鹅副黏病毒病诊断技术的研究进展

鹅副黏病毒病(GPMV)是由鹅源禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV-1)引起的鹅的一种烈性传染病,其病原类似于鸡新城疫病毒(NDV),属于副黏病毒科副黏病毒亚科腮腺炎病毒属,为F基因Ⅶ型.     

新乡市待宰鸡弓形虫与新城疫的流行病学分析与研究

弓形虫是一种专性细胞内寄生原虫,具有广泛的宿主群并在世界范围内流行,能感染几乎所有恒温动物(包括人类),可引起危害严重的人兽共患弓形虫病。弓形虫与免疫抑制性病原共同感染可造成更为严重的经济损失。鸡新城疫是由副黏病毒引起的高度接触性传染病,又称亚洲鸡瘟或伪鸡瘟,其特     

亨德拉病毒研究进展

亨德拉病毒(HeV)是属于副黏病毒科、副黏病毒亚科、亨尼病毒属的一种病毒,可引起马、人类和其他哺乳动物的感染。动物和人类感染该病毒后病死率很高,且缺乏有效的疫苗和治疗方法。不同动物的易感情况、发病机理、病理变化、潜在的传播途径等情况等仍有待进一步研究。论文就亨德拉病毒自然宿主和实验动物感染等情况进行重点阐述。     

鹅副黏病毒病发病情况及防治效果的调查

<正>鹅副黏病毒病(GPM)是近年来在我国出现的一种具有新的流行特点的疾病。该病是由禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV-1)引起的鹅的一种以消化道病变为主要特征的急性传染病。在短短的几年内,流行地区不断扩大,给养鹅业造成很大的经济损失。铁岭市     

鹅副黏病毒病发病情况及防治效果的调查

<正>鹅副黏病毒病(GPM)是近年来在我国出现的一种具有新的流行特点的疾病。该病是由禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV-1)引起的鹅的一种以消化道病变为主要特征的急性传染病。在短短的几年内,流行地区不断扩大,给养鹅业造成很大的经济损失。铁岭市     

鹿寨县水禽新城疫抗体水平监测及分析

新城疫（ND）常侵袭家鸡和珍珠鸡,也能感染许多家禽和野鸟。水禽和海鸟通常抵抗力甚强,但可作为带毒者。新城疫病毒（NDV）又称禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型（APMV-1）,属于副黏病毒科副黏病毒亚科腮腺炎病毒属的成员。NDV各毒株对不同宿主的致病力变化很大,鸡高度敏感,     

集约化养鸡场鸡新城疫的综合防控措施

鸡新城疫(ND)是由新城疫病毒(NDV)-禽副黏病毒(APMV-1)感染引起,对养鸡生产威胁极大的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病。国际兽疫局(OIE)将其定为A类传染病,我国列为一类传染病。至今,世界范围内已发生过4次大流行,给养鸡生产造成了巨大经济损失。有效防控鸡新城疫威胁,是广大养禽与禽病防治工作者的共同目标。     

鸭副黏病毒病的诊断与病毒分离鉴定

鸭副黏病毒(DPMV)属于副黏病毒科副黏病毒亚科腮腺炎病毒属禽1型副黏病毒(APMV-1)中的一员。近年研究表明,鸭副黏病毒的感染呈上升趋势,对我国的养鸭业产生巨大危害。本病没有明显的流行季节,一年四季均可发生,发生该病后,病鸭并非在短时间内大批死亡,而是不间断地陆续死亡,同     

当前我国H5亚型禽流感的流行情况及防控对策

<正>禽流感(Avian Influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒引起的一种主要感染禽类的人兽共患传染病。禽流感病毒的自然宿主是水禽,但它也可以感染多种家禽和人等哺乳动物,因此禽流感是威胁养禽业和人类健康的主要传染病之一。禽流感病毒在进化过程中易通过基因重排或基因突变而发生变异,导致新的毒株不断出现。另外,我国幅员辽阔、家禽品种繁多、养殖方式多样化,这增加了防控禽流感的难度。因此,我们应该根据禽流感的流行特点和疫情发生     

