应用间接免疫荧光法检测鸡传染性贫血病病毒抗体的研究

用鸡传染性贫血病病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）ＭＳＢＩ－ＴＫ５８０３毒株感染的ＭＤＣＣ－ＭＳＢ；细胞涂片为抗原，建立了检测ＣＩＡＶ抗体的间接免疫荧光法（ＩＩＦＡ）。应用该ＩＩＦＡ方法对人工感染的ＳＰＦ鸡进行了检测１５只１日龄ＳＰＦ鸡在接种后第７、１４天时均呈阴性反应；２１天时２只鸡呈弱阳性反应，２８天时均呈弱阳性反应，２１天时２只鸡呈弱阳性反应，２８天时均呈弱阳性反应，３５天时呈明显阳性反应；１４只４０日龄ＳＰ     

免疫调节剂对球虫感染鸡的免疫学指标的影响

为探讨免疫调节剂对鸡球虫病的免疫反应调节作用，设计并进行了免疫调节剂对球虫感染鸡的免疫学指标的影响的研究。测定指标包括：淋巴细胞玫瑰花环细胞形成率、淋巴细胞转化率、红细胞免疫复合物花环形成率、红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环形成率、脾脏重／体重相对重；血清中ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ的ＥＬＩＳＡＰ／Ｎ值。试验结果表明：胸腺素、黄芪多糖和卡介苗等免疫调节剂可提高球虫感染鸡的淋巴细胞玫瑰花环形成率、淋巴细胞转化率。     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染对雏鸡免疫系统的影响Ⅱ．几种细胞因子体外诱生活性动态变化

１日龄雏鸡人工感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）后７、１４ｄ，脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），２１ｄ明显回升，２８ｄ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），３５ｄ后降至对照水平；感染后７、１４和２１ｄ，胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），２８ｄ后恢复至对照水平。感染后７、１４ｄ，脾脏淋巴细胞ＩＦＮ诱生活性明显低于对照鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５），２１ｄ后恢复至对照水平。感染后１４ｄ，胸腺淋巴细胞集落刺激因子（ＣＳＦ）诱生活性未见明显变化，２１ｄ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），２８ｄ降至正常水平。     

ABC—Dot—ELISA检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒

建立了ＡＢＣ－Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）的方法,其最佳反应条件是：包被液为０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬｐＨ９．６的碳酸钠－碳酸氢钠缓冲液（ＣＢＳ）,免疫ＩＢＶ ＩｇＧ的最佳工作浓度为１：８０;抗原的最佳浓度为１：８００;封闭剂选用０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｐＨ７．４含３０ｍＬ／Ｌ白明胶的ＰＢＳ,Ｂ－ＡｇＧ和ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２００。用ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２０     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染对雏鸡免疫系统的影响：Ⅱ.几种细胞因子体外…

１日龄雏鸡人工感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）后７、１４ｄ，脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），２８ｄ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），３５ｄ后降至对照水平；感染后７、１４和２１ｄ，胸腺Ｔ淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），２８ｄ后恢复至对照水平。感染后７、１４ｄ，脾腺淋巴细胞集落刺激因子（ＣＳＦ）诱生活性未见明显变化，２１ｄ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），２８ｄ降至     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染对雏鸡免疫系统的影响

１日龄雏鸡感染鸡传染性贫血病毒后，胸腺和脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应分别于１４ｄ和７－２１ｄ明显减弱（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；法氏囊和脾脏Ｂ淋巴细胞增殖反应分别于７－２１ｄ和２１ｄ显著减弱（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；由此说明雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后，胸腺，法氏囊和脾脏的细胞免疫功能和／或体液免疫功能均明显降低，此外，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后１４－４２ｄ，体重明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），胸腺和法     

