喷雾干燥猪血浆对断奶仔猪肠道屏障功能、炎症反应和腹泻的影响

为了研究不同添加水平的喷雾干燥猪血浆（SDPP）对于肠道屏障功能、黏膜炎症及猪肠道健康诊断指标的影响。用离体试验ussing箱法依据经上皮电阻和3H-甘露糖和14C-菊粉细胞旁流测定回肠和结肠的屏障功能，用组织形态分析和促炎细胞因子黏膜水平估测肠道炎症情况。     

猪急性出血性回肠炎的防治

正引起回肠炎的病原是专性胞内寄生菌——劳森氏菌,此菌最容易在肠陷窝上皮细胞的细胞浆内生长。劳森氏胞内菌是一种弯曲或直的弧状杆菌,末端渐细或钝圆,革兰氏阴性菌。该菌对季铵盐类消毒剂和碘剂敏感。回肠炎的发生是因为大量的劳氏胞内菌定居在未成熟的回肠上皮细胞中,引起急性过敏反应,或越来越严重的炎症和增生。1症状急性出血性回肠炎的显著症状就     

兔胆粉抗炎作用的试验研究

兔胆粉化学抗炎成分是通过与炎症受体结合从而发挥其生物学效应,在介导炎症发生的过程中起着最重要作用的就是兔胆粉中的去氧胆酸,可以触发下游级联反应,并且在无介质存在的情况下也可以触发。去氧胆酸抗炎药物是去氧胆酸受体的反向激动剂,除了有拮抗去氧胆酸作用外,还有抗炎效应,去氧胆酸抗炎药物通过抑制基因表达或抑制Ca离子的运输达到消炎的效果。本文主要从其对小鼠内皮吞噬系统功能和DTH反应以及免疫器官重来研究兔胆粉的抗炎效应机制。     

中药组方的抗炎、镇痛活性评价

采用炎症和疼痛动物模型,对10个中药组方的抗炎和镇痛作用进行评价。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,组方Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀有显著抑制作用(P0.05);组方Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅸ对醋酸所致小鼠毛细血管通透性有显著抑制作用(P0.05);组方Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ能显著抑制小鼠的扭体次数(P0.05);中药各组方对热刺激引发的小鼠疼痛反应时间无明显的延长,说明组方Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅸ具有一定的抗炎和镇痛活性。     

口服生化黄腐酸抗炎镇痛作用初步研究

通过建立二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加的急性炎症模型和以小鼠琼脂肉芽肿为特征的慢性炎症模型及进行小鼠镇痛扭体试验,观察口服生化黄腐酸(BFA)对小鼠急慢性炎症模型的影响和小鼠在镇痛扭体试验中的反应,研究口服BFA对小鼠的抗炎镇痛作用。结果表明,口服BFA对小鼠急性、慢性炎症模型及镇痛试验中,小鼠的疼痛均有不同程度的抑制作用,具有明显的抗炎及镇痛作用。     

丁酸钠对兔离体回肠运动的影响

试验研究了不同剂量（0.025%、0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%）的丁酸钠对兔离体回肠运动性能（张力和频率）的影响,并探讨其对肠道平滑肌收缩的影响机制。结果表明,丁酸钠对兔离体回肠的收缩张力及收缩频率均有显著地促进作用（P〈0.05）,并且剂量越大促进作用越明显。试验结果还表明丁酸钠对兔离体回肠的收缩活动的促进作用与丁酸钠对肠道pH的影响无关。     

山莓抗腹泻机制初步研究

为了探讨山莓抗腹泻机制,采用管碟法和试管法研究其体外抑菌效果,采用离体肠实验法观察其对离体肠管运动的影响.结果表明:山莓叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和痢疾杆菌均有显著的抑菌效果,MIC分别为12.5 mg/ml、25 mg/ml和25 mg/ml;并能显著抑制家免离体十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的运动,使其张力减小,但对其频率的变化影响不明显,山莓对十二指肠运动的抑制作用可能由胆碱能M受体介导.山莓抑菌和抑制肠管运动可能是其抗腹泻的机制.     

