雏鸭巴氏杆菌病病原的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本文采用细菌分离鉴定的常规方法,对6个疑似禽霍乱的病死雏鸭病料进行诊断,诊断结果为雏鸭巴氏杆菌病.将分离的6株巴氏杆菌进行药物敏感性试验,结果氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素的抑菌作用最强,与临床治疗药物的效果吻合.     

氨苄青霉素治疗鼻炎有特效

氨苄青霉素治疗鼻炎有特效杭州养兔中心种兔场姜允奎鼻炎是一种令人烦恼的家兔常见病，各种年龄的家兔一年四季皆易感染，多数由巴氏杆菌引起，多种抗生素虽能控制症状，但易复发。不久前，本人试用氨苄青霉素治疗该病，效果良好，且不易复发。具体疗法，简述如下：首先把...     

羟氨苄青霉素对猪嗜血杆菌性肺炎的治疗效果

作者,用羟氨苄青霉素对感染嗜血杆菌病猪进行了治疗试验,现将其结果扼要报道如下。将供试猪分为6组,每组20头体重70～80公斤的肉猪.即分为对照组、AMPC-Ⅰ组(羟氨苄青霉素40ppm)、AMPC-Ⅱ组(羟氨苄青霉素60ppm)、AMPC-Ⅲ组(羟氨苄青霉素100ppm)、AMPC-Ⅳ组(羟氨苄青霉     

“浆必死”治疗鸭大肠杆菌病、传染性浆膜炎的试验报告

用杨树花和氟苯尼考（浆必死）的复方制剂对引起广西部分地区肉鸭大肠杆菌病、传染性浆膜炎的病原茵进行药敏试验，同时对肉鸭大肠杆菌病、传染性浆膜炎病的临床治疗进行研究。结果表明：其体外抑菌效果与氟苯尼考相当，优于硫酸卡那霉素、环丙沙星、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素；临床治疗鸭传染性浆膜炎的效果优于氟苯尼考、硫酸卡那霉素：治疗肉鸭大肠杆菌病优于环丙沙星、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素。实为理想“高效、低毒、速效”的兽药新产品。     

假结核棒状杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性测定

为了提高对骆驼假结核棒状杆菌病的治疗效果,进行了假结核棒状杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感试验,以为临床治疗提供依据。材料与方法一、试验菌种:分自骆驼脓肿病患驼的假结核棒状杆菌31和C17均来自甘肃农大兽医系微生物教研组。     

穴位注射法治疗羊伪结核病试验

将羊伪结核棒状杆菌人工接种于供试山头和绵羊，发病后，用利福平和青霉素等药物注射了膊尖、肩井和抢风等穴位进行治疗试验；同时检测了药物对干酪样脓肿的穿透性及对病灶内细菌的杀灭作用。结果发现穴位注射对羊伪结核病的治疗效果非常显著，而且疗程较短；利福平等药物对其脓肿病灶具有很强的穿透作用，连续用药一定时间后，能彻底杀灭病灶内的伪结核棒状杆菌。     

鸭菌消治疗鸭传染性浆膜炎的研究

不同地区和同一鸭场隔３个月分离的鸭疫里氏杆菌（ＲＡ）菌株对氯霉素，氨苄青霉素、氟哌酸等的第三性有显著差异，新兽药鸭菌消对ＲＡ高度敏感，抑菌圈直径达３７ｍｍ，对人工感染和临床病例治疗试验结果，治愈率分别达９５．０％和９１．２％，比氯霉素、氟哌酸、青霉素的平均治愈率高４６个百分点，在各地推广应用２００多万羽份，效果良好。     

公猪精液中细菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为弄清公猪精液中细菌的分布情况，鉴定主要致病菌的耐药特征，为公猪精液的保存提供理论依据，本试验从广西壮族自治区良补猪精项目部分供精单位采集精液，进行细菌分离鉴定，并对其主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明，广西地区公猪精液中病原菌主要为大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、变形杆菌、棒状杆菌以及沙门氏菌。5种病原菌对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和恩诺沙星等喹诺酮类药物极度敏感，变形杆菌、棒状杆菌以及沙门氏茵对青霉素、克林霉素具有耐药性。公猪精液中细菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，在所选用的抗生素中喹诺酮类药物效果最好，可以替代青霉素、链霉素用于精液保存。     

