山东省诸城肉鸡球虫的抗药性调查

应用石歧杂肉仔鸡,检测了采自我国山东诸城的２种艾美耳球虫对６种常用抗球虫药的敏感性。根据最适抗球虫活性百分率、相对卵囊产量和病变记分减少率３项指标综合判定,山东诸城地区的柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫的２个混合种对盐霉素Ｓａｌｉｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ（赛可喜Ｓａｃｏｘ）、拉沙里菌素Ｌａｓａｌｏｃｉｄ（球安Ａ－ｖａｔｅｃ）、莫能霉素Ｍｏｎｅｎｓｉｎ（欲可胖Ｅｌａｎｃｏｂａｎ）、马杜拉霉素Ｍａｄｕｒａｍｉｃｉｎ（抗球王ＫＱＷ）和常山酮Ｈａｌｏｆｕｇｉ－ｎｏｎｅ（速丹Ｓｔｅｎｏｒａｌ）均存在不同程度的抗药性,其中对抗球王、速丹和欲可胖有重度抗药性,对球安和赛可喜具有中度抗药性;对氯嗪苯乙氰Ｄｉｃｌａｚｕｒｉｌ（伏球Ｃｌｉｎａｃｏｘ）无抗药性。尽管球安和赛可喜存在中度抗药性,在增重方面却优于伏球。     

3类肉鸡药物中毒的用药体会

一、马杜拉霉素中毒的用药 马杜拉霉素是一种新型聚醚类一价单糖苷离子载体抗生素,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、布氏艾美耳球虫、变位艾美耳球虫及毒害艾美耳球虫都有很好的效果,作用于球虫生活史的第一个无性生殖阶段,对子孢子和第一代裂殖体具有抗球虫活性。     

家禽使用马杜霉素中毒的防治

马杜霉素是继莫能菌素、盐霉素、拉沙洛菌素等之后的一种新型聚醚类离子载体抗生素，由放线菌发酵而产生。马杜霉素具有很广的抗球虫谱，对柔嫩艾美耳、堆型艾美耳、布氏艾美耳、变位艾美耳及毒害艾美耳球虫都有很好的效果。     

家禽马杜霉素中毒的防治

马杜霉素是继莫能滴素、盐霉素、拉沙洛菌素等之后研制出的一种新型聚醚类离子载体抗生素,由放线菌发酵而产生。马杜霉素具有很广的抗球虫谱,对柔嫩艾美耳、堆型艾美耳、布氏艾美耳、变位艾美耳及毒害艾美耳球虫都有很好的驱杀效果。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫盐霉素耐药株的实验室诱导

为了研究耐药性柔嫩艾美耳球虫产生耐药性的机理,本研究在实验室条件下,采用药物浓度递增的方法,以15 mg/kg为起始诱导浓度,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫盐霉素耐药性进行诱导。经过10次传代,获得了对60 mg/kg盐霉素耐药的柔嫩艾美耳球虫虫株。以抗球虫指数、最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量四项指标综合判定柔嫩艾美耳球虫对盐霉素的耐药性。其中抗球虫指数为156.92,最适抗球虫活性百分率为32.38,病变记分减少率为53.85,相对卵囊产量为28.17。结果显示,成功获得了柔嫩艾美耳球虫对盐霉素完全耐药的虫株,为进一步从分子水平研究球虫抗药性奠定基础。     

家禽马杜霉素中毒的防治

马杜霉素是继莫能菌素、盐霉素、拉沙洛菌素等之后的一种新型聚醚类离子载体抗生素,由放线菌发酵而产生。马杜霉素具有很广的抗球虫谱,对柔嫩艾美耳、堆型艾美耳、布氏艾美耳、变位艾美耳及毒害艾美耳球虫都有很好的效果。     

球虫药的效能及使用方法

防治球虫的方法有免疫预防和药物防治２种。但免疫预防仍处于研究、试用之中，药物防治仍是目前最有效、最便捷、最常用的方法。１药物品种自４０年代发现磺胺药有抗球虫药作用以来，已报道的抗球虫药５０多种，由于疗效、毒性、抗药性等问题，目前仍在使用的抗球虫药有２０多种，国内应用的有１０多种，大致可分为二大类：一类是聚醚类离子载体抗生素；另一类是化学合成药。１．１聚醚类离子载体抗生素主要有莫能菌素（Ｍｏｎｅｎｓｉｎ）、拉沙里菌素（Ｌａｓａｌｏｃｉｄ）、盐霉素（Ｓａｌｉｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ）、那拉霉素（Ｎａｒａｓｉｎ…     

