营养策略缓解鱼类拥挤胁迫的研究进展

集约化养殖生产中,高放养密度导致的应激反应通常会影响鱼类的生长、抗氧化能力、免疫力及抗病力等。本文综述了拥挤胁迫对鱼类生长和生理机能的影响以及缓解拥挤胁迫的营养策略研究,以期为深入研究拥挤效应和营养缓解策略的合理应用提供科学依据。     

饲料维生素E水平影响云纹石斑鱼幼鱼对氨氮胁迫的响应

为观察饲料中维生素E水平在云纹石斑鱼(Epinehelus moara)幼鱼抗氨氮胁迫中的作用,试验配制了维生素E水平分别为11.09、47.52、91.38、134.57、178.92 mg/kg的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(15.6±0.2)g的云纹石斑鱼幼鱼56 d后进行6 h氨氮胁迫,测定其血清葡萄糖(GLU)、乳酸(LD)、皮质醇(COR)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及肝脏SOD活力和MDA含量对氨氮胁迫的响应。每个维生素E水平设3个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养20尾鱼。结果显示:各组血清中GLU含量在饲喂前后无显著差异(P0.05),氨氮胁迫后血清中GLU含量随饲料中维生素E水平的升高而降低。氨氮胁迫后血清中LD含量与饲料中维生素E水平呈反比,并在饲料中维生素E水平达到47.52 mg/kg之后维持稳定。氨氮胁迫后各组血清中COR含量都有显著升高(P0.05)。当饲料中维生素E水平达到47.52 mg/kg后,饲喂56 d后再氨氮胁迫对血清和肝脏中SOD活力不产生显著影响(P0.05)。血清中CAT活力在饲喂后和氨氮胁迫后均有下降的趋势,当饲料中维生素E水平达到或超过91.38 mg/kg时不论饲喂后还是氨氮胁迫后,血清中CAT活力变化都不显著(P0.05)。在低维生素E水平(11.09和47.52 mg/kg)下,血清和肝脏中MDA含量在氨氮胁迫后均呈显著上升(P0.05);在高维生素E水平(91.38、134.57、178.92 mg/kg)下,血清和肝脏中MDA含量在氨氮胁迫后没有产生显著差异(P0.05)。在饲料维生素E水平达到或超过91.38 mg/kg时,饲喂后血清中GSH-Px活力均显著上升(P0.05),氨氮胁迫后血清中GSH-Px活力则无显著变化(P0.05)。在饲料维生素E水平达到或超过47.52 mg/kg时,血清T-AOC在饲喂后呈现显著升高(P0.05),而氨氮胁迫后又出现下降的趋势。由此得出,在本试验条件下,饲料中维生素E水平与云纹石斑鱼幼鱼的抗应激和抗氧化能力具有相关性,饲料中维生素E水平达到或超过91.38 mg/kg可有效地提高云纹石斑鱼幼鱼的抗应激和抗氧化能力。     

饲料维生素C含量对圆斑星鲽幼鱼抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响

氨氮污染是水产养殖中重要的污染物,因此提高鱼体抗污染应激能力至关重要。本试验采用不同维生素C含量的饲料饲喂圆斑星鲽幼鱼,探究饲料维生素C含量对圆斑星鲽幼鱼抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响。试验在(12.5±1.5)℃的水温下进行,选择体重为(38.0±0.8)g的健康圆斑星鲽幼鱼,随机分为7组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别投喂维生素C含量为10.2(对照)、249.1、402.8、616.2、769.5、909.4和1 177.8 mg/kg的试验饲料8周。投喂试验结束后,从每个重复取10尾鱼,用20 mg/L的氨氮胁迫24 h。结果表明:无论是氨氮胁迫前还是氨氮胁迫后,在饲料维生素C含量达到769.5 mg/kg时,肝脏和肌肉中维生素C积累达到饱和,再继续升高饲料维生素C含量,肝脏、肌肉中维生素C含量不再显著升高(P0.05)。除1 177.8 mg/kg维生素C组外,无论是氨氮胁迫前还是氨氮胁迫后,各维生素C添加组圆斑星鲽幼鱼血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。除616.2 mg/kg维生素C组血清中CAT活性无显著变化(P0.05)外,氨氮胁迫使各组血清中CAT和SOD活性显著降低(P0.05),但添加维生素C可以减少降低的幅度。无论是氨氮胁迫前还是氨氮胁迫后,各维生素C添加组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。氨氮胁迫使对照组及909.4和1 177.8 mg/kg维生素C组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性显著降低(P0.05),其他组则无显著变化(P0.05)。氨氮胁迫使各组血清中葡萄糖和乳酸含量显著升高(P0.05),对照组血清中皮质醇含量显著升高(P0.05)。此外,氨氮胁迫使各组血清中总铁结合力显著降低(P0.05)。综合各项测定指标,圆斑星鲽幼鱼饲料中维生素C含量在402.8~616.2 mg/kg时可有效提高机体抗氨氮胁迫能力。     

