松嫩草原中南部退化羊草草地生态恢复与重建中大型土壤动物群落生态特征

选取吉林省大安市姜家甸草场清塘羊草草地、三年生人工碱茅草地和一年生人工碱茅草地为研究样地,2002年分7月、8月和10月3次对样地野外采样.共捕获大型土壤动物4 190只,分别隶属3门7纲16目18类.土壤动物群落间个体密度有一定的差异,鞘翅目在各生境中都有较高个体密度分布,显示其是该草原地带大型土壤动物的特征性类群.土壤动物类群和个体数垂直分布表聚程度群落间有较大不同.土壤动物群落生物多样性存在空间分异和明显季节间波动,人为水肥干预可以增加土壤动物群落的生物多样性.DG多样性指数更适合表达不同演替阶段土壤动物群落的差异,大型土壤动物群落生物多样性能够指示退化草地生态系统恢复与重建过程.     

放牧干扰对亚高山草甸土壤动物群落影响的研究

对川西北红原县3个不同放牧强度(轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧)的亚高山草甸土壤动物群落进行了调查研究,共获得土壤动物1 887个,分别隶属3门7纲15目49类群。不同放牧强度下土壤动物优势类群差异较大。受放牧干扰的亚高山土壤动物群落,其个体数量变化趋势是:重度放牧＞中度放牧＞轻度放牧。中度放牧生境的中小型土壤动物密度最大,大型土壤动物密度最低。3种生境中土壤动物的个体数和类群数均随土层加深而递减,其中中度放牧生境土壤动物表聚性最强。受放牧强度和放牧方式的干扰,中度放牧生境中土壤动物群落种类多样性、均匀性及丰富度均低于其他生境,而优势度高于其他生境。     

盐池四墩子人工柠条带—草地群落交错带地表甲虫多样性研究

研究了宁夏盐池四墩子人工柠条带边缘与柠条带内部和天然草地间地表甲虫多样性的差异,探讨边缘效应对地表甲虫群落的影响。调查共设9个重复样带,每个样带分别由边缘深入到柠条带内部和草地内部100 m,共设81个样点,利用巴氏罐诱法调查地表甲虫群落组成。共记录地表甲虫56种,隶属于13科,其中步甲科(17种)和拟步甲科(12种)种类最多,拟步甲科、步甲科、金龟科和鳃金龟科的个体数量,分别占总个体数量的41.78%,10.81%,10.54%和10.45%,共同构成研究区域地表甲虫的优势类群。甲虫的个体数量、多样性和均匀度从柠条带、边缘到天然草地逐渐降低,都达到了显著水平。边缘效应强度分析呈现边缘正效应(1.039 6＞1)。     

松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物生态学研究

对松嫩草原区农牧林复合系统大型土壤动物群落的组成、空间分布、时间变化，以及与环境要素的相关关系进行了探讨。共获得大型土壤动物43类、1234只，优势类群是蚁科(Formicidae)和金龟子科(Scarabaeidae)幼虫，常见类群14类，稀有类群27类。水平分布表现出明显的不均一性，垂直分布类群数上均匀递减，个体数上表聚性明显。夏季类群数和个体数都明显多于秋季。地温对大型土壤动物影响最明显，其次是气温和降水。     

青海湖北岸不同土地利用方式对大型土壤动物群落的影响

为了解青海湖北岸不同土地利用方式对草地生态系统中土壤动物群落特征的影响,对这一地区不同样地中的大型土壤动物进行了调查。共捕获大型土壤动物657只,隶属3纲9目13个类群,优势类群为鞘翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫和鞘翅目成虫。研究表明,青海湖北岸草地生态系统中大型土壤动物数量总体稀少,生物多样性较低,推测干旱可能是导致这一现象的主要原因。在果洛藏村样区,弃耕地中大型土壤动物类群极为匮乏,远低于3种原生草地,而补播地的土壤动物个体数显著高于(P<0.05)弃耕地,已与对应的原生草地相当,可见人为耕种对芨芨草原生草地中大型土壤动物群落具有毁灭性的破坏作用,而人工干预措施可以促进土壤动物群落的恢复进程。在烂泥湾样区,18年封育草地和6年封育草地生物量、个体数及多样性指数都无显著差别,而放牧通道内大型土壤动物生物量和个体数都显著低于以上2种封育草地类型(P<0.05),充分体现出放牧通道内植被和土壤条件恶化对大型土壤动物的不利影响。在铁路南河边滩地样区,放牧通道内大型土壤动物生物量、个体数及多样性指数与长期封育草原草甸都无显著差别(P>0.05),可能与这一样区内土壤较湿润有关。     

沙漠化对科尔沁沙质草地大型土壤动物群落的影响及其成因分析

为了解沙漠化对沙质草地土壤大型动物群落的影响,2008和2009年在科尔沁沙地研究了沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤动物类群丰富度、多样性和个体密度的变化及其机制。结果表明,随着草地沙漠化的发展,土壤大型动物类群丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和个体密度明显下降,均匀度和优势度趋于增加,其中轻度和严重沙漠化阶段变化幅度最大;土壤动物群落组成不断变化,相似性降低,群落由多优势类群向单一优势类群,甚至无明显优势类群转化,致使群落发生逆行演替;沙漠化对草地土壤植食性动物影响相对较大,对杂食性和捕食性动物影响相对较小,导致群落功能群结构明显改变;草地沙漠化过程中,土壤动物群落的变化主要源于植被退化和土壤环境的恶化,特别是植被盖度和凋落物产量的下降以及土壤质地、有机质和养分状况的恶化,土壤温度、水分和pH的影响未达到显著水平。     