望春花油的抗炎机理

为探讨望春花挥发油的抗炎机理，向去肾上腺大鼠的胸膜腔及右后足皮下分别注射1％角叉菜胶及10％蛋清溶液，诱发胸膜炎及足肿胀炎症模型。结果显示，事先灌服望春花挥发油的试验组大鼠，其炎症表现显著轻于对照组，其炎症介质TNF、组织胺和PGE2的产生显著少于对照组，炎症相关酶PLA2的活性显著低于对照组。由此表明，望春花油的抗炎效应不依赖于下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴，而是直接阻抑炎症介质的产生。     

止痢散及其拆方对胃肠运动的影响

为了研究家畜新兽药止痢散及其拆方中多叶勾儿茶、地榆和乌药组方对胃肠运动的影响,评价家畜新兽药止痢散及其拆方的抗腹泻作用并初步探索其抗腹泻的作用机制,采用动物模型观察止痢散及其多叶勾儿茶、地榆和乌药组方的抗腹泻效果,对正常或新斯的明致胃肠痉挛小鼠肠推进、胃残留率的影响,对家兔离体回肠平滑肌收缩活动的影响。结果表明,止痢散及多地组、多地乌组都可极显著减少小鼠腹泻次数(P0.01);同时可显著减少正常小鼠肠推进率和胃排空率(P0.01);但不能显著减少新斯的明致胃肠痉挛模型小鼠肠推进率和胃排空率(P0.05)。止痢散及多地组、多地乌组都可显著减小家兔离体回肠平滑肌收缩张力的变化(P0.01)。综上所述,止痢散及其拆方的抗腹泻作用是与其抑制肠推进和胃排空,减小肠平滑肌收缩张力有关,但都不能对抗痉挛性胃肠运动,止痢散的这一作用与方剂中的多叶勾儿茶、地榆和乌药关系密切,这为止痢散的组方和在临床上的进一步开发利用提供了数据参考。     

防御素对肠道炎症反应和微生物的调节机制

仔猪肠道易受病原等侵袭,容易发生炎性反应。防御素是先天免疫的主要效应物,在宿主免疫系统中起着重要的作用,其重要性已被广泛认可。防御素通过介导微生物调节肠道炎症而成为抗炎治疗潜在的新靶点。文章综述了防御素在肠道炎症反应中的作用,并对防御素调控仔猪肠道炎性反应的机制进行了讨论。     

Involvement of PKA signalling in anti‐inflammatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides in IPEC‐J2 porcine epithelial cells

Weaning is characterized by intestinal inflammation, which is a big challenge in pig industry. Control of intestinal inflammation is important for improvement of growth performance and health. Therefore, the study was focused on the anti‐inflammatory activity of low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide (LCOS) in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC‐J2). The results showed that TNF‐α, as inflammation inducer, significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL‐8 and MCP‐1. Afterwards, LCOS significantly attenuated mRNA expression of IL‐8 and MCP‐1 induced by TNF‐α in the cells. Mannose (MAN), as ligand of mannose receptor, had no effect on the anti‐inflammatory activity of LCOS, which suggested that mannose receptor may not involve in the anti‐inflammatory activity of LCOS in IPEC‐J2 cells. Interestingly, N‐[2‐(p‐bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonamide 2HCl hydrate (H89), as PKA (protein kinase A)‐specific inhibitor, reversed the mRNA expression of IL‐8 when co‐cultured with LCOS. Furthermore, LCOS concentration dependent downregulated the mRNA expression of claudin‐1 compared with TNF‐α treatment. However, the trans‐epithelial electric resistance (TEER) was not affected by LCOS when co‐cultured with TNF‐α in 3 hr. In conclusion, LCOS have a potent anti‐inflammatory activity, and as a feed additives, may be useful for the inhibition of inflammatory process in weaning period of pigs with intestinal inflammation occurring.     

