液相色谱-质谱联用检测饲料中的苏丹红

采用液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）方法检测饲料样品中的苏丹红含量。液相色谱分析柱为Waters Sunfire^TM C18 150mm×2．1mm，3．5μm；流动相为乙腈和0．2％甲酸与乙腈的混合溶液；质谱选择电喷雾离子源（ESI^＋）。在0．5～500μg／L浓度范围内，苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ均呈线性，在1．0、5．0、和10．0μg／L3种添加浓度，苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ相应的平均回收率为60％～80％。试验检测上海地区生产和销售的部分鸡鸭配合饲料，基本探明了上海地区鸡鸭饲料中苏丹红的使用状况。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉和牛肉中五种常用抗球虫药

建立了鸡肉和牛肉中五种常用抗球虫药物残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法（UPLC—MS／MS）。样品用乙腈提取,吹干后用50％甲醇溶解,正己烷去脂后,供液相色谱-串联质谱法分析。液相色谱条件为：色谱柱为WatersBEHC18柱（50mm×2．1mm,1．7μm）;流动相为乙腈-20mmol／L乙酸铵水溶液,梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;流速0．3mL／min;进样量10μL。质谱条件为：电喷雾离子源（ESI’）,多反应监测（MRM）方式采集。结果表明：在10～500μg／L的系列浓度范围内,五种抗球虫药物的相关系数R2〉0．990;方法检测限为5μg／kg,定量限为10μg/kg;从100、200、500μg／kg三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法的平均回收率为75．4％～109％,批内、批间RSD均〈15％。本方法简便快捷、定性准确,可以满足兽药残留分析的求。     

鸡蛋中环丙氨嗪及其代谢物三聚氰胺残留检测超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了鸡蛋中环丙氨嗪及其代谢物三聚氰胺残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS／MS）方法。液相色谱条件：色谱柱为Waters BEH HILIC柱（50mm×2．1mm,1．7μm）;流动相为乙腈-0．01mol／L乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;流速0．3mL／min;进样量10μL。质谱条件为：电喷雾离子源（ESI^＋）,多反应监测（MRM）方式进行采集。结果表明：在2．5-100μg／L的基质匹配系列混合标准溶液内环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的相关系数R^2〉0．998;方法检测限为1μg/L,定量限为2．5μg／L;从10、50、100μg／kg三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法的平均回收率为74．6％～91．4％,批内批间RSD值均〈15％。     

饲料中孔雀石绿和隐形孔雀石绿含量的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱法测定饲料中孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿的含量。用乙腈提取,提取液经蒸干浓缩后用中性氧化铝和阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化,使用UPLC-MS／M进行检测。色谱条件：ACQUITY UPLC^TM BEHC18柱（2．1mm×100mm i．d．,1．7μm）,流动相乙腈0．1％甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱流速0．3mL／min。采用电喷雾串联四极杆质谱检测。结果表明,孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿的浓度为1～500ng／mL时线形良好,在1～100μg／kg的添加水平条件下平均回收率为68．5％～91．6％,该方法的检测限为1．0μg／kg。     

动物源食品中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺残留检测－超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了动物源食品中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC—MS／MS）分析方法。样品在碱性条件下用乙酸乙酯提取后,再用正己烷去除脂肪,浓缩后用BEH C18（50mm×2．1mm,1．7μm）色谱柱分离,以乙腈和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0．3mL／min,多反应监测（MRM）模式检测。结果表明：四种药物在2—500μg／L的系列浓度范围内均呈良好线性关系,相关系数r均大于0．990。样品中氯霉素的检测限为0．1μg／kg,定量限为0．2μg/kg;甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的检测限为0．5μg/kg,定量限为1μg／kg。本方法氯霉素在0．2～1μg／kg的添加浓度范围内,甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺在1—50μg／kg的添加浓度范围内平均回收率均为70％-120％,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于20％。该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确等特点。     

高效液相色谱法测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量

建立了乙酰甲喹注射液含量测定的液相色谱分析方法。液相色谱柱为ThermoC18色谱柱,100mmX4．6mm,5μm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0．2％甲酸溶液（20：80）,检测波长375nm,流速1．0ml／min。此条件下乙酰甲喹的线性范围是5～100mg／L,回收率为97．0％～98．0％。     

超高效液相色谱法测定鸡蛋中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的残留

建立了鸡蛋中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ残留测定的超高效液相色谱方法。样品经乙腈提取后,反相液相色谱分离测定,本方法的检测限为10μg/kg。四种苏丹红染料在浓度50-2000ng／mL范围内与峰面积呈线性相关。在空白鸡蛋中添加100～600μg／kg浓度下,四种苏丹红的平均回收率为80％～100％,批内变异系数在0．6％～2．8％（n=4）,批间变异系数在0．7％～6．1％（n=3）。结果表明,该法简单、灵敏、特异性强,适用于鸡蛋中苏丹红染料残留的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中巴喹普林残留

建立了猪肉中巴喹普林药物残留的超高效液相色谱一串联质谱测定方法,样品用乙酸乙酯提取,吹干后用60％乙腈水（0．1％甲酸）溶解,供液相色谱一串联质谱法分析,内标法定量。结果表明：巴喹普林标准溶液在100～800μg／L范围内呈现良好线性,r2均大于0．998;方法检出限为5μg／kg,定量限为10μg／kg;巴喹普林在10～80μg／kg添加范围内的平均回收率为90．8％-108％,批内、批间RSD均小于6．9％。该方法简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确,能满足食品安全检测右吴浩妾田．的霉求．     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定原料乳和奶粉中三聚氰胺的含量

该试验建立了使用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱测定原料乳和奶粉中三聚氰胺含量的检测方法。用三氯乙酸溶液和乙酸铅提取．提取液经MCX固相萃取柱净化后用UPLC-MS-MS进行检测。色谱条件：CAPCELLPAKCRl：4柱（2．0mm×100mmi．d．,5μm）,流动相：乙腈-0．01mol／L乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱流速0．3ml／min。采用正离子模式的电喷雾质谱检测．以一级质谱得到的准分子离子m／z 126．8作为母离子,进行碰撞诱导解离（CID）二级质谱（MS2）分析,选择母离子和MS2的碎片离子m／z84．9、67．8定性确证,提取m／z84．9离子质量色谱峰面积定量。基质标准线性范围为0．01～1．00μg/ml,检出限10μg／kg（S／N=10）,原料乳回收率为82．4%～97．8％．奶粉回收率为80．7％～95．7％。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定动物源性食品中甲基睾丸酮和己烯雌酚的方法研究

在研究了甲基睾丸酮和己烯雌酚的国内外检测进展的基础上,成功建立用甲醇提取样品,LC—Alumina—A固相萃取柱净化萃取液,使用C18液相色谱柱,甲醇＋5mmol／L乙酸铵（pH=4．5）=75＋25（V／V）作为流动相,液相色谱一串联质谱进行多反应监测同时检测甲基睾丸酮和己烯雌酚雄雌两性激素类药物残留的高效液相色谱一串联质谱检测方法。在1．00～500μg/L浓度范围内,甲基睾丸酮和己烯雌酚的响应值与浓度呈线性关系,相关系数（r）均大于0．999。方法检出限可达0．5μg／kg。研究表明,该方法适用于鸡鸭猪肉、虾肉、鸡猪肝脏等动物源性食品。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.