禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗的研制

利用禽巴氏杆菌C48-1、C48-2强毒株、禽大肠杆菌O78和O1血清型强毒株及克雷伯菌临床分离株制苗,通过疫苗对鸡的免疫效力试验、疫苗最小免疫剂量试验、疫苗产生坚强免疫力时间的测定、疫苗免疫期的测定和疫苗保存期的测定等,研制出禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病和克雷伯菌病多价蜂胶三联灭活疫苗.结果该三联灭活疫苗安全可靠,免疫原性良好,最小免疫剂量为0.5 mL/只,免疫7 d后产生坚强保护力,疫苗对上述疾病的保护率为100%,免疫期为6个月,4 ℃条件下保存期为9个月.     

应用小白鼠代替鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检的研究

为寻找其他有效的禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的效检方法,应用小白鼠代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检.结果表明,小白鼠免疫时体重15～18 g,疫苗免疫剂量0.3 mL/只,免疫10 d后攻毒,攻毒时体重20～25 g,攻毒剂量5～9 CFU/只时,可代替本动物鸡对禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检,判定标准为免疫组8/10以上保护,对照组5/5死亡为合格.本效检方法可缩短检验期限7 d,降低检验成本,具有敏感、特异、客观、简便等特点.     

禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病蜂胶二联灭活疫苗中大肠杆菌凝集抗体消长规律的研究

应用改良大肠杆菌凝集试验对禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病蜂胶二联灭活疫苗中大肠杆菌凝集抗体消长规律的监测表明：3 d的抗体效价为2-3 Log2,5 d达到6 Log2以上,30 d达到高峰8.5-9.5 Log2,6个月仍可达到6 Log2。3批成品监测结果基本一致,表明禽霍乱、大肠杆菌病蜂胶二联灭活疫苗生产工艺已相当成熟,完全适合工厂化大规模生产。     

应用小白鼠对鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检的研究

为寻找更好的鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗的效检方法,本研究应用小白鼠代替本动物“鸡”,对鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检。结果表明,小白鼠免疫体重为18～22g,疫苗免疫剂量为0.3ml/只;免疫后10d,攻毒体重为20～28g,攻毒剂量为2～3×107CFU/只时,可代替本动物“鸡”对鸡大肠杆菌病多价蜂胶灭活疫苗进行效检,判定标准为免疫组8/10以上保护,对照组5/5死亡为合格。本效检方法可缩短检验期限7d,降低检验成本,具有更敏感、更特异、更客观、更简便等特点。     

家禽主要疫病免疫技术(三)

大肠杆菌病目前只有大肠杆菌灭活疫苗。最好应用标准株加现地株的“现地自家多价灭活疫苗”,并且注意随时跟踪现地致病菌株的动态变化以便适时针锋相对,保证疫苗的“动态对型”预防。疫苗种类依佐剂的不同大体分为四类:铝胶佐剂灭活疫苗、蜂胶佐剂灭活疫苗、蜂胶中草药佐剂灭活疫苗、油佐剂灭活疫苗,以后二者效果最好。一般七日龄以上鸡均可应用,皮下或肌肉注射。禽霍乱分为灭活疫苗与弱毒活菌苗两大类,还有联苗和亚单位疫苗。1.灭活疫苗:共有“铝胶、油乳剂、蜂胶”3种佐剂类型,以蜂胶佐剂灭活苗保护率最高(80%以上)、免疫期最长(半年);铝…     

各类疫苗特点及使用注意事项

<正> 1 各类疫苗的特点1.1 冷冻真空干燥疫苗大多数的活疫苗都采用冷冻真空干燥的方式冻干保存,可延长疫苗的保存时间,保持疫苗的效价。病毒性冻干疫苗常在-15℃以下保存,一般保存期2年。细菌性冻干疫苗在-15℃保存时,一般保存期2年;2℃～8℃保存时,保存期9个月。1.2 油佐剂灭活疫苗这类疫苗为灭活疫苗,以白油为佐剂乳化而成,大多数病毒性灭活疫苗采用这种方式。油佐剂疫苗注入肌肉后,疫苗中的抗原物质缓慢释放,从而延长疫苗的作用时间。这类疫苗2℃～8℃保存,禁止冻结。1.3 铝胶佐剂疫苗以铝胶按一定比例混合而成,大多数细菌性灭活疫苗采用这种方式,疫苗作用时间比油佐剂疫苗快。2℃～8℃保存,不宜冻结。1.4 蜂胶佐剂灭活疫苗以提纯的蜂胶为佐剂制成的灭活疫苗,蜂胶具有增强免疫的作用,可增加免疫的效果,减轻注苗反应。这类灭活疫苗作用时间比较快,但制苗工艺要求高,需高浓缩抗原配苗。2℃～8℃保存,不宜冻结,用前充分摇匀。2 使用疫苗的注意事项     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

