小鼠子宫内膜凝集素结合特性的生殖周期改变

用４种酶标植物凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ,ＷＧＡ,ＳＢＡ,ＲＣＡ）作探针,研究了小鼠发情周期、妊娠期和产后子宫内膜上皮、固有膜细胞和腺上皮凝集素结合特性的变化。子宫内膜与这４种凝集素的结合,随发情周期而波动。与间情期相比,妊娠期子宫内膜上皮与ＣｏｎＡ的结合,由阴性转为阳性,并随妊娠的持续逐渐加强,产后又突然转为阴性。子宫内膜上皮与ＷＧＡ的结合,在间情期和妊娠１ｄ均为阳性,妊娠７ｄ减为弱阳性,继之又加强,产后达最强。无论妊娠期还是产后,子宫内膜上皮与ＲＣＡ的结合均为强阳性,与ＳＢＡ的结合均为阴性。结果提示,生殖周期子宫内膜与凝集素结合特性的规律性变化,可能与激素调节、胚泡的着床和分娩有关     

传染性法氏囊病强毒感染与鸡法氏囊植物凝集素受体的关系

用４种辣根过氧化物酶标记植物凝集素（ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＲＣＡ）作探针，观察了接种传染性法氏囊病强毒（ＩＢＤＶ）和不接种毒组鸡肠、气管和法氏囊凝集素受体的变化．结果发现，接毒组法氏囊粘膜上皮存在ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＲＣＡ受体．滤泡细胞含有ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ．ＲＣＡ、ＳＢＡ受体；未接种毒组粘膜上皮存ＣＯＮＡ、ＳＢＡ受体，滤泡细胞仅有ＷＧＡ受体．接毒组或非接毒组肠和气管粘膜上皮均含有ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＲＣＡ受体．这些部分存在凝集素受体可能与ＩＢＤＶ感染有关．     

绵羊子宫内膜的凝集素结合特性

用５种酶标植物凝集素（ｃｏｎＡ，ＳＢＡ，ＷＧＡ，ＵＥＡ，ＲＣＡ）作探针，研究了间情期和妊娠期绵羊子宫内膜上皮和间质糖复合物的变化。与间情期相比，妊娠期子宫内膜上皮ＣｏｎＡ和ＷＧＡ染色明显增强，特别是ＵＥＡ染色由阴性转变为强阳性，ＳＢＡ染色没有明显变化。在间质石ＢＡ和ＵＥＡ染色由阴性转变为中阳性，而ＣｏｎＡ和ＷＧＡ染色无明显变化。无论间情期或妊娠期，子宫内膜上皮和间质的ＲＣＡ染色均为阴性。子宫内膜上皮和间质糖复合物质和量的变化，可能与子宫各部功能和妊娠有关。     

传染性法氏囊病强毒感染与鸡法氏囊植物凝集素受体的关系

用４种辣根过氧化物酶标记植物凝集素（ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＲＣＡ）作探针，观察了接种传染性法氏囊病强毒（ＩＢＤＶ）和不接种毒组鸡肠、气管和法氏囊凝集素受体的变化，结果发现，接毒组法氏囊粘膜上皮存在ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＲＣＡ受体。滤泡细胞含有ＣＯＮＡ、ＷＧＡ、ＲＣＡ、ＳＢＡ受体；未接种毒组粘膜上皮存在ＣＯＮＡ、ＳＢＡ受体，滤泡细胞仅有ＷＧＡ受体。接毒组或非接毒组肠的气管粘粘膜上皮均含有ＣＯＮＡ、Ｗ     

绵羊子宫内的凝集素结合特性

用５种酶标植物凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ，ＳＢＡ，ＷＧＡ，ＵＥＡ，ＲＣＡ）作探针，研究了间情期和妊娠期绵羊子宫内膜上皮和间质糖复合物的变化，与间情期比，妊娠期子宫内膜上皮ＣｏｎＡ和ＷＧＡ染色明显增强，特别是ＵＥＡ染色由阴性转变为强阳性，ＳＢＡ染色没明显变化，在间的南，ＳＢＡ和ＵＥＡ染色由阴性转变中阳性，而ＣｏｎＡ和ＷＧＡ染色无明显变化。无论间情期或妊娠期，子宫内膜上皮和间皮的ＲＣＡ染色均为阴性，子宫内膜上皮     

