头孢噻呋及其在奶牛乳房炎治疗上的应用

奶牛乳房炎是高产奶牛最常见的疾病之一,对奶业的发展危害严重.目前,抗生素疗法是治疗该病的常用方法、头孢噻呋是第一个动物专用的第三代头孢菌素类抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、抗茵活性强、给药后吸收快、生物利用度高及生物半衰期长等特点、本文介绍了头孢噻呋的理化性质、作用机理、药代动力学、不良反应、药物残留等,并阐述了其在奶牛乳房炎治疗上的应用。     

头孢洛宁的药理作用及其在奶牛乳房炎防治中应用的研究进展

头孢洛宁是第2代头孢菌素类抗生素,是防治干乳期奶牛乳腺炎的有效药物,具有抗菌谱广、杀菌力强、过敏反应少、毒性低等优点,尤其对金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌展现出良好的抗菌活性。文章综述了头孢洛宁的研究现状、理化性质、药理和毒理、药代动力学、残留及弃奶期及其在奶牛乳房炎防治中的应用,并对其应用前景作了展望。     

奶牛乳房炎的综合防治

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一。生产中,奶牛乳房炎导致产奶量、鲜奶品质下降,严重时乳区化脓坏疽,使奶牛失去泌乳能力,降低奶牛养殖经济效益。抗生素类药物擅长抗菌、抑菌,弱于消除炎症易留后患,而中草药则善于消除炎症。在临床实践中宜采用中西医结合的方法治疗奶牛乳房炎。     

德阳地区奶牛乳房炎的病原菌分离及药敏试验

本文对德阳市奶牛场发生奶牛乳房炎的病原菌进行了分离与药敏试验,结果发现4种奶牛乳房炎病原菌都对恩诺沙星、头孢拉丁高度敏感;喹诺酮类药物和四环素类药物对乳房炎病原菌有很好的抑菌效果,建议生产上应用这两类药物治疗.     

猪血浆中硫酸头孢喹肟HPLC法的建立

<正>头孢喹肟(CEQ)抗菌谱广,抗菌活性强,药代动力学特征优良,吸收快,生物利用度较高,毒副作用小,残留低,目前已被欧盟兽用药品委员会(CVMP)批准用于猪、牛的呼吸道细菌感染和奶牛乳房炎等疾病的临床治疗。要评价各种硫酸头孢喹肟制剂在猪     

奶牛乳房炎疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺组织炎症,主要为乳腺组织感染病原微生物所致,是奶牛的常见病、多发病。传统的控制乳房炎的方案是,通过乳头药浸降低感染率和通过淘汰及治疗泌乳和干奶母牛,来缩短感染的持续时间。虽然传统方案对控制乳房炎起到一定的效果,但是不能很好地根除外界环境对奶牛的侵害。乳头药浸及药物治疗泌乳和干奶母牛,能缩短感染的持续时间,却不能清除感染。当前多用青霉素、链霉素等四环素类药物及其他抗生素类药物进行治疗和预防,这些药物只对无乳链球菌和金葡菌有效,而对大肠杆菌型乳房炎则无能为力。虽然改进的乳池导入抗生素类药…     

中草药治疗奶牛乳房炎的观察

用抗生素类药物治疗奶牛乳房炎时，生产的奶在市场上已经受到限制。本试验选用中草药进行灌服，治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎各30头，主要观察治疗效果，对奶质的影响，经济成本。结果是治疗效果好，对奶质无影响，经济效益高于用抗生素类药物治疗。结论：中草药作为绿色药品，在奶牛乳房炎的治疗上有很大的发展前景。     

鱼腥草注射液治疗临床型乳房炎的效果观察

乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病，也是奶牛常见的三大病之一，严重影响牛奶产量和质量，严重性急性乳房炎还会导致奶牛败血症或乳房废弃。目前治疗奶牛乳房炎主要使用抗生素类药或化学药物，抗生素类药物和化学类药物在牛乳汁中的残留，使正常乳区乳汁废弃，造成极大的浪费。用鱼腥草注射液灌注治愈后2～3天，虽然检测试剂呈阳性反应，但时间极短（即24h），牛奶进入人类的食物链后对人体的健康也无危害。笔者先后两期试用鱼腥草注射液治疗临床型乳房炎，分别采用乳房灌注药物、乳房灌注同时肌肉注射两种给药途径，第1期试验牛8头、10个乳区临床型乳房炎，一个疗程用药治愈率达37．5％，好转率62．5％，总有效率达100％。第2期试验牛10头、11个乳区临床型乳房炎，     

奶牛乳房炎诊断和治疗方法的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业中的重要疾病,可降低产奶量和乳品质,增加治疗和预防成本,给牧场带来经济损失。病因多样,包括细菌、病毒和支原体等病原体均可引起传染性乳房炎。临床症状复杂,需要特定实验室方法进行准确诊断。奶牛乳房炎传统方法诊断准确性低,分子生物学检测发展前景大,基于微生物培养试剂盒和环介导等技术有望提高奶牛乳房炎诊断准确性和治疗精准度。治疗方面,抗生素类药物是常用的方法,但容易引起细菌耐药性和药物残留问题,需要开发新型药物用于奶牛乳房炎治疗。近年的研究显示,噬菌体有望作为替代品治疗奶牛乳房炎,部分植物及其衍生物具有抗菌作用,天然分泌因子如乳铁蛋白和磷脂酶A2也具有治疗潜力,但仍需深入研究。     

