新疆北部豆科饲用植物的寄生真菌及真菌病害的初步研究

本文报导了作者于1991年4月－10月间在新疆北部的阿尔泰地区、天山西部、准噶尔盆地西部及盆地以南等地调查采集的豆科饲用植物寄生真菌约70种，其中12个种为我国的新记录种，以及1个新种和1个新变种。它们不同程度地分别寄生、危害16个属约43种豆科饲用植物。引起白粉病、锈病、霜霉病、各种叶斑病、茎枯、根腐等87种病害。     

箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究进展

箭筈豌豆是一年生野豌豆属植物,也是野豌豆属的重要栽培种。截止2015年年底,世界范围内箭筈豌豆真菌病害共有14种,分布于28个国家或地区,茎叶部病害、根部病害和系统性病害分别有10种(黑腐病、炭疽病等)、3种(丝囊霉根腐病、镰孢根腐病、腐霉病)和1种(黄萎病)。这些病害中,链格孢黑斑病、丝囊霉病、腐霉病、黄萎病4种病害仅在国外报道。附球菌叶斑病和葡柄霉叶斑病两种病害仅在我国发生。我国共10种病害,在10个省区有报道,其中病害发生数最多的地区为甘肃(8种),其次为云南(6种)。箭筈豌豆的真菌性病原共有43种,25种为半知菌,占总数的58%,其余为7种子囊菌、6种担子菌、5种鞭毛菌,分别占总数的16%,14%和12%。43种病原真菌中,有15种真菌引起的病害仅在国外报道,有7种真菌引起病害仅在我国报道。还有7种真菌只在箭筈豌豆上发现,再无其他寄主报道。另外,我国还在箭筈豌豆种子上检测出6种种带真菌,其中4种均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。国内外对箭筈豌豆真菌病害的危害程度、发生规律和防治等方面研究较少,主要集中在炭疽病、白粉病、锈病、灰斑病等几种病害上。随着箭筈豌豆栽培面积和需求的扩大,应该关注影响我国箭筈豌豆生产的主要真菌病害,在确定病原真菌的基础上,加深对病原真菌发生规律的研究,制定出有效的防治策略。     

草坪草真菌病害的研究进展

综述了国内外主要草坪草上的真菌病害的种类及在我国发生的真菌病害数量、真菌鉴定的方法、病原与寄主互作及病害预测预报,及国内外对草坪草真菌病害防治方法的研究进展,并提出草坪草真菌病害研究存在的一些问题。     

沙打旺病害研究进展

通过国内外近20年相关文献的回顾,综述了沙打旺病害的主要病原、分布及危害、影响发病的因素及流行规律,并展望了研究方向。沙打旺病害的研究主要在我国进行,国外稀有报道。我国开展了大量病害调查,发现其病原主要是半知菌类真菌。现已自根部、茎叶和种子等部位分离报道真菌50种。线虫、害虫、土壤温度、含水量及田间管理措施等均可影响沙打旺病害的发生,但缺少深入研究。未来研究应进一步开展沙打旺病害调查及病原菌鉴定,并加强真菌病害发生规律及病害防治等方面的研究。     

兰州地区冷季型草坪真菌病害研究

通过调查研究，确诊兰州地区多年生黑麦草，草地早熟禾，高羊茅3种主要草坪草的植物病原真菌主要是Puccinia striiformiss,P.recondita,Sclerophthora macrospora,Fusarium gramineaum,F.oxysporum,Pythium graminicola,Erysiphe graminis,Rhizoctonia Solani,Drechslera Poae,Curvalaria lunata,Septoria tritici,Scolecotrichum graminis10属12种，其所致病害有29种，其中8种国内未见报道，16种甘肃省内属首次报道，17种兰州地区属首次报道，并简要描述了病害症状特点。     

浙江省桑树病害简介

从20世纪50年代至21世纪初，作者与同事们曾对浙江省桑树的病害进行过系统持续的调查和采集。发现引起桑树病害的病原物、包括有真菌、病毒、细菌、植原体、螺原体及线虫等。其中以真菌的病害为最多，初步估计约60多种；细菌病害3种；植原体病害2种：螺原体病害1种：线虫病害主要的有1种。     

中国桑树病害名录(Ⅲ)

记述了我国桑树病害中有关担子菌亚门和鞭毛菌亚门的真菌病害、病毒病害、植原体病害、螺原体病害、细菌病害、线虫病害、寄生性种子植物以及生理性病害等共81种,分别介绍了病害的中文名称、病原学名、危害部位及主要分布区域,为了解各类桑树病害的发生与防治提供相关的基础信息。     

Survey and control of fungai diseases of trees and shrubs at Lanzhou Wuquanshan Park

