早期胚胎体外培养微流控芯片的制备及初步应用

利用微流控芯片模拟输卵管微环境,探讨物理性刺激对早期胚胎发育的影响,为解决早期胚胎体外囊胚发育率较低、胚胎质量差的问题提供帮助。本实验采用一次铸造成型制备微流控芯片培养装置,并应用培养装置对小鼠1-细胞期胚胎进行培养,观察胚胎体外发育率。结果表明,利用微流控芯片培养组与对照组2相比,2-细胞胚胎发育率差异不显著(P0.05),但是,在8-细胞胚胎发育率、桑葚胚发育率和囊胚发育率都差异显著(P0.05)。此外,囊胚内总细胞数显著提高(P0.05)。结论:一次铸造成型微流控芯片制作方法简便易行且培养液不易外漏,这种培养装置能显著提高小鼠早期胚胎体外囊胚发育率和胚胎的质量。     

牛体外受精技术的研究——单层细胞预培养时间对牛早期胚胎体外培养效果的影响

将2469枚经体外成熟、体外受精后获得的牛早期胚胎(2～8细胞阶段)随机放入7组不同日龄(分别预培养0～9天)的牛卵泡颗粒细胞单层细胞滴中进行“复合”培养,然后观察这些胚胎在体外培养条件下继续发育至囊胚和孵化囊胚阶段能力的差异。结果随单层细胞预培养时间的延长(0～4天内),牛早期胚胎的囊胚发育率、发育速度及囊胚胎孵化率均呈逐渐升高的趋势;尔后,培养效果又稍有下降。经统计学检验,各组间囊胚发育率(31.7～39.2%)和囊胚孵化率(61.1～72.6%)及7日龄囊胚发育比率(41.8～58.5%)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。这表明,利用不同预培养时间(0～6天)的颗粒细胞单层与牛早期胚胎“复合”培养,都同样具有促进胚胎在体外条件下发育到囊胚和孵化囊胚阶段的能力,但以使用预培养2～4天单层细胞进行“复合”培养效果较佳。     

不同共培养体细胞和胎牛血清浓度对牛体外受精后早期胚胎的影响

利用屠宰黄牛的卵母细胞经体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)后的早期胚胎,与单层颗粒细胞(GC)、输卵管上皮细胞(BOEC)等体细胞共培养及在胎牛血清的胚胎培养液中的后续发育进行了研究,并探讨了其影响因素,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明:使用GC和BOEC体外共培养牛体外受精后胚胎,均取得了较好的囊胚发育率;且牛体外受精后早期胚胎体外培养体系中,添加10%血清能有效地促进牛体外受精后胚胎的囊胚率。     

牛体外胚胎高效生产技术优化研究

为了探讨小卵泡液、放线菌酮(CHX)对卵母细胞预成熟、囊胚滋养层细胞囊泡(TVS来源于体外受精培养14 d的滋养层细胞)、维生素对牛体外胚胎质量的影响。在B超仪下进行牛活体取卵(OPU),从牛活体卵巢采集卵母细胞,进行体外成熟、体外受精、早期胚胎体外培养。结果表明:10%小卵泡液及8%CHX的卵母细胞预成熟4 h组显著优于对照组;在体外受精及早期胚胎培养液CR1aa中添加10μg/m L维生素C组与TVS共培养组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均高于其他试验组(P0.05);体外胚胎与TVS共移植受胎率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明活体采集的卵母细胞经体外预成熟处理,可以达到核质同期化的目的,早期胚胎的培育过程中加入TVS、抗氧化剂等可以克服早期胚胎的发育阻滞,提高体外胚胎的囊胚发育率。     

虾青素对小鼠早期胚胎发育及相关基因表达的影响

试验旨在研究培养液中添加虾青素(AX)对小鼠胚胎体外发育和相关基因表达的影响。试验选用23～25 g的ICR系雌性小鼠,利用超数排卵,取卵母细胞进行体外受精,受精1 h后将受精卵随机分组、分别移入浓度为0、5、10、25、50μmol/L的虾青素培养液中进行体外发育培养,在培养24和96 h后分别观察并统计各组的卵裂率和囊胚率;体外培养至96 h后,对囊胚进行细胞计数,统计囊胚细胞数差异;提取各组囊胚总RNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对各组胚胎的TGF-β和Bcl-2基因的相对表达量进行检测。结果显示,添加10μmol/L虾青素能够改善小鼠胚胎体外发育环境且显著提高胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率(P0.05);显著提高囊胚的细胞数(P0.05);极显著提高TGF-β基因表达量(P0.01)。结果表明,添加10μmol/L虾青素有利于小鼠胚胎体外发育,可用于改善小鼠胚胎体外发育环境;TGF-β和Bcl-2基因很可能参与了胚胎发育过程中的相关调控。     