秦皇岛地区鸡球虫抗药性研究

应用艾维茵肉仔鸡，以最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）、病变记分减少率（RLS）和相对卵囊产量（ROP）为判定指标，检测了采自河北省秦皇岛地区的6种艾美耳球虫对8种常用抗球虫药物的敏感性。结果表明：6种混合艾美耳球虫对马杜霉素和盐霉素具有轻度抗药性；对拉沙洛菌素和氨丙淋具有中度抗药性；对球痢灵、克球多和常山酮具有重度抗药性；对地克珠利无抗药性。     

巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种抗球虫药的敏感试验

为检测巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对常用抗球虫药的敏感性,选用地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星、盐霉素和拉沙洛西等8种抗球虫药进行鸡体试验,通过抗球虫活性百分比（percent of optimum anticoccidial aetivity,POAA）、病变记分减少率（reduction of lesion scores,RLS）、相对卵囊产量（relative oocyst production,ROP）和抗球虫指数（anticoccidial index,ACI）4项指标进行综合评价。结果表明,巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种药物敏感;柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对盐霉素轻度敏感,对地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星和拉沙洛西敏感。本研究结果可为对球虫早熟株疫苗的开发与应用提供实验依据。     

抗球虫药球佳防治鸡艾美耳球虫5个虫种的笼饲试验

抗球虫新药“球佳”由中国农业科学院上海家畜寄生虫病研究所仿制国外同类产品Ｄｉｃｌａｚｕｒｉｌ的一种化学合成药。为了证明该药对鸡艾美耳球虫防治效果,作者以鸡艾美耳球虫中５个主要危害较严重的虫种（Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌ－ｌａ,Ｅ．ｎｅｃａｔｒｉｘＥ．ｍａｘｉｍａ...     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫耐药株与鸡3种球虫的同工酶的研究

对不同离子载体抗生素具有抗药性的柔嫩艾美耳球虫和药物敏感的柔嫩区美耳球虫、布氏匀美耳球虫和堆型艾耳球虫的孢子化卵囊,采用聚安凝胶垂直板电泳,进行了乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（ＧＰＩ）和葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶（Ｇ６ＰＤ）等同工酶华不同离子载体抗生素具有抗药性的柔嫩艾美耳球虫和药物同工酶酶谱可以反应出球虫种间差异;而柔嫩艾耳球虫抗性虫株的ＬＤＨ酶谱是２条带,敏感虫株是３条带,抗性株比敏感株     

Higher incidence of Eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccination with paracox-5 in broiler farms

Twenty European Eimeria spp. field isolates were subjected to an anticoccidial sensitivity test (AST). The anticoccidial drugs tested were diclazuril (Clinacox) and monensin (Elancoban). The assay was performed in a battery cage trial. Infected medicated birds were compared with an unmedicated control group. Coccidial lesion scores and oocyst shedding were used as parameters. The results of the AST show that resistance is common amongst coccidiosis field isolates, especially Eimeria acervulina (68% and 53% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). Resistance is less frequent amongst Eimeria maxima (38% and 50% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively) and Eimeria tenella isolates (23% and 38% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). A highly significant influence of the coccidiosis prevention program (live coccidiosis vaccination with Paracox-5 vs. anticoccidial drugs in feed) on the sensitivity patterns of Eimeria spp. field isolates for both diclazuril (P= 0.000) and monensin (P= 0.001) was found. Further, when looking at the single species and each anticoccidial drug level, significantly more sensitivity of E. acervulina for monensin (P= 0.018), E. maxima for diclazuril (P = 0.009), and E. tenella for diclazuril (P = 0.007) was found in isolates originating from vaccinated flocks. Moreover, for E. acervulina and diclazuril, E. maxima and monensin, and E. tenella and monensin a trend toward higher sensitivity of isolates for these products was found when live coccidiosis vaccination was applied. The present study shows that sensitivity for the anticoccidial drugs diclazuril and monensin is more frequent in Eimeria spp. field isolates originating from broiler farms where a coccidiosis vaccination policy is followed.     