人兽共患病及防治对策

人兽共患病是指脊椎动物与人类之间自然传播和感染的疾病。它是由病毒、细菌、立克次体、衣原体、支原体、螺旋体、真菌、原虫和蠕虫等病原体所引起的各种疾病的总称。目前,全世界已证实的人兽共患传染病和寄生病共有250多种,其中较为重为严重的有89种,我国已证实的人兽共患病约有90种。人兽共患病的分类方式,世界各国不尽相同,目前尚无统一的分类方法。从其病原、宿主、流行病学或病原的生活史等角度而有多种分类方法。人与动物共患的疾病,主要是传染病和寄生虫病这两大类。传染病是由病毒和细菌等病原体引起。当前最重要的人兽共患人兽传染病有狂犬病、炭疽病、布氏杆菌病、结核病、鼻疽、钩端螺旋体病、土拉杆菌病、沙门氏菌病、鹦鹉热、日本血吸虫病、日本乙型脑炎和流行性感冒等。人兽共患寄生虫病主要有囊虫病、旋毛虫病和肝片吸虫病等。     

Reactivity of anti-Nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infections

The immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to Nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infection, respectively. Either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Four clones showed positive reaction to both Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue and Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. Two clones (11F6 and 13A5) reacted with Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue, but not with Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. These Nipah virus-specific monoclonal antibodies may therefore be useful for immunohistological diagnosis of Nipah virus infection and for further research on Nipah virus pathogenesis.     

Hendra and Nipah virus infections.

The most important clinical and pathological manifestation of Hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. The virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. Hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. Diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, also of the brain. Evidence of infection with the more recently identified and related Nipah virus was found in the brain of one horse in which there was inflammation of the meningeal blood vessels. Fruit bats, especially Pteropus s., have been incriminated as the natural and reservoir hosts of both Hendra and Nipah viruses.     

Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in Queensland piggeries

OBJECTIVE: To examine piggeries in Queensland for evidence of infection with Hendra virus and Nipah virus. DESIGN: A serological survey was designed to provide 99% confidence of detecting at least one infected pig herd in Queensland, assuming that for each virus, at least 5% of herds would have been exposed to virus and that at least 40% of the finisher pigs in these herds would have detectable antibodies to virus. PROCEDURE: A two stage sampling regimen was used. All samples were tested with serum neutralisation tests developed and performed at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory. RESULTS: There was no evidence of antibody to either virus in the 500 samples collected from 100 herds. CONCLUSION: The results of the survey support a case that commercial pigs in Queensland are free of both Hendra virus and Nipah virus infections.     

Hendra (equine morbillivirus)

Hendra has been recognized in Australia as a new zoonotic disease of horses since 1994/5 and subsequent work has shown that the viral agent is endemic in certain species of fruit bat. The Hendra virus is the type species of a new genus within the sub-family Paramyxovirinae, which also contains another newly identified zoonotic bat virus, namely Nipah. It is assumed that contact with bats has led to the Hendra virus being transferred to horses on each of the three separate incidents that have been reported in the last five years. No evidence has been found for widespread subclinical infection of horses.Infected horses can develop a severe and often fatal respiratory disease characterized by dyspnoea, vascular endothelial damage and pulmonary oedema. Nervous signs may also occur. Fatal respiratory disease has been seen in cats and guinea pigs following experimentally induced infections. Transmission of the virus from horses to other horses or man seems to have taken place, but very close contact was required. Three human cases have been recognized, all in association with equine cases. There have been two human fatalities, one due to respiratory failure and the other from a delayed-onset encephalitis. A number of diagnostic methods have been developed, but great care must be taken in obtaining samples from suspected cases.     