牛绵羊猪胚胎发育至囊胚期的体外培养

体外生产胚胎以及进行胚胎处理(核移植、基因转移等)都需要将胚胎从合子培养至具有生活力囊胚期的体外培养方法。但是,牛、绵羊、猪胚胎培养存在的最大问题是“体外发育障碍”,致使胚胎难于发育到囊胚阶段。这种“障碍”(block)现在是采用以下方法加以克服:培养液里加其他细胞与胚胎共同培养或将原有的培养液加以改进。一些试验报告指出,体外培养后的胚胎与体内发育的胚胎,移植给受体后妊娠率差别很显著。不过,将培养技术作进一步改进,是完全可以提高胚胎体外培养效果的。     

体外生产的牛胚胎超微结构的研究

利用两种常规体外培养系统研究了体外培养及不同培养条件对牛体外受精胚胎早期发育各时期超微结构的影响。结果显示：体外发育的牛胚胎在发育的各个时期（从原核期到囊胚）胞质中均含有丰富的脂滴，胚胎中特别是在桑椹胚及囊胚阶段可见到一些异常细胞。两系统下发育的胚胎中脂滴形态不同，从桑椹胚阶段开始，胚胎线粒体的发育在M199-BOEC-FCS培养系统中明显滞后于其在SOFaa-BSA培养系统中的对照。     

低氧分压通过低氧诱导因子(HIF)影响卵母细胞的体外成熟和早期胚胎的发育

卵母细胞和早期胚胎的体外培养(IVC)是哺乳动物胚胎工程的一项关键技术,是生殖生物学和转基因与克隆技术等生物技术研究的基础.影响卵母细胞和早期胚胎体外培养的因素包括培养液组成成分、离子浓度和渗透压,培养环境气相组成和温度等.最近研究表明,培养系统中的氧分压可以显著影响胚胎的发育,而这种影响主要由低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF)进行调控.作者综述了氧分压及HIF对卵母细胞和早期胚胎体外发育的影响,并对HIF的结构及调控机制进行讨论,为研究低氧培养技术在卵母细胞和早期胚胎体外培养中的应用提供依据.     

体外生产的牛胚胎超微结构研究

利用两种常规体外培养系统研究了体外培养及不同培养条件对牛体外受精胚胎早期发育各时期超微结构的影响。结果显示:体外发育的牛胚胎在发育的各个时期(从原核期到囊胚)胞质中均含有丰富的脂滴,胚胎中特别是在桑椹胚及囊胚阶段可见到一些异常细胞。两系统下发育的胚胎中脂滴形态不同,从桑椹胚阶段开始,胚胎线粒体的发育在M199 BOEC FCS培养系统中明显滞后于其在SOFaa BSA培养系统中的对照。     

不同培养体系对牛体外受精早期胚胎发育的影响

为探讨体外受精早期胚胎的最佳体外培养体系,将从屠宰牛卵巢上获取的卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养、体外受精后获取的早期胚胎,分别用TCM199和mSOFaa与牛卵泡颗粒细胞和牛输卵管上皮细胞进行共培养。结果表明：TCM199和mSOFaa均能使体外受精胚胎突破8～16细胞期的发育阻断,但是囊胚发育率仅为14.3%和15.5%,差异不显著;胚胎与牛卵泡颗粒细胞和牛输卵管上皮细胞进行共培养能够使胚胎的囊胚发育率达到30.2%和33.5%,差异不显著。     

Effects of Low Oxygen Tension for in vitro Oocyte Maturation and Early Embryo Development through Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF)

Oocytes and early embryo in vitro culture (IVC) was a key technology of mammalian embryo engineering and was the basis of biotechnology such as genetically modified (GM) and cloning research.The factors,which affect the efficiency of in vitro culture for oocytes and early embryo,include the composition,ion concentration and osmotic pressure of the culture medium,and the gas composition and temperature of the culture environment. Recent studies have shown that the oxygen tension in the culture systems can significantly affect the development of embryos,and this effect is mainly regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). This paper reviewed the effects of the oxygen tension on oocyte maturation and early embryo development,and the structure and regulation mechanism of HIF were discussed,in order to provide a theoretical basis for further explore the application of hypoxia method in the in vitro culture of oocytes and early embryo.     