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs and broiler chickens to tetracycline degradation products and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in E. coli from food animals

One hundred Escherichia coli isolates from diseased and healthy pigs, cattle and broiler chickens were screened for the presence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(A), (B), (C), (D) or (E). The tet(A) gene was the most abundant (71% of the 100 isolates) followed by tet(B) (25%). The predominance of tet(A) and tet(B) applied to all three animal species, and there was no difference between the distribution of tet(A) and tet(B) genes among non-pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli in any of the animal species. The susceptibility of 20 of these isolates together with 10 tetracycline sensitive E. coli and 18 tetracycline resistant and 10 sensitive Enterococcus faecium to tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products was determined. The resistant isolates showed reduced resistance to anhydrotetracycline, 4-epi-anhydrotetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline. In general both the tetracycline resistant and susceptible E. faecium were more susceptible to the compounds tested than E. coli.     

Diclazuril in the horse: its identification and detection and preliminary pharmacokinetics

Diclazuril (4-chlorophenyl [2,6-dichloro-4-(4,5-dihydro-3H-3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-2-yl)pheny l] acetonitrile), is a benzeneacetonitrile antiprotozoal agent (Janssen Research Compound R 64433) marketed as Clinacox . Diclazuril may have clinical application in the treatment of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM). To evaluate its bioavailability and preliminary pharmacokinetics in the horse we developed a sensitive quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for diclazuril in equine biological fluids. MS/MS analysis of diclazuril in our HPLC solvent yielded mass spectral data consistent with the presence of diclazuril. After a single oral dose of diclazuril at 2.5 g/450 kg (as 500 g Clinacox), plasma samples from four horses showed good plasma concentrations of diclazuril which peaked at 1.077 +/- 0.174 microg/mL (mean +/- SEM) with an apparent plasma half-life of about 43 h. When this dose of Clinacox was administered daily for 21 days to two horses, mean steady state plasma concentrations of 7-9 microg/mL were attained. Steady-state levels in the CSF ranged between 100 and 250 ng/mL. There was no detectable parent diclazuril in the urine samples of dosed horses by HPLC or by routine postrace thin layer chromatography (TLC). These results show that diclazuril is absorbed after oral administration and attains steady-state concentrations in plasma and CSF. The steady state concentrations attained in CSF are more than sufficient to interfere with Sarcocystis neurona, whose proliferation is reportedly 95% inhibited by concentrations of diclazuril as low as 1 ng/mL. These results are therefore entirely consistent with and support the reported clinical efficacy of diclazuril in the treatment of clinical cases of EPM.     

Prevalence of and resistance to anti-microbial drugs in selected microbial species isolated from bulk milk samples

The prevalence of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative (CN) staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and Bacillus cereus, was investigated in 111 bulk milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 38 samples, CN staphylococci from 63 samples, E. coli from 49 samples, E. faecalis or E. faecium from 107 samples, and L. monocytogenes from two samples. Bacillus cereus was not found in any of the samples and three samples were free of any of the selected species. Sensitivity to the anti-microbial drugs amikacin, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin (CLT), cephotaxime, clindamycin, chloramphenicol (CMP), co-trimoxazole, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin (STR), tetracycline (TTC) and vancomycin was tested using the standard dilution technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) characteristics (MIC50, MIC90, MIC range) were determined for each microbial species. Resistance against one or more anti-microbial drugs was found in 93% of S. aureus, 40% of CN staphylococci, 73% of E. coli, 88% of E.faecalis, 55% of E.faecium, and one L. monocytogenes strain. Most of the strains, particularly enterococci, were resistant to STR, TTC, and ERY (MIC50 4 microg/ml). A high percentage of staphylococci were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. High resistance to CLT was found in 11 strains of E. coli (MIC 256 microg/ml) and strains resistant to CMP (MIC90 16 microg/ml) were detected. The highest numbers of resistance phenotypes were found in E. coil (16) and CN staphylococci (12). Eighteen identical resistance phenotypes were demonstrated in indicator bacteria (E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium) and pathogens (S. aureus, CN staphylococci) isolated from the same bulk milk sample. The obtained resistance data were matched against the herd owners' information on therapeutic use of the drugs. This confrontation could not explain the findings of strains resistant to ERY or CMP. Our findings are evidence of selection of resistant strains among not only pathogenic agents, but also among indicator bacteria which can become significant carriers of transmissible resistance genes.     