氨苄青霉素在兽医临床中的应用

氨苄青霉素是一种广谱抗菌药物，毒性极低，对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均有抗菌作用，对草绿色链球菌的抗菌作用与青霉素相仿或略强，对耐药菌比青霉素强2～4倍。对革兰氏阴性菌有效与氯霉素、四环素等相似或略强。临床上主要用于大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、非溶血性链球菌等引起的尿路感染；流感杆菌肺炎双球菌等引起的脑膜炎等。而青霉素长期以来由于在兽医临床方面滥用，使细菌产生耐药性，以致对一些疾病的治疗效果不明显，甚至无效。1典型病例1．11988年8月吉安县大冲乡草桥村郭某正头4岁母黄牛200kg左右，突然发生高热体温41℃，精神萎顿…     

环丙沙星与其它抗菌药联用对常见病原菌的药敏试验

用环丙沙星与氨苄青霉素或庆大霉素联用对４种畜禽常见病原菌进行了药敏试验。先以试管２倍稀释法分别测定环丙沙星、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌ＡＴＴＣ６５３８、禽大肠杆菌Ｏ７８、鸡白痢沙门氏菌Ｃ７９－６和禽多杀性巴氏杆菌Ｃ４８－１的ＭＩＣ值。再以肉汤稀释棋盘法分别进行环丙沙星与氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素的联合药敏试验。结果表明，受试菌株对上述３种药物均属敏感。环丙沙星与氨苄青霉素联用除对金黄色葡萄球菌ＡＴＣＣ６５３８呈现相加作用外，对其余菌株均呈无关作用；环丙沙星与庆大霉素联用对所有受试菌株亦均呈无关作用     

Comparison of the clinical efficacy of cefquinome with the combination of penicillin G and gentamicin in equine patients

This prospective, randomised, nonblinded study compared the clinical efficacy of cefquinome to that of a combination of penicillin and gentamicin. Patients (374 horses and 13 donkeys) at the equine hospital of the Vetsuisse-Faculty of Zurich, presented from February-October 2007, were divided into prophylactic and therapeutic treatment groups. Equids from these groups were randomly treated either with cefquinome or with the combination of sodium penicillin and gentamicin. There was no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups for prophylactic indications. In the therapeutic group, cefquinome showed better efficacy, as demonstrated by fewer complications of wound healing and fewer treatment failures with subsequent change to another antibiotic. Side effects were very rare in both treatment groups. Cefquinome can be used with safety and efficacy in equids. Cefquinome had greater efficacy than the combination of penicillin and gentamicin in the therapeutic group. However, there was no difference between the 2 antibiotic treatments in the prophylactic group. In order to minimise the development of resistance, cefquinome should therefore not be used for routine prophylactic treatment.     

Prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles of ampicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate in serum and synovia of healthy horses

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin sodium (11 mg/kg), gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg), and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate were determined for serum and synovia of healthy horses given single-dose IV injection and were not found to be different from those from other reports; however, a prolonged terminal gamma-phase for gentamicin (8,498 +/- 1,842 minutes) in serum of horses was found to exist. Pharmacokinetic interaction between combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate was not observed int he serum or synovia. Prediction of ampicillin sodium or gentamicin sulfate concentrations in synovia, based on serum-based pharmacokinetics, cannot be accomplished solely upon analysis of peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics. However, once equilibrium is achieved between synovia and extracellular fluid in the peripheral compartment, the decrease in drug concentrations in synovia parallels that in serum. Therefore, after 6 hours, synovial concentrations of gentamicin sulfate can be predicted based on peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics, using an appropriate correction factor. The significance of these findings need to be correlated with clinical conditions so that a pharmacostatistical model for the prediction of synovial concentrations of drug(s) during treatment of horses with septic arthritis can be developed.     

In vitro susceptibilities of canine urinary bacteria to selected antimicrobial agents

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted on bacteria that were isolated from urine specimens collected by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs with urinary tract infections. Antimicrobics to which greater than or equal to 90% of these urinary bacteria were susceptible in vitro included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Escherichia coli; ampicillin, TMP-SMZ, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Proteus mirabilis; ampicillin chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci; cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae; ampicillin, TMP-SMZ, and gentamicin for isolates of Streptococcus faecalis, Str faecium, and Str zymogenes; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, and gentamicin for isolates of Str viridans; and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of Str canis. No antimicrobial agent tested was effective in vitro at the 90% level for isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but gentamicin was closest, at 89%.     