幼羔胚胎体外生产技术研究进展

幼羔胚胎体外生产技术(JIVET)是全球草食类动物繁殖技术中最先进的生物工程技术。国内外对幼羔经激素诱导后生产胚胎已作了许多研究,并取得一定的成果,本文就其研究进展作一综述。     

Role of the oviduct in early embryo development

This review highlights the role of the oviduct in early embryo development, which has to fulfil many aligned and well-tuned tasks during early embryogenesis. The oviductal lining is subjected to dynamic changes to timely accomplish gamete transport, fertilization and embryo development and to deliver a competent and healthy conceptus to the endometrium which can implant and develop to term. Although knowledge about the role of the oviduct is limited, we know that embryos are very sensitive to the environment in which they develop. The success of in vitro embryo production techniques demonstrates that it is possible to bypass the oviduct during early development and, to a certain extent, replicate the conditions in vitro. However, comparative studies show that embryos developed in vivo are superior to their in vitro produced counterparts, underlining our relatively poor knowledge of the biology of the oviduct. Oviduct activity is orchestrated by various factors, depending on cyclic dynamics, which crucially affect the success of tubal transfer and/or (re-)collection of embryos in embryo transfer studies. This paper reviews data which demonstrate that in vivo culture of embryos in the bovine oviduct is a useful tool for the assessment of embryos developed under various conditions (e.g. superovulation vs single ovulation, lactating dairy cows vs non-lactating cows). It is concluded that more work in the field of early embryo development within the oviduct would contribute to improved ART protocols leading to healthy pregnancies and offspring.     

Pregnancies from bovine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro

Production of transgenic animals and embryo cloning are only a few examples of new biotechnological methods applied to animal embryos. All these techniques require large amounts of oocytes and early embryos. In many laboratory animals, embryos matured and fertilized in vivo are easily obtained, but with larger domestic species it requires laborious surgical procedures and the number of embryos obtained remains relatively small (Bracken et al. 1982). The in vitro maturation of follicular oocytes derived from slaughterhouse ovaries and their in vitro fertilization provides large numbers of oocytes and embryos with considerably less effort. The final proof of the success in the in vitro maturation and fertilization procedure is the birth of healthy progeny. Also the normal preimplantation development of the embryos gives useful information about the efficiency of the method employed.     

神经退行性疾病转基因猴模型的构建及相关技术体系建立

非人灵长类动物因与人有最近亲缘关系而成为研究人类生命领域最高级模式动物。本研究采用慢病毒载体技术结合胚胎工程技术,拟建立一套高效简便转基因猴制作技术体系,建立小脑共济失调转基因猴模型,为该病研究提供最为理想动物模型,同时为建立其他疾病转基因猴模型提供技术路线。利用卵泡浆内单精子显微注射技术(Introeytoplasmiesperm injection,ICSI)技术总共构建88个体外受精胚胎,经过体外培养共计32枚发育到原核期并进行病毒注射后移入7只受体猴输卵管内。B超妊娠检测,怀孕3只,其中:1只未能发育到期中间流产,1只发育到期生1死胎,1只顺产生1只活试管猴,经过人工喂养奶粉后健康存活,但经检测转基因为阴性。本研究虽然未能通过病毒注射获得阳性转基因猴,但对食蟹猴(Macaca fascicularis)超数排卵及B超监测卵泡发育技术、卵母细胞回收及体外成熟培养技术、电刺激采精及精子获能技术、食蟹猴体外受精技术和胚胎体外培养技术以及胚胎移植等技术体系进行多次探索和优化,并成功建立相关技术平台,将为后续利用试管猴技术结合高效的TALEN和CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑工具获得各种疾病模型奠定基础。     

