宁夏地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌性状与产奶性状的相关分析

为探寻宁夏地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌性状与产奶性状之间的相互关系,本试验选取宁夏地区12个规模化牧场5006头头胎荷斯坦牛作为研究对象,测定其305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、高峰奶量4个产奶性状,体型外貌性状采用9分制进行评分,采用SPSS 21.0软件统计分析鉴定牛只的五大部位20个描述性状和总体得分性状的表型参数,并利用相关分析方法确定体型总分及7个体型外貌特征性状与各产奶性状之间的关系。结果表明,体型总分与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈弱正相关,差异不显著(P0.05);体躯容量与305d奶产量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);尻部与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05);肢蹄与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);乳房形态与305d产奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);前乳房与乳脂率成显著正相关(P0.05);后乳房与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著正相关(P0.05);泌乳系统与305d产奶量、乳脂率、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);乳用特征与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。可以得出,奶牛体躯容量、肢蹄、乳房形态、后乳房、泌乳系统、乳用特征是影响荷斯坦牛产奶性状的主要因素,加强体型性状的选择对于筛选优质高产核心群及开展选种选配工作具有重要指导意义。     

陕西省某牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律调查分析

奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害远远高于临床型乳房炎,为了解奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生因素和发病规律,本研究以陕西省某牛场2014—2018年的奶牛群体改良(DHI)数据为主,对该奶牛场各年不同月份的奶牛体细胞评分、不同月份的奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率、不同胎次的奶牛、不同泌乳天数分组的奶牛和不同日产奶量分组的奶牛发病情况等方面进行调查分析。结果表明:夏季和秋季是奶牛隐性乳房炎的高发季节;不同胎次的隐性乳房炎发病率差异极显著(P0.01),胎次和发病率呈正相关关系;不同泌乳天数分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),奶牛泌乳天数在1～44,45～99 d的发病率最高,305 d以上的发病率较高;不同日产奶量分组的隐性乳房炎发病率差异不显著(P0.05),日产奶量与发病率呈负相关关系。     

胎次对西北地区西门塔尔牛产奶量的影响

本文以新疆呼图壁种牛场牧二场1-7胎863头次的西门塔尔牛的产奶量数据为研究对象，利用SPSS（13．0）单因素方差分析过程，分析了胎次对西门塔尔牛产奶量的影响，结果表明：第1胎产奶量最低，第3胎产奶量最高。其中第1胎次奶牛305天泌乳量与第2、3、4、5胎次305d泌乳量差异极显著（P〈0．01），第3胎次奶牛305d泌乳量与第7胎次差异显著（P〈0．05），其他各胎次间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。因此，加强饲养管理、合理调整牛群结构是提高群体产奶量增加经济效益的关键。     

奶牛乳房性状与产奶量及排乳性能的关系

选择胎次相同,泌乳月份相近的经产荷斯坦牛197头,分别测定其后乳房宽度、后乳房深度、后乳房高度、乳房纵沟深、乳头直径、乳头长度等6个高遗传力性状,并对其与排乳性能及产奶量的相关性进行研究.结果表明：奶牛乳房纵沟深、后乳房宽度、乳头长度、乳头直径与排乳速度有极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,后乳房高度与排乳速度呈中等正相关（P＜0.05）,平均排乳时间与后乳房宽度呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;日产奶量与乳头长度呈中等负相关（P＜0.05）,与乳房纵沟深、乳头直径呈显著性正相关（P＜0.05）,305d产奶量与乳房纵沟深、后乳房宽度呈强正相关（P＜0.01）,与乳头直径呈显著正相关（P＞0.05）,与乳头长度有极显著负相关（P＜0.01）.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的流行病学调查

为了降低奶牛隐性乳房炎对奶牛养殖业的危害,采用中国农业科学院兰州畜牧与兽医研究所研制的奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液（LMT）．随机对某奶牛场的400头奶牛进行乳房炎调查,结果表明：④该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率为55．00％,乳区阳性率为49．81％;②隐性乳房炎的发病率随季节的变化而变化,以第2季度最高,达71％,与其他季节相比差异显著（P〈0．05）：③该场奶牛隐性乳房炎主要以左前乳区的发病率最高（53．41％）,但4个乳区的差异不显著;（4）被检奶牛中,头4胎发病率随胎次的增加而降低,4胎以上发病率随胎次的增加有上升的趋势。2胎和5胎以上的差异不显著（P〉0．05）,与其他胎次差异显著（P〈0．05）;（5）泌乳期各月隐性乳房炎的阳性检出率以产后1～2月内差异极显著（P〈0．01）．以后随泌乳月份的增加呈上升趋势;（6）日泌乳量在20kg以下奶牛的患病率为68．00％,显著高于日产奶量20kg以上奶牛（42．00％,P〈0．05）的患病率。     