柠条抗氧化保护系统对干旱胁迫的响应

为阐明柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)抗氧化保护系统在旱逆境下的适应性调节机制,采用盆栽试验,于2006年7~9月测定了不同土壤水分处理下1年生柠条苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的动态变化。结果表明:与适宜水分条件相比,在中度及重度干旱胁迫下柠条的Car含量均长期无显著变化,CAT活性、GSH、AsA、H₂O₂和MDA含量均在一定时期显著增加(P<0.05);在中度干旱胁迫下SOD、APX和GR活性均长期无显著变化,但重度干旱胁迫下SOD与APX活性均有显著增加(P<0.05),GR活性则长期显著降低(P<0.05);在中度及重度干旱胁迫下柠条的CAT、AsA和GSH具有重要抗氧化保护作用,此外SOD与CAT良好的协同作用及中度干旱胁迫下AsA、GSH、GR与APX良好的协同作用下,能使对活性氧的清除更加有效;干旱诱导的氧化胁迫与氧化伤害在重度胁迫时更早发生。     

欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料中维生素C适宜含量的研究

选用初始体质量为(7.46±0.29)g的欧亚鲈幼鱼为试验对象,投喂6种不同水平的维生素C(0、50、100、200、400和800 mg/kg)的试验饲料,饲养8周,探讨欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料维生素C的适宜含量。结果表明,饲料中维生素C添加量从0.0升高到100 mg/kg时,鱼体增重率呈上升趋势,添加量为100 mg/kg显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但添加量继续增大,对鱼体增重率无显著变化(P>0.05);经折线模型分析表明,欧亚鲈鱼种达到最大生长时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为93.58 mg/kg。欧亚鲈肝脏中维生素C含量随着饲料中维生素C(0～200 mg/kg)的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),但添加量继续升高,则肝脏中维生素C达到饱和状态,经折线分析表明,肝脏中维生素C达到饱和时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为149.27 mg/kg。急性胁迫前,各组血糖之间无显著差异(P>0.05),急性胁迫后,血糖升高峰值最低和恢复最快的是饲料中维生素C为400～800 mg/kg。在本试验条件下,欧亚鲈幼鱼达到最大生长、肝脏维生素C饱和及抗拥挤胁迫的维生素C适宜添加量分别为93.58、149.27 mg/kg和400 mg/kg。     

逆境胁迫对红三叶影响的研究进展

红三叶(Trifolium pratense L.)是豆科车轴草属中的一种,是富含粗蛋白、粗脂肪和黄酮类化合物等的优良多年生牧草和药用植物,在生态建设中也发挥着重要作用。红三叶性喜温暖湿润气候,耐湿性能良好,但耐旱性能较差、抗逆性较弱和生态幅狭窄等限制了在我国大多数地区的推广利用。文章综述了国内外近年来对红三叶重金属胁迫、干旱胁迫、水淹胁迫、生物胁迫及低温胁迫的研究进展,概述了红三叶响应逆境胁迫的生理和分子机理,旨在为今后红三叶新品种选育和在我国草牧业发展中的推广利用提供背景资料和理论参考。     

