禽流感的药物防制

禽流感（ＡｖｉａｎＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ简称ＡＩ）是由Ａ型流感病毒引起的一种禽类和鸟类的感染和疾病的综合征。１８７８年该病在意大利鸡群暴发的一种严重疾病，直至１９５５年美国才分离到Ｈ５Ｎ１流感毒株。近年在美洲、欧洲、非洲、亚洲、澳洲等地时有暴发，已分离到上千株ＡＩＶ毒株，病毒可分为不同的亚型，我国在８０年代从鸭分离到亚型有Ｈ４、Ｈ５、Ｈ６、Ｈ４Ｎ８、Ｈ４Ｎ６，香港在１９７５～１９８０年分离到６２种亚型Ｈ１～１１和Ｎ１～９的组合。禽流感对鸡可直接或间接感染，如鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、水禽和海鸟等均可感染。水禽…     

中国禽流感流行株的分离鉴定

分别从广东、四川、新疆等地禽流感（ＡＩ）血检阳性、发病率高、产蛋率下降的鸡群中采集１８６份病料，先后分离到６株Ａ型流感病毒。这些分离株可在鸡胚中传代，可凝集鸡红细胞，血凝价达１６０～１２８０倍。不被新城疫、减蛋综合症、败血支原体阳性血清所抑制。用这些分离毒株制成琼脂扩散（ＡＧＰ）抗原与禽流感标准阳性血清可出现白色沉淀线。分别将分离毒株与ＡＩ标准分型血清Ｈ１～Ｈ１４、Ｎ１～Ｎ９进行ＨＩ、ＮＩ试验，结果川和川农株均为Ｈ４Ｎ６，西昌１和２株及Ｓｈ株均为Ｈ９Ｎ２，新疆石河子（石）株为Ｈ１４Ｎ５。分离株分别做脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）、静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）测定，结果所有分离株ＩＣＰＩ介于０２４～１４８之间，ＩＶＰＩ介于０１５～０５６之间．通过电镜观察，可见直径为８０～１２０ｎｍ球状或杆状典型的禽流感病毒．经联机检索，从新疆石河子ＡＩ阳性鸡场产蛋下降的鸡群中分离出的Ｈ１４Ｎ５株为国内外首次从鸡中分离出的Ｈ１４亚型禽流感病毒。将某单位送检的禽流感鹅体分离株（Ｇ１株和Ｇ２株）做了血清型和毒力测定，试验结果认定，Ｇ１和Ｇ２株均为Ａ型禽流感病毒Ｈ５Ｎ１亚型，Ｇ１、Ｇ２株对鸡均达到高致病力毒株标准。     

鸡,鸭体内传染性法氏囊病病毒的分离及理化性质比较

从疑似传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）病鸡及同群饲养的鸭体内各分离到１株病毒，用传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）单克隆抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ试验证明两病毒均为ＩＢＤＶ，病毒血清型为Ⅰ型。病毒可致死鸡胚，适应于鸡胚成纤维细胞并产生细胞病变（ＣＰＥ）。理化性质比较表明，两病毒为同源ＩＢＤＶ。研究表明，鸭可成为ＩＢＤＶ的携带者或传染源。     

禽流感二价抗原油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制

以禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）Ｈ５Ｎ４株、Ｈ７Ｎ３株为抗原研制了Ｈ５Ｎ４－Ｈ７Ｎ３二价油乳剂灭活疫苗,并对其物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、保存期及抗体消长规律进行了检测。结果表明,试验鸡疫苗在免疫后３周到９个月内对ＡＩＶ－Ｈ５Ｎ４的攻击均获全部保护。疫菌４℃保存１５个月,其免疫效力没有下降。     

禽流感的防制

禽流感 (ＡｖｉａｎＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ简称ＡＩ)是由Ａ型流感病毒引起的一种禽类和鸟类的感染和疾病的综合征。 1878年该病在意大利鸡群暴发的一种严重疾病 ,直至 195 5年美国才分离到Ｈ5Ｎ1流感毒株。近年在美洲、欧洲、非洲、亚洲、澳洲等地有暴发 ,已分离到上千株ＡＩＶ毒株 ,可将病毒分为不同的亚型 ,我国在 80年代从鸭分离到病毒亚型有Ｈ4、Ｈ5、Ｈ6等 ,香港在 1975～ 1980年分离到 6 2种亚型 ,有Ｈ1-11和Ｎ1-9的组合。禽流感对鸡可直接或间接感染 ,如鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、野鸟、水禽和海鸟等均可感染。水禽一般不显症状 ,其他禽类可表现…     

鸭源禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及特性研究

从湖北某鸭场采集泄殖腔棉拭子20份,通过传统的禽流感病毒分离方法即鸡胚尿囊腔接种法分离到1株鸭源禽流感病毒(AIV).血清学试验表明,该病毒分离株为A型流感病毒,经血凝素亚型鉴定为H9型,与禽流感病毒H9亚型标准阳性血清的血凝抑制(HI)价为8 log2,电镜负染拍照后,可清楚观察到典型的流感病毒粒子形态;致病性试验表明,该流感病毒对鸡表现为较低的致病力.研究表明,水禽,特别是鸭,正日益成为禽流感的高度易感动物,是AIV生态循环中重要的一环.     