乳房炎对奶牛产奶量的影响

为了研究乳房炎对奶牛产奶量的影响,收集了西安某奶牛场的620头荷斯坦奶牛完整记录的全年报告中体细胞数据、生产性能和兽医记录,对比分析不同体细胞数对奶牛胎次奶量﹑日产奶量的影响;结果表明,临床乳房炎极显著降低奶牛305d奶量,而在泌乳盛期患病的牛305d奶量减低可达32.5%。隐性乳房炎对奶牛产奶量的影响随患病程度加重而增大。平均体细胞数20万/mL,胎次奶量就会显著较少,而体细胞数50万/mL,胎次奶量极显著降低。奶牛泌乳盛期患隐性乳房炎比泌乳中后期患隐性乳房炎对产奶量影响更大。     

浅析荷斯坦牛最高日产奶量与305 d校正产奶量的相关关系

荷斯坦牛最高日产奶量与305d校正产奶量间相关系数r=0．8164（P〈0．01），最高日产奶量（x）与305d校正产奶量（y）回归方程为y=182．04x＋617．97。用最高日产奶量估计公牛女儿一胎305d校正产奶量，进行后裔测定，可缩短选种周期200d左右，为早期选种提供了依据。     

产犊季节、胎次及牛场对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

本研究收集了3个千头以上奶牛场共8872条相关信息,采用多因素方差分析法分析了不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场对泌乳天数、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量、305d蛋白产量和全泌乳期产奶量5个泌乳性能指标的影响。结果表明,不同产犊季节、胎次和牛场都极显著影响奶牛的该5项泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。夏季和秋季产犊奶牛的泌乳性能较为理想。夏季产犊奶牛的泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量最高,其他三个泌乳性能指标都位居第二;秋季产犊奶牛的305d校正奶量、脂肪产量和蛋白产量都显著高于其他三个季节（P〈0．05）,泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量也仅次于夏季。头胎牛的各项泌乳性能都显著高于其他胎次的奶牛（P〈0．05）,其次为2胎产犊奶牛。随着胎次的增加,泌乳性能的各项指标都有不同程度的降低。不同的牛场极显著地影响奶牛的泌乳性能（P〈0．01）。     

胎次对荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳脂率的影响

为了探讨胎次对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响,本试验选用67头健康无病的荷斯坦奶牛,研究了胎次对荷斯坦牛305 d产奶量及乳脂率的影响,并分析胎次与产奶量及乳脂率的相关性.结果表明：胎次对奶牛产奶量的影响显著（P＜0.05）,而未对乳脂率产生显著影响（P＞0.05）.由相关分析可知,胎次和产奶量呈极显著正相关（r=0.452,P＜0.01）,胎次与乳脂率的相关不显著（r＝0.056,P＞0.05）.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛不同地区、泌乳天数及胎次的产奶量校正系数研究

本研究通过对规模化牧场测定日数据进行分析,旨在估计不同地区305 d校正产奶量对应泌乳天数(DIM)的校正系数与胎次校正系数。利用Wood(不完全伽玛)模型对来自不同温度带9个参考群11 749头荷斯坦奶牛2010－2020年间的683 160条测定日产奶量拟合泌乳曲线,估计泌乳曲线参数,计算头胎牛和经产牛1~305 d泌乳天数对应的校正系数,分别分析参考群和验证群305 d校正产奶量和305 d实际累积奶量的差异;利用SAS 9.2中混合线性模型对1~6胎至少有前5个胎记录的牛估计305 d奶量的胎次效应值,并计算1~6胎各胎次的乘法校正系数;比较传统系数和新系数校正结果的差异。结果表明:①参考群头胎牛和经产牛中,泌乳曲线方程的拟合度R²范围分别为0.4593~0.4913和0.5796~0.6341,泌乳高峰日分别为79~85和53 d,泌乳高峰奶量分别为33.1~34.4和46.0~48.6 kg;②对于参考群,头胎牛和经产牛校正系数分别在泌乳≥90 d和泌乳≥30 d基本趋于一致,头胎牛和经产牛泌乳≥60 d的305 d校正产奶量均趋近于305 d实际累积奶量,奶量差值分别在100和200 kg以内;③对于验证群的305 d校正产奶量,头胎牛泌乳≥150 d和经产牛泌乳≥180 d的泌乳天数校正系数适用性更佳,305 d校正产奶量与305 d实际累积奶量比值高于79%;④1~6胎的胎次校正系数分别为1.2121、1.0380、1.0063、1.0000、1.0220和1.0290;⑤与传统系数相比,新泌乳天数校正系数校正效果更好,头胎牛和经产牛新系数校正的305 d奶量较305 d实际累积奶量相差分别在900和700 kg以内;利用新胎次校正系数,2~4胎产奶量可较为准确地校正到5胎成年当量。本研究结果表明,定期更新305 d校正产奶量的泌乳天数与胎次校正系数,便于准确地将不同泌乳天数、不同胎次状态下泌乳牛的产奶量调整到同一基准上,从而更好地比较奶牛个体泌乳性能的高低,为牧场管理提供参考依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.