禽霍乱一直是危害大庆市养禽业发展的重要传染病，为防治该病，大庆市兽医卫生防疫站积极推广禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗。在推广禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗之前，进行了田间与区域试验，进一步测定禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力。现将过程及结果报道如下。     

鸡大肠杆菌病和新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研制与应用

本研究采用致病性大肠杆菌O1,O2,O78 三个血清型菌株接种适宜培养基 ,收获菌液 ,经浓缩后 ,与灭活的鸡新城疫Lasota株鸡胚尿囊液混合 ,制备成油乳剂二联灭活疫苗。应用二联灭活疫苗免疫18日龄鸡 ,0.25ml/只 ,皮下注射 ,免疫后21天攻毒测保护力 ,新城疫保护率100 %,大肠杆菌病保护率80 %～100 %,免疫持续期可达4个月 ,产蛋鸡在开产前2～3周免疫二联苗0.5ml/只 ,免疫后6个月ND保护率为100 %,大肠杆菌病保护率为80 %,免疫期可达8个月。安全试验结果 :18日龄雏鸡0.5ml/只 ,120日龄成鸡2ml/只 ,试验鸡全部健活。疫苗在4～8℃保存期为12个月 ,10℃保存期为4个月 ,1998～1999年在全省不同地区、不同品种鸡应用20万羽份 ,取得良好的应用效果     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力试验

为了验证禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗在大庆地区对禽霍乱预防效果 ,以便推广应用 ,在大面积应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗之前 ,我们在田间与区域进行了试验 ,进一步测定禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗的免疫效力。现报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　疫苗　山东省滨州地区畜牧兽医研究所研制的禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗 ,批号 980 315 ,980 5 2 0 ,980 6 15三批。1.2　试验动物　 2月龄金定鸭 ,购自大庆市大同区祝三乡养鸭场健康鸭群 ;3月龄东北白鹅 ,购自大庆市大同区大同镇养鹅场健康鹅群 ;2月龄伊沙褐鸡 ,购自太庆市机关养鸡场健康鸡群。1.3　攻毒菌种　Ｃ48- 1(Ａ :1)由中…     

鸡新城疫与禽霍乱高效联免技术应用研究

通过对鸡新城疫与禽霍乱免疫抗体的测定,弄清和掌握了鸡新城疫母源抗体消长规律及对雏鸡免疫力的影响和最佳免疫时间。同时应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗与新城疫I、Ⅱ系疫苗进行了联合免疫试验。并对联合免疫鸡群进行了禽霍乱攻毒保护试验。在此基础上,探索出了鸡新城疫与禽霍乱联合免疫程序和农户散养鸡“两病”防制的方法。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

Nutrient and metal analyses of Chinese herbal products marketed for veterinary use

Many Chinese herbs and herbal mixtures are fed to domestic animals for their reputed medicinal properties. These herbs could contribute to the intake of essential nutrients and toxic metals, but their composition is mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure major nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, fibre) and mineral (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, S, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb) concentrations in samples of fourteen combination formulas labelled for veterinary use and commonly administered to horses and dogs. Three single herbs, Bupleurum chinense, Curcuma zedoaria and Astragalus membranaceus, each obtained from several sources, and Yunnan Baiyao, a proprietary hemostatic mixture, were also analysed. Proximate analyses and some mineral concentrations differed (p < 0.05) among single herbs, and high concentrations of several minerals were detected in some herbal combinations. Those containing the highest concentrations [g/kg dry matter (DM)] of calcium (92.4), iron (2.6) and manganese (0.28) could provide >38%, 142% and 96%, respectively, of recommended allowances in adult dogs, and >13%, 122% and 2%, respectively, of maintenance requirements in horses, at the maximum labelled dose assuming complete availability. Concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were below published oral tolerance levels. Aluminium concentrations (median 380, maximum 920 mg/kg DM) were higher than has been previously reported in Chinese herbs. These nutrient analyses suggest that herbal combinations marketed to veterinarians, when fed at the maximal labelled dose, are unlikely to produce clinically relevant changes in the dietary intake of essential nutrients. However, small amounts of non‐essential contaminant minerals are present in some formulas, and further research is necessary to understand the significance of this finding.