干旱和盐胁迫对鸭茅叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为了研究鸭茅对干旱、盐胁迫的回馈,采用随机区组盆栽试验。试验包括4种相对含水量处理,相对含水量为75%(CK)、55%、35%、20%和3种盐浓度(100,70和35 mmol/L),以相对含水量75%作为对照,研究干旱胁迫和盐胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着相对含水量的减少,鸭茅的非光化学荧光淬灭(NPQ)幅度逐渐降低,光化学淬灭系数(qP)逐渐增加;最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F0)逐渐减少;电子传递速度(ETR)逐渐降低;实际原初光能的捕获效率Y(Ⅱ)降低。但在极度干旱胁迫时,热耗散能力降低,光合作用上升,潜在最大光合效率和潜在光合效率增加,实际原初光能的捕获效率增加;表明在极度干旱的条件下,鸭茅的内部机制会做出相应的反应,来避免恶劣的环境。盐胁迫时,低浓度促进热耗散幅度抑制光合作用,相反高浓度抑制剩余光能的转化和促进光合效率;鸭茅的Fv/Fm先上升后下降,Fv/F0与Fv/Fm有相同的趋势;ETR先上升后减少,原初光能的捕获效率先增加后降低。综合评定,鸭茅受盐胁迫影响大于干旱胁迫。     

PEG胁迫对燕麦苗期保护酶的影响

 用不同质量分数的PEG-6000对3个品种燕麦幼苗进行干旱胁迫,测定了胁迫后1~5 d内其叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性变化,研究干旱胁迫对燕麦保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,在不同质量分数PEG 6000胁迫下,SOD、POD和CAT活性随时间延长呈先升高后降低的趋势;低胁迫水平SOD、POD和CAT活性增加值大于高胁迫水平,受胁迫植株的保护酶系统能够进行自身的调节以抵抗干旱伤害。     

外源水杨酸对苜蓿幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应

为明确外源水杨酸提高苜蓿抗盐的生理生化机制,以“甘农3号” 苜蓿品种为材料,在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,采用叶面喷施方法,研究外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对苜蓿幼苗生长、有机渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿幼苗生长,盐胁迫下添加0.25 mmol/L外源SA后,苜蓿幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重,植株叶绿素含量显著升高,叶片和根系中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量未发生变化;根系中GPX活性、AsA和GSH含量显著升高,SOD、CAT和APX活性则未发生变化,说明外源SA处理能调控苜蓿幼苗有机渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化保护系统,缓解盐胁迫对苜蓿植株的伤害。     

水杨酸对盐胁迫下沙打旺幼苗生长的影响

水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)作为一种植物激素,不仅参与植物生长和发育等过程,而且还能诱导植物的抗逆性。为研究外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下沙打旺幼苗生长的影响,以沙打旺幼苗为材料,采用200 mmol/L NaCl 并添加不同浓度SA(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 mmol/L)的处理方法,通过测定沙打旺生长及生理指标,以确定外源SA对沙打旺幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与单纯盐胁迫相比,一定浓度的SA(0.4~0.8 mmol/L)能提高盐胁迫下沙打旺叶片可溶性蛋白含量, 0.6和0.8 mmol/L SA处理分别增加了51.9%和42.6%;增强盐胁迫下沙打旺叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,0.4和0.6 mmol/L SA处理分别提高了1.58和1.68倍;降低叶片质膜透性, 0.4,0.6和0.8 mmol/L SA处理,叶片相对电导率依次降低了19.2%,26.6%和18.1%;提高盐胁迫下沙打旺的光合能力,0.4和0.6 mmol/L SA处理,净光合速率分别增加了1.21和1.43倍;使株高和干重增加。其中,0.6 mmol/L SA处理效果最为明显。表明外源SA能够在一定程度上促进盐胁迫下沙打旺幼苗的生长。     

Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows

Heat stress causes oxidative stress, which decreases plasma levels of vitamin C, an antioxidative vitamin in pigs and poultry. We investigated the plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows exposed to a hot environment temperature. In the first experiment, plasma vitamin C concentrations of 8 lactating cows were measured in summer and autumn. The concentration was found to be significantly lower in summer. The second experiment was performed using 4 lactating cows in a crossover design. The ambient temperature was set at 18 °C in the control treatment and at 28 °C in the heat-stressing treatment. Milk yields and feed intake tended to be lower in the stressing than control treatment. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the heat-stressing treatment. The plasma vitamin C concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the heat-stressing period. These results indicate that heat stress decreases the plasma vitamin C concentration. Dietary supplementation with vitamin C may be beneficial for lactating cows in hot weather.     