The effect of astragaloside IV on JAK2‐STAT6 signalling pathway in mouse model of ovalbumin‐induced asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease of the airway; the incidence and prevalence of asthma remain high worldwide. Astragaloside IV (AS‐IV) is the main active constituent of Astragalus membranaceus. Accumulating evidence suggests that AS‐IV possesses anti‐inflammatory and anti‐asthmatic ability, but the potential molecular mechanism is required to further clarify. In this study, the anti‐asthmatic effects of AS‐IV on mice with ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced allergic inflammation were analysed. We analysed airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), numbers of inflammatory cells, inflammation situation in lung tissue and cytokines level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) between OVA‐induced mice with and without AS‐IV treatment. Moreover, we explored the possible signalling pathway behind the anti‐asthmatic effects. Our results revealed that AS‐IV treatment ameliorates airway inflammation and AHR in an OVA‐induced asthma model. Besides, AS‐IV treatment inhibits the interleukin (IL)‐4, ‐5 and ‐13 production, and further study indicated that AS‐IV treatment downregulates the expression level of p‐JAK2/p‐STAT6 proteins. Taken together, the present study suggested that the inhibitory effects of AS‐IV on asthma therapy are at least partially involved in inhibiting the JAK2/STAT6 signalling pathway.     

犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞cAMP PDE活性变化及中药作用研究

研究犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞(PMN)中环磷酸腺苷-磷酸二酯酶（cAMP-PDE）的活性变化及中药对其活性的体外调节作用，为抗炎药研究和病毒性炎症的中药治疗积累资料。提取犬瘟热患犬（n=9）和正常犬(n=6)的中性粒细胞制备cAMP-PDE样品，通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其活性及中药对其活性的影响。结果显示，犬瘟热患犬组中性粒细〖JP2〗胞cAMP-PDE活性（18.55%±2.66%）显著（P<0.05）高于正常组（11.54%±5.16%）。解表药等5类114味中药中芦根（77.27%）、胡黄连（70.41%）、女贞子（65.50%）、香薷（65.16%）、贝母（61.43%）、黄芩（60.67%）、淫羊藿（60.34%）、黄芪（59.13%）、青蒿（56.93%）、秦皮（55.55%）、辛夷（55.03%）、甘草（54.67%）、牛蒡子（53.40%）、麻黄（53.32%）14味对cAMP-PDE活性具有明显抑制作用。结果表明，中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性在犬瘟热患犬炎症过程中具有重要作用，对cAMP-PDE活性有明显抑制作用的中药对其炎症可能具有疗效，同时，中药抑制中性粒细胞中cAMP-PDE活性可能是其抗炎作用机理之一。     

Porcine hepatocyte–Kupffer cell co‐culture as an in vitro model for testing the efficacy of anti‐inflammatory substances

As Kupffer cells are highly involved in the regulation of hepatic inflammatory response, the main goal of this study was to improve and to characterize a hepatocyte–Kupffer cell co‐culture of pig origin for modelling endotoxin‐induced hepatic inflammation and for testing the efficacy of potential anti‐inflammatory substances. This monolayer co‐culture was prepared from primary isolated swine hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the ratio of 6:1 and 2:1, mimicking different states of liver inflammation. The prepared cell cultures were characterized by immunohistochemical CD‐68 detection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of both co‐cultures resulted in elevated interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and that of 6:1 co‐cultures in increased IL‐6 production with a higher extent than on hepatocyte monocultures, justifying the key role of Kupffer cells in pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. LPS‐induced IL‐8 production was successfully attenuated by concomitant application of both sodium butyrate and terpinen‐4‐ol on hepatocyte monocultures, but not on co‐cultures, demonstrating the importance of the presence of Kupffer cells in cell cultures as inflammatory models. Based on these initial data, the applied porcine primary hepatocyte–Kupffer cell co‐culture is suggested to be a proper tool for in vitro investigations on liver physiology and hepatic inflammation in pigs and can be used as a useful model mimicking in vivo conditions in veterinary research.     

党参多糖口服液抗应激及抗炎作用的研究

为研究党参多糖口服液的抗应激与抗炎作用,给小鼠灌服不同剂量（每kg体重灌服9、7、5 g生药）的党参多糖口服液后,通过测定小鼠负重游泳时间、常压耐缺氧时间来评价其应激性作用;观察党参多糖口服液对小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎的影响,考察其抗炎作用.结果显示,党参多糖口服液能显著（P＜0.01）延长小鼠的游泳时间和常压缺氧条件下的存活时间,对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓炎症具有不同程度的抑制作用.因此,党参多糖口服液具有抗应激、抗炎作用,该试验可为党参多糖口服液的临床应用提供参考.     