日粮添加免疫生长促进剂C96对雏鸡若干血液指标的影响

选择１２０只１日龄ＡＡ商品健康雏鸡,随机分为４组,每组３０只。初步观察了日粮添加免疫生长促进剂Ｃ９６对血液中红细胞总数（ＲＢＣ）、比容（ＰＣＶ）、血红蛋白含量（Ｈｂ）、网织红细胞比例（ＲＣＣ）、白细胞总数（ＷＢＣ）等的影响。结果表明：肉雏鸡在１５ｄ时,日粮添加Ｃ９６为１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ,饲料的Ｃ９６组和疫苗－Ｃ９６组,与对照组和疫苗组比较,ＲＢＣ和Ｈｂ增高,ＷＢＣ显著下降,ＲＣＣ降低,ＰＣＶ无明显规律性变化;３０ｄ和４５ｄ时,添加Ｃ９６组和疫苗－Ｃ９６组的ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ和ＰＣＶ,与对照组和疫苗组基本相近,ＷＢＣ和ＲＣＣ均比对照组和疫苗组低或明显低。但３０ｄ时疫苗组的ＷＢＣ比对照组高。整个试验期,ＲＢＣ、ＷＢＣ和ＰＣＶ随日龄的增长呈上升趋势,ＲＣＣ呈波动性下降。     

雏鸡感染CIAV后细胞因子与免疫功能变化

本实验研究了１日龄雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后免疫器官Ｔ细胞的ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ、ＣＳＦ诱生活性、Ｔ细胞与Ｂ细胞增殖反应的动态变化。结果表明，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后：（１）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性分别于７～２１ｄ不１７～１４ｄ明显降低；（２）脾脏淋巴细胞ＩＦＮ诱生活性于７～１４ｄ显著减弱；（３）胸腺淋巴细胞ＣＳＦ诱生活性于１４ｄ未见异常，２１ｄ明显升高；（４）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞增殖反应分别于１４ｄ和７～２１ｄ明显减弱：（５）法氏囊和脾脏Ｂ细胞增殖反应分别于７～２１ｄ和２１ｄ显著减弱；（６）胸腺重量与体重比值、法氏囊重量与体重比值、体重均明显降低；（７）外周血液ＰＣＶ、ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ、ＷＢＣ、血栓细胞（血小板）数值均明显降低。     

雏鸡感染传染性法氏囊病病毒时血细胞动态变化

研究了感染ＩＢＤＶ免疫和未免疫３０～５９日龄ＡＡ雏鸡的外周血细胞动态变化。结果表明：ＩＢＤＶ对红细胞数（ＲＢＣ）影响各组差异不显著,均随日龄增长呈上升趋势;从以ＩＢＤＶ攻毒前１ｄ到攻毒后的头５ｄ,３组鸡的白细胞数（ＷＢＣ）均呈上升趋势,未免疫未攻毒鸡（Ｃ组）随后下降,而未免疫攻毒鸡（Ａ组）和免疫攻毒鸡（Ｂ组）则持续上升至攻毒后第７ｄ,然后下降;Ａ组在ＩＢＤＶ攻毒后,白细胞分类计数（ＤＣ）中的单核细胞和异嗜性粒细胞急剧增加,淋巴细胞第１ｄ虽有减少但随后上升,嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞第７ｄ出现峰值,以后下降。方差分析显示,Ａ组ＷＢＣ和ＤＣ均高于或显著高于Ｂ组和Ｃ组,Ｂ、Ｃ两组比较,差异不明显。     

SPF鸡人工感染鸡败血霉形体后血液生物化学变化

用鸡败血霉形体（ＭＧ）国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染１５日龄ＳＰＦ鸡,在感染后１５ｄ采血作血液生物化学检验。结果：ＴＢｉｌ、ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ、ＡＬＰ、ＬＤｈ、ＣＯ２－ＣＰ、ＣＲＥ、ＢｕＮ、ＣＲＥ－Ｕ、无机磷、Ｍｇ＾２＋明显升高,而ＴＰ、ＡＬＢ、Ａ／Ｇ、Ｃｈｏ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｃａ＾２＋等明显下降,ＲＢＣ和Ｈｂ下降,ＷＢＣ上升,其中ＬＣ和嗜酸性白细胞明显上升。说明ＭＧ不仅造成呼吸系统障碍,也对肝功能和功能产生较大影     