禽流感病毒重组核蛋白ELISA诊断技术的研究

用表达禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）核蛋白基因的杆状病毒感染Ｓｆ９昆虫细胞。以其表达产物制备抗原,建立了以杆状病毒系统表达的ＡＩＶ核蛋白为抗原的禽流感间接酶联免疫吸附试验诊断技术（ｒＮＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。其抗原最适包被量为０．６μｇ／孔,等检血清最适稀释度为１：２００,酶标抗体使用浓度为１：１０００。根据对１４０份ＳＰＦ鸡血清检测结果的统计分析,确定其判定标准为ＯＤ均为阴性;检测Ａ型ＡＩＶ１５个不同亚型（Ｈ１￣Ｈ１５）毒株的特异性血清均为阳性;对人工接种ＡＩＶ的ＳＰＦ鸡第３天即能检出抗体,到第１６２天试验结束时检测仍为阳性。其批内和批间重复试验的变异系数分别在２．９％￣７．２％和３．４％￣９．８％之间。对３１３８份鸡血清进行监测,ｒＮＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ与全病毒间接ＥＬＩＳＡ与全病毒间接ＥＬＩＳＡ（ＡＩＶ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）、琼脂扩散     

猪生殖-呼吸道综合征病毒(PRRSV)分离鉴定及其与欧、美PRRSV抗原的比较

在我国吉林省某地猪生殖－呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）抗体阳性猪群的４头２日龄弱仔猪实质脏器中分离到２株ＰＲＲＳＶ。间接荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡ）结果表明,ＰＲＲＳＶ（ＬＶ．ＶＲ－２３３２）抗血清与２个分离株呈阳性反应;分离到病毒的弱仔猪血清与参考株（ＬＶ．ＶＲ－２３３２）也呈阳性反应;而分离株与ＨＣＶ、ＰｒＶ、ＰＰＶ、ＴＧＥＶ、ＰＥＤＶ和ＨＥＶ无交叉抗原。以上试验证明,我们已成功地分离到２株地方性ＰＲＲＳＶ。进一步用六种ＰＲＲＳＶ单抗（Ａ～Ｆ）进行ＩＦＡ试验,结果２个分离株与ＶＲ－２３３２的荧光反应谱相同。说明它们之间在抗原结构上具有同源性。     

禽鸟源传染性腔上囊病病毒分离株对鸡的致病性试验

用鸡、鸭、麻雀３种不同源性传染性腔上囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）分离株人工感染８０日龄的ＳＰＦ鸡，初步试验发现，这些病毒均能使接种鸡的腔上囊明显萎缩，组织切片见淋巴滤泡萎缩，坏死，从人工感染的鸡腔上囊组织中可检测和分离到ＩＢＤＶ。各试验组的腔上囊指数值分别为：鸡２．８３，鸭３．１４，麻雀３．６４，对照组５．１１。经统计学分析（ｔ检验）３个攻毒组与对照组间均有显著差异。     

值得警惕的疾病禽流感

一、禽流感发生的历史回顾 禽流感（ＡＩ）是一种古老的疾病，曾给世界养禽业造成巨大损失。禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）对鸡、火鸡、鸭等家禽均有较强的侵袭性。 １．鸡：１８７８年意大利首次暴发鸡瘟，１９５５年证实鸡瘟是由 Ａ型禽流感病毒引起的。１９５９年英国暴发禽流感，并分离出禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）（Ｈ５Ｎ１），现在已有研究表明禽流感病毒广泛分布于世界范围，１９７６年，澳大利亚（Ｈ７Ｎ７）、１９７８年比利时（Ｎ１Ｎ６，Ｈ６Ｎ２），１９７９年法国（Ｈ９Ｎ２）；其后美国、以色列、日本、前苏联各地区、香港及内陆都分离出…     

Identification and characterization of H2N3 avian influenza virus from backyard poultry and comparison with novel H2N3 swine influenza virus

