家蚕遗传密码研究

家蚕作为一种模式生物具有宝贵的基因资源,本文利用遗传密码分析软件,对家蚕编码不同蛋白的820余个完全CDS序列、24.8万余个遗传密码子进行了分析,发现家蚕不同蛋白质使用的遗传密码频率有所差异,且不同蛋白质使用遗传密码子的偏好性基本一致。通过对家蚕最终吐出的蚕丝的丝素、丝胶氨基酸含量与蚕丝遗传密码分析的丝素、丝胶氨基酸含量的比对发现,两者不仅有氨基酸种类的差异,而且有氨基酸含量的差异。因此,蚕丝遗传密码分析得出的氨基酸含量可能只是蚕丝蛋白质合成初期的氨基酸水平反映,而家蚕最终吐出的蚕丝蛋白质的氨基酸是通过合成后加工的结果,这提示家蚕丝腺是研究蛋白质合成后加工的极好材料。     

氨基酸生物配比的数量特征

本文通过对氨基酸生物配比的特征和理论方法的研究,以展示生物体蛋白质构成的分子群体遗传学规律,研究结果表明,不同生物蛋白质均由特定的氨基酸配比构成,在同一物种的不同一物种的不同组织中,这种配比表面出特异性。     

如何根据氨基酸配比平衡日粮营养

1氨基酸配比与猪日粮营养的关系动物对饲料中蛋白质的吸收程度取决于饲料中必需氨基酸赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的配比．因为这些氨基酸在猪体内不能合成。如果动物日粮中缺乏上述任何一种营养,都会影响新陈代谢．并降低动物的生产性能．     

低蛋白猪日粮添加氨基酸的研究

以密码子使用频率为指导进行低蛋白日粮氨基酸生物配比。低蛋白日粮中添加氨基酸能显著改善猪的生产性能。对照组与试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的日增重分别为 5 6 1 0 7g± 4 8 0 2g ,389 2 7g±2 7 31g ,5 2 6 79g± 33 72 g和 4 76 71g± 39 5 9g。结果表明 ,密码子的使用频率可以作为指导氨基酸生物配比的参考依据。     

奶牛过瘤胃氨基酸生物利用率评价与应用

过瘤胃氨基酸（RPAA）是经过特定方式加工的氨基酸,可降低瘤胃微生物的降解,增加到达小肠的可吸收氨基酸量,在提高反刍动物氨基酸供给和氮利用效率方面发挥重要作用。准确评估RPAA生物利用率是科学使用RPAA的基础,不同包被工艺影响RPAA的生物利用率。目前用于评价RPAA生物利用率的方法很多,但尚无统一标准化的评价方法。因此,本文主要对RPAA生物利用率的评价方法进行了简述,为进一步研究RPAA评价方法及其在奶牛上的应用提供参考。     

按理想氨基酸比例配合肉用仔鸡日粮的研究

按理想氨基酸比例配合肉用仔鸡日粮的研究中国农业大学动物科技学院马英周毓平理想氨基酸比例是氨基酸达到平衡时，各种必需氨基酸之间的比例。它的应用是先选择一种必需氨基酸，确定其需要量之后，其它必需氨基酸可按照理想氨基酸比例，计算出需要量。这样对做配方者十分...     

微量元素氨基酸螯合物的生物效价及其应用中一些问题

自17世纪初,化学界发现并制备出络合物以来,络合物的研究和应用在很多行业都得到了很大的发展。20世纪70年代,微量元素氨基酸螯合物的研究推动了络合物在动物营养中的应用。与动物营养有关的金属微量元素主要有Fe,Cu,Mn,zn,Co和Cr。动物营养研究工作者从氨基酸、多肽是动物必需营养来源这一现实出发,用其作为络     

低蛋白猪日粮添加氨基酸的研究

以密码子使用频率为指导进行低蛋白日粮氨基酸生物配比。低蛋白日粮中添加氨基酸能显著改善猪的生产性能。对照组与试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的日增重分别为561．07g±48．02g,389．27g±27．31g,526．79g±33．72g和476．71g±39．59g。结果表明,密码子的使用频率可以作为指导氨基酸生物配比的参考依据。     

反刍动物的理想氨基酸与小肠氨基酸供给模式的研究

<正>随着对反刍动物蛋白质营养研究的深入,以小肠氨基酸为基础的新蛋白质体系逐步代替传统的粗蛋白或可消化粗蛋白等营养体系,新的体系更能反映反刍动物蛋白质消化代谢的实质,从而准确地指导饲养实践。小肠氨基酸的数量及比例不仅影响氨基酸在肠内的吸收和利用,而且和反刍动物的生产性能及成本     

优质牦牛肉肉质的综合评价

2000-2002年对大通牛场40头6月龄不同性别的全哺乳牦牛的肉质进行了综合评价。对供试牦牛肌肉pH、嫩度、肌纤维细度、系水率、肉的贮存损失、肉的煮熟时间、熟肉率和烹饪损失率及肉色等进行了评价，分析了肌肉的化学成分，氨基酸及微量元素含量。结果表明该牦牛肉系水率强，肉的煮熟时间短，肉的贮存损失及烹饪损失较小，肌纤维较细，肉色深红。并具有蛋白质含量高，脂肪含量低及富含各种氨基酸的特点。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled \"Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology\". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.