调节胚胎期代谢提高蛋鸡抗热应激能力

应用维生素E、维生素C及普鲁卡因组合的生理调节剂对蛋鸡胚胎期进行调控，试验分为对照组和3个不同剂量组合的试验组，即试验1组（VE＋VC）、试验2组（VE＋普鲁卡因）、试验3组（VE＋VC＋普鲁卡因），研究不同剂量及组合的胚胎调节剂对出壳后母鸡在热应激条件下生产性能、血液指标和卵泡的变化。试验结果显示：试验1组应激前后平均蛋重分别提高7．50％和9．82％（P〈0．01）；热应激期产蛋率提高5．81％（P〈0．05）。试验2组应激前后产蛋率分别提高了7．45％和9．69％（P〈0．01）。试验1、2、3组总产蛋量在应激前后均有提高，尤其试验1组和2组（P〈0．01）。常温期试验1组胰高血糖素和试验3组T4水平分别提高55．52％和10．03％（P〈0．01）；试验1、2、3组热应激期T4水平分别提高28．65％、132．74％和72．79％（P〈0．05）或（P〈0．01）。试验2组热应激期白蛋白水平和常温期葡萄糖水平分别提高27．36％和31．16％（P〈0．05）；试验3组常温期葡萄糖水平提高25．15％（P〈0．05）。试验2组异嗜性粒细胞和H／L的比值下降，单核细胞数上升（P〈0．05）。试验2组卵泡中大白泡和小白泡的数量显著增多（P〈0．05）。以上结果表明，补充适量的Ve、Vc和普鲁卡因能提高蛋鸡抗热应激能力，改善产蛋性能。     

水势介导的不同胁迫对虎尾草种子发芽的影响

虎尾草(Chloris virgata)是我国北方地区广泛分布的优质牧草,对东北地区盐碱地改良与恢复起着至关重要的作用。用NaCl,NaHCO3和PEG分别模拟土壤的盐、碱和干旱条件以明确基于相同水势的不同胁迫特征对虎尾草种子发芽的影响。结果表明,在各胁迫处理下,随着水势的降低,虎尾草种子的发芽率、发芽速率以及芽长与根长均不断下降,且碱胁迫下下降幅度最大。盐胁迫处理下,虎尾草种子复萌率在-1.2Mpa最高,干旱胁迫处理中未发芽的种子80%以上也可以继续萌发,但在此水势的碱胁迫中未发芽的虎尾草种子均难以复萌。研究结果表明,盐、碱和干旱胁迫对于虎尾草种子的发芽有着不同的影响,由于高pH作用,碱胁迫对虎尾草发芽的抑制作用强于盐胁迫与干旱胁迫。     

Efficacy of vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E combinations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress response to long-term transportation and to analyze the effects of vitamin A + D + E and vitamin E + selenium administrations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows. Control group (n = 10) received 0.9% saline (placebo), Group I (n = 10) received vitamin A + D + E, and Group II (n = 10) received vitamin E + selenium. After the transport, adrenaline levels were high in all groups (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline level was low in Group I (P < 0.05) and tended to be low in Group II. Mean levels of serum cortisol decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.05) when comparing pre-transport data with post-transport data. Glucose levels increased in Control group (P < 0.05) and in Groups I and II (P < 0.01). The malondialdehyde level significantly increased in the Control group (P < 0.05) after the transport and the levels were lower in Group I (P = 0.076) and Group II (P < 0.05) than in the Control group. As a result, vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E have been determined to prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, associated with long-term transportation stress in cattle.     

Chronic adrenergic stress and generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Implications for cancer immunotherapy in dogs

Recent studies have highlighted a key role played by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and adrenergic stress in mediating immune suppression associated with chronic inflammation in cancer and other diseases. The connection between chronic SNS activation, adrenergic stress and immune suppression is linked in part to the ability of catecholamines to stimulate the bone marrow release and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Rodent model studies have revealed an important role for β-adrenergic receptor signalling in suppression of cancer immunity in mice subjected to chronic stresses, including thermal stress. Importantly, therapeutic blockade of beta-adrenergic responses by drugs such as propranolol can partially reverse the generation and differentiation of MDSC, and partly restore tumour immunity. Clinical trials in both humans and dogs with cancer have demonstrated that propranolol blockade can improve responses to radiation therapy, cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, the SNS stress response has become an important new target to relieve immune suppression in cancer and other chronic inflammatory conditions.     