抗牛IgGFc受体单克隆抗体的生产与鉴定

利用阳性表达细胞和荧光激发流式细胞分类器建立了一个单克隆抗体的制备与快速鉴定系统。用克隆于表达性质粒载体ｐＣＤＭ８的牛ＩｇＧ＿１Ｆｃ受体（ｂｏＦｃγＲⅡ）ｃＤＮＡ转染ＣＯＳ７细胞并用被转染细胞作抗原免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取免疫鼠脾细胞与ＮＳＯ浆细胞瘤细胞株融合，筛选克隆出３株分泌特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤，即ＣＣ－Ｇ３６、ＣＣ－Ｇ３７和ＣＣ－Ｇ３９。经使用荧光激发流式细胞分类器检测，３个单克隆抗体均识别经ｂｏＦｃγＲⅡ转染的ＣＯＳ７细胞而不识别未经转染的ＣＯＳ７细胞和经牛ＩｇＧ＿２Ｆｃ受体（ｂｏＦｃγ２Ｒ）转染的ＣＯＳ７细胞。３个单克隆抗体分别为ＩｇＧ＿１（ＣＣ－Ｇ３６）、ＩｇＧ＿２ａ（ＣＣ－Ｇ３７）和ＩｇＧ＿３（ＣＣ－Ｇ３９）。本研究还用同样方法验证了单克隆抗体ＣＣ－Ｇ２４抗ｂｏＦｃγ２Ｒ的特异性。     

Apoptosis in the porcine uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle, early pregnancy and post partum

The mammalian uterus changes dramatically during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and involution post partum. Dynamic changes in the uterine endometrium are a type of homeostasis and proceed with proliferation and exclusion of cells. Homeostasis of the uterus is closely related to apoptosis involving various hormones and cytokines. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphological features and occurrence of apoptosis in the porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle, early pregnancy, and post partum. Cyclic changes in the morphology of the surface epithelium were observed during the estrous cycle. The heights of surface epithelia were significantly high on day 4 of the estrous cycle and the early pregnancy. The heights of the surface epithelium remained low from days 1 to 31 post partum. We then used terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) of the 3'-terminal of fragmented DNA, which is effective for detection of apoptosis in various tissues. We found that apoptosis in the porcine endometrium contributed to homeostasis of the endometrium during the estrous cycle through control of cell proliferation and exclusion. Conversely, apoptosis on days 4 and 8 of gestation before the implantation window depended on the plasma estrogen and progesterone levels; however, suppressive homeostasis of apoptosis occurred at the time of implantation on days 15, 18 and 21 of gestation. Our study is the first to demonstrate apoptotic cell death in the porcine endometrium directly by TUNEL method. The results strongly suggest that uterine homeostasis is mainly controlled by apoptosis during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.     

Fertility at the first post partum estrous compared with fertility at the following estrous cycles in foaling mares and with fertility in nonfoaling mares

A retrospective study on the reproductive performance of 401 artificially inseminated trotter mares during six breeding seasons is presented. Mares, 279 post partum (PP) and 122 maiden and barren, or nonlactating (NL), were inseminated with fresh semen obtained from four fertile stallions of the same breed. Pregnancy rate (PR) of mares inseminated at the foal heat (182/253, 71.9%) was lower, but not significantly different, than the PR (22/26, 84.6%) of mares inseminated for the first time at the second post partum cycle and similar to the PR at the first and second cycle of NL mares (95/112, 77.8% and 25/33, 75.7%, respectively). PR of mares inseminated at the foal heat was higher, but nonsignificantly different, from PR of the post partum mares not pregnant after artificial insemination (AI) at foal heat and inseminated again at the following estrous cycle. The PR after AI at the foal heat was significantly higher than the PR when the AI was performed at the third or later cycle in NL mares (71.9% vs 22.2%, P<0.01). The estrus cycle/pregnancy ratio for the PP mares inseminated, for the first time at the foal heat or at the second heat and for NL mares was, respectively, 1.4, 1.2, 1.3 at first cycle and 1.4, 1.3 and 1.4 at the end of the season or when mares left the stud. The proportion of open mares at the end of the season or when leaving the stud was 7.1% (18/253), 3.8% (1/26) and 4.1% (5/122) for PP mares first inseminated at the first or second post partum cycle and for NL mares, respectively; the total rate of open mares was 6% (24/401). The foaling rate (FR) following conception at the foal heat (72.1%) was not statistically different from the FR following conception at any other cycle (50–100%). Based on the absence of significant differences in fertility at the first post partum estrus cycle versus any other estrus cycle, we conclude that breeding at the foal heat should be advisable.     

Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1, serpine mRNA binding protein 1 and nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy

The aim of this study was to investigate the (1) expression of progesterone membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), serpine mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1) and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA and (2) protein expression levels of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR isoforms A and B in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Uteri from cows on days 1-5, 6-10, 11-16 and 17-21 of the estrous cycle and weeks 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12 of pregnancy were used (n=5-6 per period). There were no changes (P>0.05) in PGRMC1 mRNA expression during the estrous cycle, while expression of SERBP1 and PR mRNA was the lowest (P<0.05) on days 11-16 relative to other days of the cycle. The highest mRNA expression of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR was found during pregnancy. There were no changes (P>0.05) in SERBP1 protein expression in cycling and pregnant cows, while the highest (P<0.05) PGRMC1 protein expression was found during weeks 3-5 of pregnancy. Similar protein expression profiles for PRA and PRB were found, and protein levels were highest on days 1-5 of the estrous cycle. From day 6 of the cycle, PRA and PRB protein expression decreased and were maintained at this lower level during pregnancy. In conclusion, our study assessed mRNA and protein expression levels of PGRMC1, SERBP1 and PR in the bovine myometrium during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. It is possible that progesterone (P4) affects myometrial function in a genomic and nongenomic manner.     

Maternal leptin is elevated during pregnancy in sheep

Maternal plasma leptin is elevated during pregnancy in several species, but it is unclear to what extent this elevation reflects changes in adiposity or energy balance. Therefore, Karakul ewes (n = 8) were fed to minimize changes in maternal energy status over the pregnancy-lactation cycle. They were studied 20-40 d before breeding and during mid pregnancy (d 50-60 post coitus [PC]), late pregnancy (d 125-135 PC) and early lactation (d 15-22 post partum). Consistent with the maintenance of near energy equilibrium in nongravid maternal tissues, maternal body weight was increased only during late pregnancy when the weight of the conceptus became significant and plasma concentrations of insulin, NEFA and glucose did not vary with physiological state. In contrast, maternal plasma leptin concentration rose from 5.3 to 9.5 ng/mL between prebreeding and mid pregnancy and then declined progressively through late pregnancy and early lactation. Leptin gene expression increased 2.3 fold in maternal white adipose tissue (WAT) from prebreeding to mid pregnancy and declined to prebreeding levels during early lactation. To determine whether tissue response to insulin was involved in this effect, insulin tolerance tests were performed. The maternal plasma glucose response declined from prebreeding to early lactation, but was not correlated with either plasma leptin concentration or WAT leptin mRNA abundance. In conclusion, pregnancy causes an increase in the synthesis of leptin in sheep. This stimulation does not require increases in adiposity or energy balance and is unrelated to the ability of insulin to promote glucose utilization.     

Expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the liver of dairy cows in the transition period and during lactation

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a novel hormonal factor involved in the regulation of metabolic adaptations during energy deprivation. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of the FGF21 gene in the liver of dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Therefore, the relative mRNA abundance of FGF21 in liver biopsy samples of 20 dairy cows in late pregnancy (3 weeks pre‐partum) and early lactation (1, 5, 14 weeks post‐partum) was determined. It was observed that hepatic mRNA abundance of FGF21 at 1 week post‐partum was dramatically increased (110‐fold) compared to 3 weeks pre‐partum (p < 0.001). With progress of lactation, mRNA concentration of FGF21 was declining; nevertheless, mRNA abundance at 5 and 14 weeks post‐partum remained 25‐ and 10‐fold increased compared to 3 weeks pre‐partum (p < 0.001). Using a gene array technique, it was found that many genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis were up‐regulated during early lactation compared to late pregnancy. Moreover, there were positive linear correlations between hepatic mRNA concentration of FGF21 and mRNA concentrations of genes involved in ketogenesis as well as carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake at various time‐points during lactation, indicating that FGF21 could play a role in ketogenesis and carnitine metabolism in the liver of dairy cows (p < 0.05). In overall, the present study shows that expression of the FGF21 gene is strongly up‐regulated during the transition period. It is assumed that the up‐regulation of FGF21 might play an important role in the adaptation of liver metabolism during early lactation in dairy cows such as in other species.     