The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Bacillus anthracis isolated from the Kruger National Park

Forty-four isolates of Bacillus anthracis made from carcasses and soil in different localities of an endemic anthrax area in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were tested by standard disc diffusion for their susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics. These were ampicillin, penicillin G, sulphatriad, streptomycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, methicillin, tetracycline (2 different concentrations), novobiocin, cefotaxime, netilmicin, cefamandole and cefoxitin. All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, methicillin and netilmicin. More than 90% of the isolates were sensitive to clindamycin, gentamicin and cefoxitin, whereas only 84.1% of the isolates were sensitive to penicillin G, 86.4% to novobiocin and 68.18% to cefamandole. Complete resistance in 100% of the isolates was encountered with trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole, with 95.45% for sulphatriad. Moderate sensitivity occurred with penicillin G (15.9% of the isolates), clindamycin (6.8%), novobiocin (13.6%), fusidic acid (84.1%), cefotaxime (100%), cefamandole (31.8%) and cefoxitin (6.8%). The relevance of the findings to the therapeutic uses of different types of antibiotic in human clinical cases referred to in the literature is discussed.     

Effects of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate on the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from baby pigs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate (bLf-lysate) alone or in combination with other antimicrobials against antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from baby pigs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 3 clinical strains of E coli were isolated from baby pigs with severe diarrhea and designated as strains 9061, 9062, and 9065. PROCEDURE: The broth microdilution checkerboard and fractional inhibitory (or bactericidal) concentration index were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect elicited by bLf-lysate in combination with kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, cefamandole, penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, or rifampicin against the 3 strains of E coli. RESULTS: The 3 strains of E coli were susceptible to gentamicin and rifampicin but highly resistant to most of the other antimicrobials tested, except for strain 9061 that was also susceptible to cephalothin but intermediately inhibited by kanamycin and cefamandole. Synergistic growth-inhibitory activity was observed between bLf-lysate and gentamicin against 1 strain of E coli (strain 9062); synergistic bactericidal activity was found between bLf-lysate and rifampicin against all 3 strains of E coli. Moreover, partial synergy was observed between bLf-lysate and kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, or cefamandole against the strains of E coli, but this partial synergistic activity was mostly seen against only 1 of the strains. Little interaction between bLf-lysate and tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, or erythromycin was observed against the clinical strains of E coli. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A combination of bLf-lysate and certain antimicrobials may prove clinically effective against antimicrobial-resistant strains of E coli.     

Chemotherapy and pharmacokinetics of some antimicrobial agents in healthy dwarf goats and those infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila (tick-borne fever)

The therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (10 mg kg-1), ampicillin (20 mg kg-1) and a combination (TSS) of trimethoprim (20 mg kg-1), sulphadimidine (50 mg kg-1) and sulphamethylphenazole (50 mg kg-1) were investigated in normal dwarf goats and in those infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Goats given oxytetracycline or TSS intravenously showed improvement, whereas ampicillin was ineffective. The infected goats had significantly prolonged elimination half-life values for sulphadimidine and oxytetracycline. The disposition kinetics of ampicillin and sulphamethylphenazole showed no marked differences between the healthy and infected animals. The tick-borne fever model used in the present study can be of value in testing the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents in rickettsial infections.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Moraxella bovis

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 55 isolates of Moraxella bovis to seven antibiotics was evaluated by broth microdilution procedures. The isolates had an MIC₉₀ of ≤1 mg/l to erythromycin, ceftiofur, and ampicillin; 4 mg/l to tilmicosin; 16 mg/l to tylosin and gentamicin; and had MIC₉₀s of ≥32 mg/l for oxytetracycline. The modal MIC values for these antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin, <0.25 mg/l; ceftiofur, ≤0.125 mg/l; tilmicosin, 2 mg/l; tylosin, 8 mg/l; erythromycin 1 mg/l; oxytetracycline, ≤0.5 mg/l; and gentamicin, ≤0.5 mg/l. This in vitro data showed most antibiotics have low MICs that are suggestive of clinical efficacy.     

Diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in client-owned rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 16 eyes from 11 rabbits (2008–2019)

BackgroundAlthough rabbits are commonly used as laboratory models for human glaucoma, management of this disease in pet rabbits has received little attention in the current literature. Spontaneous congenital glaucoma was initially described in New Zealand Whites as an autosomal recessive trait manifesting early in life. Glaucoma may also develop secondary to cataracts, uveitis, or other ocular pathologies. Findings associated with glaucoma in rabbits include elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal edema, loss of vision, optic nerve head cupping, and progressive buphthalmia. Topical medications, intravitreal gentamicin injections, and various surgical techniques have been used to manage glaucoma in rabbits. This case series details the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical progression of glaucoma in rabbits at Cummings Veterinary Medical Center at Tufts University and VCA South Shore (Weymouth) Animal Hospital from 2008-2019.MethodsThe records of Cummings Veterinary Medical Center at Tufts University and VCA South Shore (Weymouth) Animal Hospital were retrospectively reviewed to identify records of rabbits diagnosed with glaucoma by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist or ophthalmology resident between 2008-2019.ResultsGlaucoma was diagnosed in 16 eyes from 11 rabbits. Median IOP at diagnosis was 39 mmHg (26-55 mmHg) with various clinical signs at presentation including vision loss (11 rabbits, 16 eyes), buphthalmia (8 rabbits, 11 eyes), corneal edema (4 rabbits, 5 eyes), and optic nerve head cupping (5 rabbits, 6 eyes). Other ocular examination findings included cataracts (5 rabbits, 8 eyes) and uveitis (4 rabbits, 8 eyes). Two rabbits were seropositive for Encephalitozoon cuniculi. All eyes were initially treated with topical medications, with 10 eyes from 7 rabbits refractory to initial medical management. Two rabbits (3 eyes) showed progressive reduction in IOPs with long-term continuing topical therapy. Two rabbits (2 eyes) underwent unilateral enucleation and 3 rabbits (5 eyes) received intravitreal gentamicin injections.ConclusionsEtiology of glaucoma in rabbits is likely more varied than previously thought, as many of the cases described were not consistent with primary congenital glaucoma. Topical treatments were effective in many rabbits. In those refractory to medical management, enucleation or intravitreal gentamicin injection were successful in decreasing IOP as second-line therapy when performed.     

The effects of combinations of selected antibiotics on the growth of Corynebacterium equi

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin and rifampicin were determined for nine strains of Corynebacterium equi. The effect of combinations of any two of these antibiotics on the killing of these strains was determined at antibiotic concentrations achievable in horses using recommended drug dosages (ampicillin 4.0 μg/ml, gentamicin 1.0 μg/ml and erythromycin 0.25 μg/ml). Penicillin G was used at 4.0 μg/ml and rifampicin at 0.063 μg/ml. The combinations of gentamicin with erythromycin or rifampicin gave antagonistic effects on killing compared to either drug alone. Combinations of erythromycin with rifampicin or penicillin showed synergistic effects, as did penicillin-gentamicin. All other combinations, and a triple combination of penicillin-rifampicin-erythromycin, showed additive effects only.     

Evaluation of activity of selected ophthalmic antimicrobial agents in combination against common ocular microorganisms

OBJECTIVE: To determine in vitro efficacy of gentamicin, tobramycin, and miconazole when used in combination, with or without atropine, against Pseudomonas or Aspergillus sp. PROCEDURE: Selected ophthalmic agents were combined for predetermined times. Sterile disks impregnated with the combined solutions were prepared and placed on Mueller-Hinton plates that were seeded with Pseudomonas or Aspergillus sp. Zones of growth inhibition were measured at postincubation hours 24 and 48. RESULTS: Tobramycin alone inhibited growth of Pseudomonas sp, whereas miconazole inhibited growth of Aspergillus sp. Significant differences in zones of growth inhibition when atropine was combined with tobramycin, when gentamicin was combined with miconazole, or when atropine was combined with miconazole and gentamicin, were not detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Combining selected ophthalmic therapeutic agents for as long as 6 hours does not appear to alter the in vitro efficacy of the agents against microorganisms used in this study.