半干旱沙地草场地面节肢动物群落对封育措施的响应

以宁夏盐池国家级草原资源生态监测站为依托,选择荒漠草原典型冰草植被类型的封育(5年)与未封育样地对地面节肢动物、植物以及土壤性质进行了调查,同时分析了地面节肢动物对封育后植物和土壤变化的响应。结果表明,封育对地表植被和土壤性质均产生了明显的影响,尤其是植物个体数、高度和盖度以及生物量封育样地显著高于未封育样地(P<0.05)。调查样地共捕获地面节肢动物7目26科28个类群;封育围栏内外共有的优势类群为拟步甲科琵甲属,共有的常见类群有13个类群,共有类群数占总类群数的50%。并且,地面节肢动物对封育亦产生了积极的响应,动物群落个体数、类群数和多样性封育样地均高于未封育样地,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05),说明荒漠草原短期封育(5年)对地表植被和地面节肢动物具有不同的生态效应。相关分析表明,地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而优势度指数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。表明土壤容重是地面节肢动物群落结构封育内外差异的主要影响因素,而且不同地面节肢动物类群对封育内外生境的选择性而表现出不同的响应特征。     

疏勒河上游冻土区大型土壤动物群落调查

为了掌握疏勒河上游冻土生态系统中土壤动物的群落特征,于2010 年6-7月对这一地区不同生境中的大型土壤动物进行了调查。共捕获大型土壤动物453头,隶属3纲9目13个类群,优势类群为鞘翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫和鞘翅目成虫。与我国西北高原地区的土壤动物群落相比,疏勒河上游地区的土壤动物数量稀少、生物多样性较低,推测极端干旱可能是导致这一现象的主要原因。尽管不同植被类型间的大型土壤动物物种组成方面有较大差别,但其生物量和多样性与植被定量指标之间无显著相关关系（P>0.05）。季节冻土和多年冻土之间,土壤动物生物量、个体数和Shannon Wiener多样性指数都无显著差异（P>0.05）,而过渡类型冻土中的土壤动物生物量和个体数却显著大于其他2种冻土类型（P<0.05）。     

不同土地利用类型大型土壤动物群落结构

利用样方统计法,对内蒙古高原东南缘森林草原过渡地带森林、森林草甸、草甸草原和草原4种不同土地利用类型大型土壤动物群落结构进行了研究。共采集大型土壤动物2 394只,隶属于3门8纲22目（类）。由森林向草原过渡过程中,大型土壤动物群落组成变化较大,土壤动物个体数量和类群数呈递减趋势。统计分析表明,大型土壤动物类群数和密度-类群指数（DG）在不同土地利用类型之间存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;森林带大型土壤动物个体数量显著大于森林草甸、草原和草甸草原（P＜0.05）,多样性指数（H′）显著大于草原带,均匀度指数（J）在4个土地利用类型之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。森林具有最高的大型土壤动物个体数量、类群数、H′值和DG值,其次是森林草甸,草原带最低。     

内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原红砂灌丛林引入柠条后地面节肢动物群落结构分布特征

在内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原退化红砂灌丛林地内,引入柠条灌丛已成为一种重要的生态恢复措施。关于人工种植柠条灌丛对天然红砂灌丛林地地面节肢动物群落结构及其多样性分布的影响研究,是该区域生物多样性保育和退化生态系统恢复过程研究的重要科学问题。本研究以红砂和柠条灌丛作为研究对象,以灌丛间裸露地为对照。于2018年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）和秋季（10月）,利用陷阱诱捕法,调查柠条和红砂灌丛微生境内地面节肢动物的群落结构分布及其与环境因子间的关系。结果显示：1）试验调查期间,共捕获地面节肢动物560只,隶属于10目23科。其中,优势类群有拟步甲科和蚁科,其个体数分别占总个体数的41.07%和22.14%;常见类群有10类,其个体数共占总个体数的32.68%;稀有类群有11类,其个体数共占总个体数的4.11%。2）地面节肢动物的群落组成在红砂灌丛、柠条灌丛和裸露地微生境内存在较大差异,狼蛛科和管巢蛛科仅在柠条灌丛微生境内存在,蜉金龟科和木伪蝎科仅在裸露地微生境内存在。3）地面节肢动物的个体数、类群数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数在红砂灌丛、柠条灌丛和裸露地微生境间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。4）红砂灌丛、柠条灌丛和裸露地微生境间的Jaccard相似性指数均处于较高水平,为0.65~0.71,属于高度相似。5）冗余对应分析（RDA）和偏RDA结果表明,土壤pH是影响地面节肢动物个体数分布的主要环境因子。研究表明,在乌拉特荒漠草原红砂灌丛林地内种植柠条灌丛,虽然会对地面节肢动物的群落组成产生一定的影响,但对其个体数、类群数和多样性分布的影响较小,说明种植柠条灌丛对地面节肢动物多样性恢复乃至生物多样性恢复均存在局限性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.