Induction and sequencing of Rousette bat interferon alpha and beta genes

Bats are considered to be natural reservoirs for several viruses of clinical importance, including rabies virus, Nipah virus, and Hendra virus. Type I interferons (IFNs) is an important part of the immune system in the defense against viral infection. To investigate the function of type I IFNs upon viral infection in bats, the nucleic acid, and amino acid sequences of Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus) IFN-alpha and -beta were characterized. Sequence data indicated that bat IFN-alpha consists of 562-bp encoded 187-aa, and IFN-beta consisted of 558-bp encoded 186-aa. Phylogenetic analysis of the overall identity of IFN-beta shared the highest sequence homology with pig IFN-beta in both nucleotide and amino acid level. Stimulation of bat primary kidney cells (BPKCs) and bat lung cell lines, Tb-1 Lu, with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or exogenous bat type I IFNs resulted in increased type I IFNs mRNA expression in BPKCs, but not in Tb-1 Lu. Characterization of the bat IFN-alpha and -beta genes allows understanding of the immune responses upon stimulation in different tissues, thus providing practical strategies for control and treatment of clinically important diseases. These results are important especially for the virus infection, and suggest that future molecular studies on virus infection experiment of bats in vitro will require careful consideration of the differences of type I IFN expression patterns in different cell types.     

野生动物与外来人兽共患病

近年来,人兽共患病在全球范围内频繁发生,尤其野生动物源性人兽共患病呈上升趋势,我国在防控野生动物源性外来人兽共患病上面临巨大挑战。本文参考了近年来国内外野生动物与外来人兽共患的相关文献,主要介绍了野生动物在人兽共患病传播过程中的重要作用,阐述了尼帕病毒病、西尼罗热、埃博拉出血热等野生动物源性外来人兽共患病的流行现状,从生态环境的改变、跨境野生动物及捕食野生动物3个方面分析了影响野生动物源性外来人兽共患病传播的风险,针对野生动物源性外来人兽共患病监测防控工作提出了"哨卡前移"、"预防为主"、"依靠科技"、"联防联控"等4点建议。     

Animal models of henipavirus infection: A review

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) form a separate genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level four pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. Both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the 20th century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. The current review summarises current published data relating to experimental infection of small and large animals, including the natural reservoir species, the Pteropus bat, with HeV or NiV. Susceptibility to infection and virus distribution in the individual species is discussed, along with the pathogenesis, pathological changes, and potential routes of transmission.     

Recent progress in henipavirus research

Following the discovery of two new paramyxoviruses in the 1990s, much effort has been placed on rapidly finding the reservoir hosts, characterising the genomes, identifying the viral receptors and formulating potential vaccines and therapeutic options for these viruses, Hendra and Nipah viruses caused zoonotic disease on a scale not seen before with other paramyxoviruses. Nipah virus particularly caused high morbidity and mortality in humans and high morbidity in pig populations in the first outbreak in Malaysia. Both viruses continue to pose a threat with sporadic outbreaks continuing into the 21st century. Experimental and surveillance studies identified that pteropus bats are the reservoir hosts. Research continues in an attempt to understand events that precipitated spillover of these viruses. Discovered on the cusp of the molecular technology revolution, much progress has been made in understanding these new viruses. This review endeavours to capture the depth and breadth of these recent advances.     

Experimental infection of hamsters with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9

ABSTRACT: Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world and are separated into nine serotypes (APMV-1 to -9). Only in the case of APMV-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. The APMVs presently are being considered as human vaccine vectors. In this study, we evaluated the replication and pathogenicity of all nine APMV serotypes in hamsters. The hamsters were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for clinical disease, pathology, histopathology, virus replication, and seroconversion. On the basis of one or more of these criteria, each of the APMV serotypes was found to replicate in hamsters. The APMVs produced mild or inapparent clinical signs in hamsters except for APMV-9, which produced moderate disease. Gross lesions were observed over the pulmonary surface of hamsters infected with APMV-2 & -3, which showed petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, respectively. Replication of all of the APMVs except APMV-5 was confirmed in the nasal turbinates and lungs, indicating a tropism for the respiratory tract. Histologically, the infection resulted in lung lesions consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of varying severity and nasal turbinates with blunting or loss of cilia of the epithelium lining the nasal septa. The majority of APMV-infected hamsters exhibited transient histological lesions that self resolved by 14 days post infection (dpi). All of the hamsters infected with the APMVs produced serotype-specific HI or neutralizing antibodies, confirming virus replication. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all nine known APMV serotypes are capable of replicating in hamsters with minimal disease and pathology.