Relationships between body weight and milk yield during the early postpartum period and bull and technician and the reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) change during the early postpartum period and BW on day 50 post partum on the subsequent expression of estrus and fertility at first insemination before day 90 post partum. The data were derived from 1036 postpartum cows reaching 90 days in milk. The following data were recorded for each animal: lactation number, daily milk production at day 50 post partum, calving date, days in milk at estrus and at AI, insemination date, insemination number, inseminating bull, AI technician and body weight at calving, at day 50 post partum and at AI. Of the 1036 cows registered, 817 (78.9%) showed first estrus before day 90 post partum and were inseminated. Using logistic regression procedures and based on the odds ratio a one unit (kg) increase in the daily milk production at day 50 post partum and a one unit (kg) decrease in the BW between calving and day 50 post partum were related to a 1.03-fold increase and a 0.97-fold decrease in the estrus expression rate before day 90 post partum, respectively. Of the 817 cows inseminated before day 90 post partum, 437 became pregnant (53.5%). A one unit increase in the BW at day 50 post partum produced a 1.003-fold increase in the early fertility rate. Pregnancy rate before day 90 was also influenced by the season at calving, bull providing semen and technician. In conclusion, the register of BW during the postpartum period may be a useful tool for evaluating the nutritional status and its relationship with the subsequent reproductive efficiency in dairy cows.     

黄牛孪生处理前后发情周期的外周血中GnRH水平

在母牛产后第1次发情后第10d，给5头发情周期正常的母牛安装颈静脉血管导管；在母牛产后第2个发情周期进行挛生处理，即在产后第2次发情后第10d注射PMSG2000IU，2d后注射氯前列烯醇0．4mg第3次发情后注射抗PMSG抗体2000IU。自第1个发情周期第10d开始，每天间隔10min连续采血2h。发情当天间隔30min采血一次，直到第3次发情结束为止。挛生处理后采血间隔时间和方法与处理前不同。应用酶免疫测定方法测定血清中促性腺激素释放激素水平。结果表明：（1）牛外周血中GnRH释放具有脉冲性；（2)PMSG处理后外周血中GnRH水平升高，表现为脉冲频率增加，脉冲峰值升高。     

Extending Interval from Seventeen to Nineteen Days in the Melengestrol Acetate - Prostaglandin Estrous Synchronization Program for Heifers

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether extending the interval between removal of melengestrol acetate (MGA) from feed and injection of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF) from 17 to 19 d would affect synchronization of estrus, conception, and pregnancy rates of beef heifers. In both experiments, heifers were fed MGA for 14 d, and PGF was given at either 17 or 19 d after cessation of MGA feeding. Heifers were observed for estrus and artificially inseminated for 5 d after PGF injection. In Exp. 1, 240 yearling heifers were randomly assigned to either a 17- or a 19-d treatment group according to estrous status and day of the estrous cycle. In Exp. 2, 1409 yearling heifers on a cooperating ranch were randomly assigned to the same two treatment groups without knowledge of estrous status. The PGF injection at 19 d (Exp. 1) caused a higher (P<0.05) percentage of heifers to exhibit estrus by 72 h after the injection compared with heifers receiving the injection at 17 d. A greater percentage (P<0.01) of heifers in the 19-d group were in the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle at the time of PGF injection compared with the heifers in the 17-d group, and pregnancy rates were higher for the heifers in the late luteal phase. In Exp. 2, heifers injected with PGF at 19 d after MGA had a greater (P<0.05) percentage in estrus (10%) during the 5-d breeding period, and had higher (P<0.05) pregnancy rates in 5 d (7.6%) and 50 d of breeding (5.5%), compared with heifers injected with PGF 17 d after withdrawal of MGA. These results indicate that the PGF injection given at 19 d after removal of MGA from the diet increases synchronized estrous response and results in higher pregnancy rates in heifers compared with the 17-d injection treatment.