8 hole, 4.5 mm) and 1 with an axial 3‐hole narrow DCP (4.5 mm) using 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion. Six matching pairs of constructs were tested in single cycle to failure under axial compression with load applied under displacement control at a constant rate of 5 cm/s. Six construct pairs were tested for cyclic fatigue under axial compression with cyclic load (0–7.5 kN) applied at 6 Hz; cycles to failure were recorded. Six construct pairs were tested in single cycle to failure under torsional loading applied at a constant displacement rate (0.17 radians/s) until rotation of 0.87 radians occurred. Mean values for each fixation method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group with statistical significance set at P<.05. Results— Mean yield load, yield stiffness, and failure load for ESP fixation were significantly greater (for axial compression and torsion) than for DCP‐TLS fixation. Mean (± SD) values for the ESP and DCP‐TLS fixation techniques, respectively, in single cycle to failure under axial compression were: yield load 123.9 ± 8.96 and 28.5 ± 3.32 kN; stiffness, 13.11 ± 0.242 and 2.60 ± 0.17 kN/cm; and failure load, 144.4 ± 13.6 and 31.4 ± 3.8 kN. In single cycle to failure under torsion, mean (± SD) values for ESP and DCP‐TLS, respectively, were: stiffness 2,022 ± 26.2 and 107.9 ± 11.1 N m/rad; and failure load: 256.4 ± 39.2 and 87.1 ± 11.5 N m. Mean cycles to failure in axial compression of ESP fixation (622,529 ± 65,468) was significantly greater than DCP‐TLS (95,418 ± 11,037). Conclusion— ESP was superior to an axial 3‐hole narrow DCP with 2 abaxial transarticular screws inserted in lag fashion in resisting static overload forces and cyclic fatigue. Clinical Relevance— In vitro results support further evaluation of ESP for PIP joint arthrodesis in horses. Its specific design may provide increased stability without need for external coaptation support.     

Fasciola gigantica excretory-secretory products for immunodiagnosis and prevention of sheep fasciolosis

Excretory-secretory products (ESP) products of ex vivo Fasciola gigantica adult worms were used for immunodiagnosis of sheep experimental infection with F. gigantica and natural infection with Fasciola spp. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Specific IgG antibody binding to native or denatured ESP was detected as early as 2 weeks after experimental sheep infection with 100 or 200 metacercariae. No specific IgG antibody binding was displayed by sera obtained from 192 sheep considered to be Fasciola- and other parasite-free by microscopic examination of bile and feces. Additionally, sera from 200 apparently Fasciola-free sheep, yet infected with other parasites, were all negative. The data, thus, indicated that ESP-based ELISA reached nearly 100% sensitivity and specificity in immunodiagnosis of sheep fasciolosis. As expected, the ESP molecules were immunogenic in sheep eliciting interleukin-12p40 mRNA response and considerable amounts of antibodies, which were able to bind to the surface of newly excysted juvenile worms as judged by membrane indirect immunofluorescence, and mediate their attrition via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The ESP-induced cellular and humoral immune responses were associated with a modest reduction in worm count, yet with a highly significant (P<0.0001) decrease in size of recovered worms, thus suggesting that ESP immunization might be a safe and cost-effective strategy for reducing transmission of the infection.