In early 2007, H2N3 influenza virus was isolated from a duck and a chicken in two separate poultry flocks in Ohio. Since the same subtype influenza virus with hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes of avian lineage was also identified in a swine herd in Missouri in 2006, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare the genetic, antigenic, and biologic properties of the avian and swine isolates. Avian isolates were low pathogenic by in vivo chicken pathogenicity testing. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all genes of the avian isolates were comprised of avian lineages, whereas the swine isolates contained contemporary swine internal gene segments, demonstrating that the avian H2N3 viruses were not directly derived from the swine virus. Sequence comparisons for the H and N genes demonstrated that the avian isolates were similar but not identical to the swine isolates. Accordingly, the avian and swine isolates were also antigenically related as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization assays, suggesting that both avian and swine isolates originated from the same group of H2N3 avian influenza viruses. Although serological surveys using the HI assay on poultry flocks and swine herds in Ohio did not reveal further spread of H2 virus from the index flocks, surveillance is important to ensure the virus is not reintroduced to domestic swine or poultry. Contemporary H2N3 avian influenza viruses appear to be easily adaptable to unnatural hosts such as poultry and swine, raising concern regarding the potential for interspecies transmission of avian viruses to humans.     

Pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild mallard ducks and domestic turkeys

Groups of turkeys were exposed to different isolates of avian influenza virus from wild mallard ducks and domestic turkeys by the intracerebral, intravenous, intratracheal, and intra-airsac routes, and pathogenicity indices were calculated. For the intracerebral pathogenicity study, body weight was also measured. For intravenous, intratracheal, and intra-airsac pathogenicity studies, necropsy lesions were scored and serological responses were recorded. Only the intracerebral pathogenicity index and body weight gain post intracerebral infection demonstrated any differences between isolates. The other procedures failed to demonstrate any pathogenicity whatsoever. There was a correlation (R = 0.73) between intracerebral pathogenicity index and reduced weight gain postinfection. These studies suggest that growth suppression may be an objective measure of pathogenic potential of influenza viruses found to be nonpathogenic by other methods.     

Surveillance and identification of influenza A viruses in wild aquatic birds in the Crimea, Ukraine (2006-2008)

The ecology of avian influenza (AI) viruses in wild aquatic birds of Asia is poorly understood, especially for the H5N1 high pathogenicity AI (HPAI) viruses. From March 2006 through November 2008, 20 AI viruses were isolated in the Crimea region of Ukraine with an overall frequency of virus recovery of 3.3%. All the viruses were isolated from three species of dabbling ducks: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (Anas penelope), and garganey (Anas querquedula), making the frequency of virus recovery for dabbling ducks 6.3%. The viruses were predominantly isolated during the fall sampling period. All viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized. No H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated, but other HA and NA subtypes were identified including H3N1 (2), H3N6 (3), H3N8 (4), H4N6 (6), H5N2 (3), H7N8 (1), and H10N6 (1) subtypes. All isolates were of low pathogenicity, as determined by the intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.00. For H5N2 and H7N8 isolates, the HA gene was sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis revealed possible ecologic connections of the Crimea region with AI viruses from Siberia and Europe. No influenza A isolates were recovered from other Anseriformes (diving ducks [two species of pochards] and graylag geese), Columbiformes (collared doves), Gruiformes (coot), and Galliformes (gray partridges).     

Assessing pathogenicity potential of waterfowl-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens.

Intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) tests on 29 wild duck-origin type A influenza viruses, two turkey-origin type A influenza viruses, and one chicken-origin type A influenza virus resulted in indices ranging from 0.0 to 0.49. Most of the wild duck-origin viruses and the two turkey-origin viruses had indices of 0.0, indicating they are not pathogenic. Six of the duck-origin viruses had indices ranging from 0.25 to 0.49, and the IVPI for A/chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8) was 0.49, indicating they had low pathogenic potential. An IVPI of 1.25 up to the maximum score of 3.0 is necessary for a type A influenza virus to be classified as highly pathogenic. Gross lesions observed in chickens dying following intravenous viral challenge included kidney swelling with more prominent lobular patterns, but visceral urate deposits were not present. The usefulness of the IVPI test in evaluating the pathogenicity potential of nonpathogenic and low-pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus may be limited.     

Surveillance and characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from northern pintail (Anas acuta) in Japan during 2006-09

A total of 38 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from 6060 fecal samples from northern pintail (Anas acuta) ducks collected in the Tohoku district in Japan during 2006-09. One isolate from each sampling location and date was selected for a total of 38 isolates, then 15 of these were characterized for their pathogenicity by mean death time of minimum lethal dose (MDT/MLD) using chicken embryos and by plaque formation on chicken embryo fibroblasts. Furthermore, nine isolates were randomly selected from these 15 isolates, and the fusion protein genes were sequenced to characterize amino acid sequences around the cleavage site. All 15 were confirmed to be nonvirulent by MDT/MLD test, and nine isolates were also confirmed as nonvirulent by the cleavage site of the fusion protein 112G/E-K/R-Q-G/E-R*L117 that was specific for nonvirulent NDVs. The characteristics of nine isolates identified by phylogenic analysis of the fusion protein gene indicated that the isolates belong to genotype I or II. In addition, we also isolated 68 avian influenza viruses and 28 other hemagglutinating viruses. Our data indicate that northern pintails are subclinically infected by, perpetuate, and distribute NDV along with different subtypes of avian influenza viruses and other hemagglutinating viruses during their migrations across vast areas over the Northern Hemisphere to Japan.     