于2008-2009年对兰州市五泉山公园部分木本观赏植物真菌病害进行了调查，共发现木本观赏植物真菌病害32种，危害部位以叶部为主。寄主植物以杨柳科和蔷薇科为主。引起病害的病原真菌隶属21属32种，以半知茵和子囊菌为主。同时，根据病害的种类及发生特点提出加强植物检疫、适地适树、正确养护管理、强化园林技术措施及尝试利用生物防治等综合防治对策。     

五泉山公园部分木本观赏植物真菌病害调查及防治

于2008-2009年对兰州市五泉山公园部分木本观赏植物真菌病害进行了调查，共发现木本观赏植物真菌病害32种，危害部位以叶部为主。寄主植物以杨柳科和蔷薇科为主。引起病害的病原真菌隶属21属32种，以半知茵和子囊菌为主。同时，根据病害的种类及发生特点提出加强植物检疫、适地适树、正确养护管理、强化园林技术措施及尝试利用生物...     

兰州市五泉山公园草本植物真菌病害调查及防治建议

对兰州市五泉山公园草本植物真菌病害的发生及危害情况进行了全面调查。结果表明:共有32种病原真菌引起39种真菌病害;病害寄主属11科19属,以菊科和禾本科植物为主;病原菌以半知菌纲和子囊菌纲为主。多种病害在公园内发生普遍,且部分病害发生与危害较为严重。气候及植物配置与养护管理对病害发生影响较大,并据此提出了综合防治建议。     

Histopathological retrospective study of canine renal disease in Korea, 2003~2008

Renal disease includes conditions affecting the glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, pelvis, and vasculature. Diseases of the kidney include glomerular diseases, diseases of the tubules and interstitium, diseases of renal pelvis, and developmental abnormalities. Renal tissue samples (n = 70) submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of Konkuk University from 2003 to 2008 were included in this study. Tissue histopathology was performed using light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin stains. Masson''s trichrome, Congo Red, and Warthin starry silver staining were applied in several individual cases. Glomerular diseases (22.9%), tubulointerstitial diseases (8.6%), neoplastic diseases (8.6%), conditions secondary to urinary obstruction (24.3%), and other diseases (35.7%) were identified. Glomerulonephritis (GN) cases were classified as acute proliferative GN (5.7%), membranous GN (4.3%), membranoproliferative GN (4.3%), focal segmental GN (2.9%), and other GN (4.2%). The proportion of canine GN cases presently identified was not as high as the proportions identified in human studies. Conversely, urinary obstruction and end-stage renal disease cases were relatively higher in dogs than in human populations.     

Cardiomyopathy in Dystrophin-Deficient Hypertrophic Feline Muscular Dystrophy

A colony of cats affected with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy was used to study the occurrence of cardiomyopathy associated with dystrophin deficiency. Affected male and female cats, obligate carrier females, and unaffected healthy littermates were followed from 12 weeks of age into adulthood. Thoracic radiography, 2-D echocardiography, and 2-D-derived M-mode echocardiography were performed at 3-month intervals until 12 months of age and regularly thereafter. From 9 months of age, all affected cats had larger hearts than normal and carrier animals. Left ventricular wall thickness in systole and in diastole and interventricular septal thickness in systole were greater in affected cats 12 months and older when compared with normal or heterozygous animals (P < .05). The myocardium of affected cats was diffusely hypoechoic and thickened. Multiple hyperechoic foci were in the myocardium and papillary musculature. Shortening fraction was normal in all cats. Changes seen in carrier females included enlargement and hyperechogenicity of the papillary musculature after the age of 2 years. Gross and light microscopic examination revealed left ventricular wall thickening with multiple foci of mineralization in 2 of 5 hearts from dystrophin-deficient cats. Although approximately 10% of the normal dystrophin amount was present in the skeletal muscle, dystrophin could not be detected in the myocardium. Early onset concentric myocardial hypertrophy was present in all adult cats. Lesions were mainly localized in the myocardium of the left ventricular free wall and interventricular septum, papillary musculature, and the endocardium. Clinical signs of heart failure developed only infrequently in cats with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy.     

Oral bioavailability of sulphonamides in ruminants: A comparison between sulphamethoxazole,sulphatroxazole, and sulphamerazine,using the dwarf goat as animal model