Effects of α-lipoic acid, vitamins E and C upon the heat stress in Japanese quails

Antioxidant vitamins are commonly used as colorant, preventive, sweetener, nutritive and antioxidant materials in food industry. Thus, many studies have been conducted in recent years. We have performed the present study to understand the effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA), vitamin C and E, added into rations of Japanese quails, on chronic heat stress. This study was carried out in five groups as: control, stress, ALA, vitamin E and vitamin C groups. Heat stress is applied to all groups except the control group. Superficial pectoral muscles tissues were used for biochemical determinations. During the research, it is found that heat stress exerted undesired effects such as increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) level indicating oxidative stress in Japanese quails. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH) amounts were studied to understand the behaviour of defence mechanism. While stress increased LPO ratio, it was determined that all antioxidant added into the ration decreases LPO significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that all of antioxidants added into ration effectively restored SOD activity and LPO ratio which heat stress affected negatively. Interestingly, vitamin C did not adjust GSH ratio in contrast to vitamin E and ALA, where vitamin E and C did not perform any positive effect on heat stress decreased CAT activity. Finally, it can be thought that antioxidant vitamins relatively ameliorated these undesired affects caused by stress factors given.     

维生素C缓解动物热应激机理的探讨

热应激给畜牧业生产造成一定的损失。维生素C对缓解动物热应激有一定作用。作者就动物热应激的机理、维生素C的生理功能及维生素C缓解热应激的机理进行综述。     

The effect of stress on blood levels of vitamin A and E in piglets

In five trials with 99 suckling or weaned piglets, the effects of the increased adrenocortical function, caused by cold, weaning from the sow or fasting or by stimulation with exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were studied as exerted on vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in the blood serum. Three hours after an exposure of three-day and four-day piglets to the temperature of 8-12 degrees C, a small drop of the concentrations of both vitamins occurred. In four-week weanling piglets a decrease in vitamin E concentration was observed in two days, the trend being slight in vitamin A concentration. At the same time some sibs were left fasting, which considerably reduced the concentrations of both vitamins. The situation was similar in two hours after ACTH administration to suckling piglets, however the difference was insignificant in vitamin E concentrations. In seventeen hours elapsing from two administrations of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) when the increased secretion of corticosteroids was fading out, only the vitamin A concentration in suckling piglets was found to drop. The response in weanling piglets was negligible. The suppressive effects of stress on vitamin A concentrations were usually observed when the levels of circulating corticosteroids were high or in the period immediately following this status. The changes in nutrition after early weaning exert large negative effects on vitamin E concentrations in the blood serum. The differences in the response of the organism to the two vitamins may be due to various types of transport mechanisms in the blood circulation. The specific effects of stress factors are mentioned.     

Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on performance, digestion of nutrients and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails reared under chronic heat stress (34 degrees C)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (DL-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate) on performance, digestion of nutrients and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails reared under chronic heat stress (34 degrees C). A total of 180 10-day-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds with a 2 x 3 factorial design received either two levels of vitamin C (100 and 200 mg/kg of diet) or three levels of vitamin E (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of diet). Then, 200-mg vitamin C/kg of diet, compared with that of 100 mg/kg of diet, and higher dietary vitamin E inclusions resulted in a higher performance. The interaction between vitamin C and vitamin E for final body weight change (p=0.01) and feed efficiency (p=0.02) was detected. Final body weight change and feed efficiency increased to a higher extent by increasing dietary vitamin C when higher vitamin E levels were fed. Carcass characteristics improved with an increase of both dietary vitamin C and vitamin E (p=0.004). The interactions on carcass characteristics were all significant (p=0.02) and manifested themselves in a way that they were improved to a higher extent by an increase of dietary vitamin C when higher vitamin E levels were fed. Digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM, CP and EE) was greater with higher dietary vitamin C (p < 0.02) and also with higher vitamin E (p=0.07). There were no interactions detected for digestibility of nutrients (p=0.32). Taken together, the results of the present study conclude that a combination of 200 mg of vitamin C and 250 mg of vitamin E provides the greatest performance in Japanese quails reared under heat stress and can be considered as a protective management practice in poultry diet, alleviating the negative effects of heat stress.