Sequence Analysis of the Haemagglutinin Genes of Ten H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses

In order to explore the genetic mutations of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated in China, the complete HA segments of the ten H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses were amplified by PCR and the sequences were analyzed on homology and heredity evolution. The results showed that the amino acid motif of cleavage sites for all the ten viruses in the HA genes were RSSR↓GLF, which was consistent with the characterization of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus. 7 to 9 potential glycosylation sites were found in the HA genes and 4 mutations were found in the antigen epitope region of the HA genes of the viruses. The receptor binding sites were relatively conservative except that of 198 site and the leucine at the amino acid position 234 in the HA genes of six isolates indicated the potential of binding with SAα, 2-6 receptor of mammals. The results indicated that the HA genes of the 10 viruses and the vaccine strains displayed nucleotide homologies ranging from 90.4% to 99.2% and amino acid homologies ranging from 92.2% to 98.7%, respectively. They belonged to a branch of the A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 in the phylogenetic tree. The SPF chickens infected respectively by BJ15 and NJ17 isolates shed more virus and last for a longer time. The new occurring potential glycoprotein site NGT in the HA protein of BJ15 and NJ17 isolates might cause the enhancing pathogenicity.     

A low pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus isolated in Taiwan acquired high pathogenicity by consecutive passages in chickens

H5N2 viruses were isolated from cloacal swab samples of apparently healthy chickens in Taiwan in 2003 and 2008 during surveillance of avian influenza. Each of the viruses was eradicated by stamping out. The official diagnosis report indicated that the Intravenous Pathogenicity Indexes (IVPIs) of the isolates were 0.00 and 0.89, respectively, indicating that these were low pathogenic strains, although the hemagglutinin of the strain isolated in 2008 (Taiwan08) had multibasic amino acid residues at the cleavage site (PQRKKR/G). In the present study, these H5N2 viruses were assessed for their intravenous and intranasal pathogenicity for chickens. It was examined whether Taiwan08 acquires pathogenicity through consecutive passages in chickens. Intravenous pathogenicity of Taiwan08 depended upon the age of the chickens used for the IVPI test; all of the eight-week-old chickens intravenously inoculated with Taiwan08 showed clinical signs but survived for ten days post inoculation (IVPI=0.68), whereas all the six-week-old chickens died (IVPI=1.86). Taiwan08-P8, which were passaged in chickens for eight times, killed all the eight-week-old chickens (IVPI=2.36). The four-week-old chickens died after intranasal inoculation of Taiwan08-P8, indicating that Taiwan08 must have become highly pathogenic during circulation in chicken flocks. These results emphasize the importance of a stamping out policy for avian influenza even if the IVPI of the causal virus is low.     

Molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into Singapore

We have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of LPAI viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. This study included three H5N2 and one H5N3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into Singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance program. Based on the molecular criterion of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), sequence analysis with the translated amino acid (aa) sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed the absence of multibasic aa at the HA cleavage site, identifying all four virus isolates as LPAI. Detailed phylogenetic tree analyses using the HA and neuraminidase (NA) genes clustered these isolates in the Eurasian H5 lineage, but away from the HPAI H5 subtypes. This analysis further revealed that the internal genes clustered to different avian and swine subtypes, suggesting that the four isolates may possibly share their ancestry with these different influenza subtypes. Our results suggest that the four LPAI isolates in this study contained mainly avian signatures, and the phylogenetic tree for the internal genes further suggests the potential for reassortment with other different circulating avian subtypes. This is the first comprehensive report on the genetic characterization of LPAI H5N2/3 viruses isolated in South-East Asia.     

禽流感病毒宿主特异性与致病性的分子基础研究进展

禽流感病毒不断重排和变异导致新型流感病毒不断出现,其中有些毒株已经获得了感染哺乳动物的能力,严重危害人类公共卫生安全。近年来,对于禽流感病毒致宿主特异性和致病性的研究取得了一定进展。病毒蛋白某些氨基酸位点的突变就能够改变病毒的宿主特异性,使病毒能够跨宿主传播。而且,病毒的RNA聚合酶、NS1非结构蛋白和几种新发现的病毒蛋白都与病毒的致病性密切相关。论文阐述了禽流感病毒宿主特异性与致病性的分子基础,为禽流感跨物种传播机制研究及防控工作提供参考。