抗菌肽抑制脂多糖诱导的炎症反应

抗菌肽是一种对多重耐药菌株表现出特异性抗菌机制的小分子多肽。同时,抗菌肽还具有抗炎活性,可以通过直接中和脂多糖(LPS)、抑制生物性炎症因子的产生来减轻炎症反应;亦可通过趋化白细胞、促进免疫细胞增殖等来影响获得性免疫,从而调节宿主免疫系统发挥保护作用。本文综述了近年来LPS诱导炎症产生的机制及抗菌肽抑制LPS诱导炎症反应的作用机理。     

Actions of BW540C in an equine model of acute inflammation: A preliminary study

Summary

An equine model of acute non‐immune inflammation has been developed to facilitate studies of the inflammatory process and the actions of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs. Five polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile 2% carrageenin solution were placed in subcutaneous pouches prepared under local anaesthesia in the necks of conscious ponies. Serial removal of the strips and harvesting of the exudate enabled studies to be made of the cellular, biochemical and mediator aspects of the localised, acute inflammation, and the heat generated by the lesion was monitored by infra‐red thermometry. Maximal concentrations of the eicosanoids 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F_1α, thromboxane B₂ and leukotriene B, occurred at 9 h, whereas leukocyte numbers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein concentrations were greatest at 24 h. Lesional skin temperature was increased by approximately 4°C throughout the 24 h period. The novel anti‐inflammatory agent BW540C, administered orally at a dose‐rate of 20 mg/kg, did not affect leukocyte infiltration or the concentrations of protein, LDH and eicosanoids in exudate but serum thromboxane B₂ levels were reduced. Skin temperature rises were greater in drug‐treated animals.

It is concluded that higher doses of BW540C will be required for a clinically useful anti‐inflammatory action in horses.     

Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog

Schmid, V. B., Spreng, D. E., Seewald, W., Jung, M., Lees, P., King, J. N. Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 118–131. The objectives of this study were to establish dose–response and blood concentration–response relationships for robenacoxib, a novel nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis. Acute synovitis of the stifle joint was induced by intra‐articular injection of sodium urate crystals. Robenacoxib (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), placebo and meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously (s.c.) 3 h after the urate crystals. Pharmacodynamic endpoints included data from forceplate analyses, clinical orthopaedic examinations and time course of inhibition of COX‐1 and COX‐2 in ex vivo whole blood assays. Blood was collected for pharmacokinetics. Robenacoxib produced dose‐related improvement in weight‐bearing, pain and swelling as assessed objectively by forceplate analysis (estimated ED₅₀ was 1.23 mg/kg for z peak force) and subjectively by clinical orthopaedic assessments. The analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects of robenacoxib were significantly superior to placebo (0.25–4 mg/kg robenacoxib) and were non‐inferior to meloxicam (0.5–4 mg/kg robenacoxib). All dosages of robenacoxib produced significant dose‐related inhibition of COX‐2 (estimated ED₅₀ was 0.52 mg/kg) but no inhibition of COX‐1. At a dosage of 1–2 mg/kg administered s.c., robenacoxib should be at least as effective as 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam in suppressing acute joint pain and inflammation in dogs.     

Liposome‐based diclofenac for the treatment of inflammation in an acute synovitis model in horses

Lameness as a result of joint disease is a major source of decreased athletic performance in the horse. Most treatment protocols include the administration of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Phenylbutazone, alone or in combination with other treatments, is the most commonly and widely used NSAID, however it has the potential for serious side effects. The introduction of the liposome‐based formulation of the NSAID diclofenac has shown promising effect as a safe and convenient treatment for lameness associated with osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical liposome‐based diclofenac in an acute inflammation model using subjective lameness scores and objective lameness evaluation, carpal surface temperature and circumference, synovial fluid cell count and total protein content, and the biochemical markers interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐6, and prostaglandin E₂ as determinants of inflammation. In this acute inflammation model, there was no overall difference between treatment and control groups.