禽脑脊髓炎灭活油乳剂疫苗的研制

将ＡＥＶ－ＶＲ株接种于６日龄ＳＰＦ鸡胚卵黄囊，孵化至１６日龄时迫杀，采集鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜、尿囊液、胚体称重，研磨、离心取上清液加入福尔马林灭活，以灭菌ＰＢＳ（ｐＨ７．２）稀释成１：１、１：１０、１：２０三种浓度，加入吐温－８０制成水相，另以白油、司斑－８０和硬质酸铝煮沸灭菌制成油相，搅拌混合制成不同浓度的灭活油乳剂疫苗，分别免疫２日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡，安全可靠．用ＡＥＶ－ＶＲ、ＡＥＶ－１１４３、ＡＥＶ－ＮＨ９３７三株混合毒做攻毒试验证明１：１稀释的灭活苗效果最好，保护率可达１００％．用ＡＥＶ－ＶＲ，ＡＥＶ－１１４３、ＡＥＶ－ＮＨ９３７及以上三株混合毒同法制成１：１浓度的灭活油乳剂疫苗，分别免疫２日龄商品雏鸡后用其相应的毒株做攻毒试验，表明该疫苗是安全的，而且可使免疫鸡抵抗ＡＥＶ的感染，具有良好的免疫效果．     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫程序初探

用四种不同免疫程序免疫肉雏鸡和蛋雏鸡Ａ，分别于３、１０、２１日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗饮水免疫Ｂ，于１４、２８日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒苗饮水Ｃ于３日龄弱毒苗饮水，１０日龄用没乳剂组织灭活苗下接种Ｄ１０日龄用油乳剂灭活苗皮下接种，试验表明，Ｃ、Ｄ两种免疫程序效果极佳，免疫鸡地２１日龄地就能检测出ＡＧＰ抗体，以后抗体上升较快，６０日龄时达高峰，其ＡＧＰ效价最高达１：２＾８．４３，ＲＰＨＩ达１：２＾１６．４３，蛋鸡至     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫程序初探

用四种不同的免疫程序免疫肉雏鸡和蛋雏鸡：Ａ，分别于３、１０、２１日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒疫苗饮水免疫；Ｂ，于１４、２８日龄用ＩＢＤ弱毒苗饮水；Ｃ，于３日龄弱毒苗饮水、１０日龄用油乳剂组织灭活苗皮下接种；Ｄ，１０日龄用油乳剂灭活苗皮下接种。试验表明，Ｃ、Ｄ两种免疫程序效果极佳，免疫鸡于２１日龄时就能检测出ＡＧＰ抗体，以后抗体上升较快，６０日龄时达高峰，其ＡＧＰ效价最高达１∶２８．４３、ＲＰＨＩ达１∶２１６．４３，蛋鸡至１２０日龄时，血清中仍可维持较高水平抗体，攻毒结果表明，各个日龄试验鸡对ＩＢＤ野毒攻击均具有１００％的保护率。而Ａ、Ｂ两种免疫程序效果不佳，只能产生低水平抗体，各个日龄试验鸡对野毒攻击均未获完全保护。     

雏鸡感染CIAV后细胞因子与免疫功能变化

本实验研究了１日龄雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后免疫器官Ｔ细胞的ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ、ＣＳＦ诱生活性、Ｔ细胞与Ｂ细胞增殖反应的动态变化。结果表明，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后：（１）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性分别于７～２１ｄ不１７～１４ｄ明显降低；（２）脾脏淋巴细胞ＩＦＮ诱生活性于７～１４ｄ显著减弱；（３）胸腺淋巴细胞ＣＳＦ诱生活性于１４ｄ未见异常，２１ｄ明显升高；（４）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞增殖反应分别于１４ｄ和７～２１ｄ明显减弱：（５）法氏囊和脾脏Ｂ细胞增殖反应分别于７～２１ｄ和２１ｄ显著减弱；（６）胸腺重量与体重比值、法氏囊重量与体重比值、体重均明显降低；（７）外周血液ＰＣＶ、ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ、ＷＢＣ、血栓细胞（血小板）数值均明显降低。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.