Summary

The various sulphonamides show marked differences in disposition characteristics after administration to ruminants. For use in combination with a diaminopyrimidine derivative such as trimethoprim or baquiloprim, it is essential that a sulphonamide has similar pharmacokinetic properties in order to obtain optimal synergy. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole, sulphatroxazole, and sulphamerazine were investigated in dwarf goats (n=6) after IV and intraruminal administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg bodyweight. In addition, the in vitro binding of sulphamerazine to ruminal contents was studied as a possible explanation for a reduced absorption rate. Sulphamethoxazole showed the most rapid absorption after intraruminal administration (mean t_max ± SD : 0.8 ± 0.2h). However, the drug was rapidly eliminated from the plasma (t_1/2ß : 2.4 ± 1.5h) and the bioavailability was only 12.4 ± 4.7 %, most likely due to an extensive ‘first‐pass’ effect. The bioavailability of orally administered sulphamerazine and sulphatroxazole was much higher (67.6 ± 13.5 % and 70.2 ± 32.3 %, respectively). After intraruminal administration, sulphatroxazole showed the highest plasma peak concentration (26.1 ± 6.3 mg/I) and the longest plasma half‐life (4.7 ± 1.8h) and mean residence time (13.9 ± 4.5 h). Sulphamerazine showed considerable binding to rumen contents in vitro. Based on its pharmacokinetic properties sulphatroxazole appears to be a suitable candidate to be used in combination with the more recently developed diaminopyrimidines such as baquiloprim.     

Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in sheep after single intravenous or intramuscular administration

Summary

The disposition and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin (CIP) following intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) administration of 7.5 mg/kg body weight in sheep (n = 5) was studied. The intravenous plasma concentration curve was best described pharmacokinetically by a two‐compartment open model, while the intramuscular administration data fitted better to a one‐compartment open model. Mean elimination half‐lives after IV and IM administration were 72 and 184 minutes, respectively. The absorption of intramuscularly administered CIP in sheep was fast: maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached quickly (tmax 31.93 min) and attained values of 0.69 ± 0.27 mg/l. The bioavailability was 49%. The urinary data showed a significant decrease in the elimination rate constant of CIP when CIP was administered intramuscularly. The other parameters calculated did not display differences between the two routes of administration. The results obtained suggest that when CIP was administered by the IM route in the assayed dose, it was able to maintain serum concentrations above the MIC of most common pathogens over an 8‐hour period.     

张掖市肉牛传染病和寄生虫病感染状况的抽样监测

为了确实掌握张掖市百万头肉牛基地肉牛传染病和寄生虫病感染情况,建立健全百万头肉牛基地的动物卫生防疫体系,有效防治疫病的发生流行,确保百万头肉牛基地健康发展,对全市肉牛传染病和寄生虫病的流行情况进行了摸底调查和实验室检测。通过详细普查,掌握了全市肉牛传染病和寄生虫病发病情况,为有效防控肉牛疫病提供了重要理论依据。     

Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. III: bacterial and protozoal infections

Bacteria (including chlamydia) and protozoa can produce neurological disease in Australian ruminant livestock and the nature of the inflammatory and neuroparenchymal response is often suggestive of a particular aetiological agent. An overview of the clinicopathological features of infectious disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is followed by a discussion of important bacterial and protozoal infections in Australia. Each infectious disease is discussed in terms of classification and pathogenesis linked to clinical signs and gross and microscopic findings. The literature review is restricted to infectious conditions causing CNS disease in Australia. Sources include the Australian Veterinary Journal (over 50 years of articles), the quarterly newsletter of the National Animal Health Surveillance System and the Animal Health Surveillance Quarterly.     

Pseudorabies virus eradication by area‐wide vaccination is feasible

Summary

This article reviews the rationale for using marker vaccines and companion diagnostic tests in the eradication of pseudorabies virus (PRV). Recent advances in vaccinology and epidemiology indicate that, despite the inability to induce complete immunity, vaccination is a useful tool in the battle against PRV. This review focuses on the effectiveness of vaccination under field conditions and on herd, management and regional factors that are associated with PRV introduction or transmission.     

The incidence of Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in cattle in the Netherlands

Summary

The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) provides a very efficient technique for detecting antibodies against Dictyocaulus vivparus in calves. Although low level cross reactions were found in animals with gastrointestinal nematodes, the specificity and sensitivity of the technique are sufficient for herd diagnosis of lungworm infections and for survey work. This conclusion is reached on the basis of artificially and naturally infected calves. ELISA titres correlate well with Indirect Haemagglutination titres, parasitological findings, and clinical observations.     

牦牛重要传染病和寄生虫的防治与展望

本文概述了牦牛常见重要传染病和寄生虫病的防治研究进展,指出了目前牦牛重要疾病防治工作上的不足,并探讨了牦牛疾病防治的发展方向。     

Crimidine (2‐chloro‐4‐(dimethylamino)‐6‐methylpyrimidine) poisoning in a dog due to ingestion of the rodenticide Castrix®

The diagnosis and treatment of a case of crimidine poisoning in a dog are described. Presenting signs were seizures and vomiting. The vomitus contained a purple coloured cereal grain. The signs and grain colour were suggestive for a rodenticide with convulsive effects The diagnosis of crimidine poisoning was made by thin layer chromatography and was later confirmed by finding the source of the poison. Except for the administration of Vit B6, the specific antidote for crimidine, general treatment principles for poisoning were followed. The treatment of crimidine poisoning is time consuming and requires intensive care facilities.