昆明小鼠早期胚胎体外发育阻滞原因分析

为了分析小鼠早期胚胎在体外发育阻滞的原因 ,建立早期胚胎体外培养系统 ,应用几种不同的培养系统对昆明小鼠单细胞胚胎在体外培养了 96～ 12 0 h。结果表明 ,小鼠单细胞胚胎在 M1 6 和 BWW培养液中卵裂均受到阻滞 ,且两者之间差异不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;CZB和 HTF培养液能有效地克服小鼠胚胎的 2 -细胞发育阻滞 ,与 M1 6 和 BWW相比 ,2 -细胞卵裂率和囊胚率均存在显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;在 M1 6 培养液中添加牛磺酸对早期胚胎发育有促进作用 (P<0 .0 1) ;小鼠早期胚胎在 CZB和牛输卵管上皮细胞 (COEC)共培养体系中的卵裂率较对照组明显提高 (P<0 .0 5 )     

Development and Status of Cattle Embryo Cloning in Germany

Contents: A review about experiments in bovine embryo cloning performed by different working groups in Germany is given. The procedure is shortly described and the achieved results are specified. Average enucleation rates in the experiments were 58–74%, electrofusion rates were 31 to 85%. Between 3 and 17% of the in vitro cultured embryos cleaved to transferable embryos. The first calf emerging from nuclear transfer in Germany was born in August, 1992. A clone of three identical calves was given birth in April, 1993. Four months later a calf was born, which exclusively emerged from in vitro techniques (in vitro maturation of recipient oocytes, in vitro production of blastomere donor embryo, in vitro culture of cloned embryos). Finally some future aspects of bovine embryo cloning in Germany are illustrated.     

The use of embryonic stem cell derived bioactive material as a new protein supplement for the in vitro culture of bovine embryos

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are expanded versions of the inner cell mass cells that compose the early mammalian blastocyst. Components derived from ES cells may contain various bioactive materials (BM) helpful for early preimplantation embryo growth. In this study, we examined the effect of human ES cell derived BM (hES-BM) on in vitro culture of bovine embryos. When bovine parthenogenetic day 2 embryos were cultured in 10% hES-BM, a significantly higher embryo development rate (44.3%) and increased cell numbers were observed relative to control medium containing 3 mg/ml BSA (19.5%; P<0.01). Among the various concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) and days of treatment (2 or 4 days) tested, 10% hES-BM treatment for 4 days provided the best culture environment to support the growth of bovine embryos in vitro (P<0.05). Little difference was observed between 10% hES-BM and 10% FBS treatment in the examined parthenogenetic or in vitro fertilized embryos, although the hES-BM group developed at a slightly better rate. However, the ICM cell numbers were significantly higher in the hES-BM group in irrespective of embryo origin (P<0.05). In addition, the relative levels of pluripotency (Oct4, × 1.8 fold; Nanog. × 3.3 fold), embryogenesis (Stat3, × 2.8 fold; FGF4, × 18.8 fold; E-cad, × 2.0 fold) and growth (Glut5, × 2.6 fold) genes were significantly higher in the 10% hES-BM group than in the 10% FBS group (P<0.05), while the levels of other genes (Bax, Bcl2, MnSOD and Connexin43) were not different. This is the first report examining the positive effects of hES-BM on bovine embryo development in vitro. Based on our results, we conclude that hES-BM can be used as a new protein supplement for bovine preimplantation embryo development.     

Development in culture of the chick embryo from cleavage to hatch

1. Early uterine embryos were obtained from hens by induced oviposition 7.5-8.0 h after the preceding egg was laid. They were cultured in vitro and then in recipient shells to hatch. As controls, embryos from freshly laid eggs were cultured in recipient shells to hatch. 2. For embryos cultured from uterine eggs, the hatch rate was 22.5%, and for embryos cultured from laid eggs, the hatch rate was 62.5%. 3. The weight of the chicks hatched from culture was about 60% of the weight of the preceding egg, or donor egg. Male and female chicks reached maturity and have produced viable offsprings. 4. The results show that it is possible to grow chick embryos in culture from the early cleavage stage (stage II) to hatch. They extend earlier findings on the culture of embryos from the blastoderm stage (Stage X) to hatch. The technique provides a basis for investigations on chick embryo cryopreservation.