重庆市猪球虫病流行病学调查与虫种鉴定

目的为了解重庆市猪场球虫感染情况。方法选取重庆市9个县14个猎场作为采样点,对被检猪采用直肠取粪法或采集猪刚排出的新鲜粪便,饱和食盐水漂浮法收集卵囊,镜检观察。对收集到的卵囊进行培养,待其孢子化后进行种类鉴定。结果14个猪场均感染了球虫,球虫的平均感染率为33.83%,阳性率最高的场为76.09%;仔猪感染率为41.87%,后备猪感染率为26.33%,种猪感染率为67.80%。发现8种艾美耳属球虫和1种等孢属球虫,分别是猪艾美耳球虫(检出率13.56%),豚艾美耳球虫(检出率41.59%),有刺艾美耳球虫(检出率12.84%),平滑艾美耳球虫(检出率4.70%),新蒂氏艾美耳球虫(检出率10.49%),蒂氏艾美耳球虫(检出率11.03%),粗糙艾美耳球虫(检出率2.35%),极细艾美耳球虫(检出率3.07%),及猪等孢球虫(检出率0.36%)。结论重庆市猪球虫感染率较高,应加强猪球虫病的防制。     

Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., verocytotoxic Escherichia coli, and antibiotic resistance in indicator organisms in wild cervids

Faecal samples were collected, as part of the National Health Surveillance Program for Cervids (HOP) in Norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. Samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC); 611 animals for Salmonella and 324 animals for Campylobacter. A total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis / E. faecium for antibiotic resistance pattern studies. Salmonella and the potentially human pathogenic verocytotoxic E. coli were not isolated, while Campylobacter jejuni jejuni was found in one roe deer sample only. Antibiotic resistance was found in 13 (7.3%) of the 179 E. coli isolates tested, eight of these being resistant against one type of antibiotic only. The proportion of resistant E. coli isolates was higher in wild reindeer (24%) than in the other cervids (2.2%). E. faecalis or E. faecium were isolated from 19 of the samples, none of these being reindeer. All the strains isolated were resistant against one (84%) or more (16%) antibiotics. A total of 14 E. faecalis-strains were resistant to virginiamycin only. The results indicate that the cervid species studied do not constitute an important infectious reservoir for either the human pathogens or the antibiotic resistant microorganisms included in the study.     

Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli,and Antibiotic Resistance in Indicator Organisms in Wild Cervids

Faecal samples were collected, as part of the National Health Surveillance Program for Cervids (HOP) in Norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. Samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC); 611 animals for Salmonella and 324 animals for Campylobacter. A total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis/E. faecium for antibiotic resistance pattern studies. Salmonella and the potentially human pathogenic verocytotoxic E. coli were not isolated, while Campylobacter jejuni jejuni was found in one roe deer sample only. Antibiotic resistance was found in 13 (7.3%) of the 179 E. coli isolates tested, eight of these being resistant against one type of antibiotic only. The proportion of resistant E. coli isolates was higher in wild reindeer (24%) than in the other cervids (2.2%). E. faecalis or E. faecium were isolated from 19 of the samples, none of these being reindeer. All the strains isolated were resistant against one (84%) or more (16%) antibiotics. A total of 14 E. faecalis-strains were resistant to virginiamycin only. The results indicate that the cervid species studied do not constitute an important infectious reservoir for either the human pathogens or the antibiotic resistant microorganisms included in the study.     

仔猪腹泻致病性大肠杆菌分型鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解贵州省规模化养猪场腹泻仔猪致病性大肠杆菌流行情况及耐药性变化,本研究运用凝集试验、PCR和药敏纸片琼脂扩散法等方法对分离的78株致病性大肠杆菌进行血清型、毒力基因及耐药性分析。结果显示,78株致病性大肠杆菌以O138、O87血清型为主,占定型菌株的60.8%;其中62株致病性大肠杆菌检出毒力基因,检出率为79.5%,可分为8种毒力基因类型,分属肠致病性大肠杆菌（EPEC）、肠产毒性大肠杆菌（ETEC）和肠聚集性大肠杆菌（EAEC）,毒力基因eaeA、elt和escV检出率较高,分别为38.5%、28.2%和21.8%;分离到的致病性大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类药物高度耐药,均为多重耐药株,耐药种类可达8种以上。结果表明,当前贵州省规模化养猪场腹泻仔猪致病性大肠杆菌的毒力基因检出率较高且基因型复杂,耐药性严重。本试验结果可为规模化养猪场防控仔猪腹泻提供基础资料及理论依据。