奶牛乳房炎的治疗与预防

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛的常见疾病之一,以病原微生物侵入乳腺引起的乳房炎占大部分,大多是由细菌、病毒、支原体、真菌等侵入乳头,经乳腺管进入乳腺组织,从而引起发病,病原复杂.在临床上应以预防为主,治疗为辅,选择可行的治疗方法,防治结合,才能有效控制奶牛乳房炎的发生. 1 奶牛乳房炎的预防治疗 1.1抗生素治疗 适用于乳房炎发病急性期的治疗,以抗菌消炎、解热镇痛为主,改善血液循环为辅.严重的采用静脉注射全身治疗,慢性型作环行封闭式穴位注射、乳基深注、乳房灌注等.常用的抗菌药物有青霉素、链霉素、四环素、氯霉素、卡那霉素和磺胺类药.     

Experimental infection of the mouse mammary gland with Campylobacter coli.

Campylobacter coli strains of bovine and avian origin were inoculated into the mammary gland of mice. A bovine strain isolated from a case of mastitis produced gross and histological changes in most of the glands; one bovine and one avian faecal isolate did not. Histologically, lesions were characterised by neutrophil infiltration in the alveolar spaces and necrosis and oedema in the interalveolar tissue. On bacteriological examination, the bovine mastitis strain could be isolated from most of the glands, but neither of the faecal strains. The mouse, therefore, appears to provide a convenient model for studying campylobacter mastitis.     

Prototheca zopfii genotype 2: the causative agent of bovine protothecal mastitis?

In order to clarify the epidemiology of bovine protothecal mastitis, 30 Prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates were genetically investigated. Based on the 18S rDNA, which allows a differentiation of the former species P. zopfii in two distinct P. zopfii genotypes and Prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov., newly developed genotype-specific PCR-assays as well as RFLP-assays were applied.

All mastitis isolates investigated could be assigned to P. zopfii genotype 2 suggesting that this genotype is the aetiological agent of bovine Prototheca mastitis.     

Prototheca zopfii genotypes isolated from cow barns and bovine mastitis in Japan

This study is the first investigation on Japanese isolates of Prototheca zopfii from bovine mastitis and the cow-barn surroundings by molecular characterization to clarify routes of infection for bovine protothecal mastitis. We performed isolation of Prototheca from cow-barn surroundings (drinking water, sewage and feces) and milk samples from cases of bovine mastitis. Genotypes of the 32 isolates of P. zopfii from cow-barn surroundings and 67 isolates from mastitis were analyzed by genotype-specific PCR assays and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays. All mastitis isolates were identified as P. zopfii genotype 2. Conversely, 29 isolates from cow-barn surroundings were identified as P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 3 isolates as genotype 2, respectively. Given these results, both genotypes of P. zopfii could exist in cow-barn surroundings, but no sites were identified as frequent sources of P. zopfii genotype 2. P. zopfii isolates should thus be further explored with regard to genotype to clarify the reservoir of etiological agents in bovine Prototheca mastitis.     

Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review

This review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. Intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. Subclinical mastitis has been induced after a simultaneous intramammary and intranasal inoculation of lactating cows with bovine herpesvirus 4. Bovine leukaemia virus has been detected in mammary tissue of cows with subclinical mastitis, but whether this virus was able to induce bovine mastitis has not been reported. Bovine herpesvirus 2, vaccinia, cowpox, pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, foot-and-mouth disease viruses, and bovine papillomaviruses can play an indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. These viruses can induce teat lesions, for instance in the ductus papillaris, which result in a reduction of the natural defence mechanisms of the udder and indirectly in bovine mastitis due to bacterial pathogens. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, and bovine leukaemia virus infections may play an indirect role in bovine mastitis, due to their immunosuppressive properties. But, more research is warranted to underline their indirect role in bovine mastitis. We conclude that viral infections can play a direct or indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis; therefore, their importance in the aetiology of bovine mastitis and their economical impact needs further attention.     

奶牛乳腺炎防治的免疫学和药理学机制

奶牛乳腺炎是一种复杂的多因素疾病，给世界各国奶牛业造成了巨大的经济损失，而至今未能提出一个彻底解决的办法。本文综述了奶牛乳腺炎的致病因素、乳腺的免疫机制和乳腺炎治疗的药理学机制方面的研究进展，重点剖析了乳腺特殊的免疫体系和乳腺炎治疗的药理学特点，分析阐明了奶牛乳腺炎免疫和治疗失败的原因。     

Characterization of two proteins of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis with homology to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative agent of bovine mastitis and vaccines developed to control this disease showed limited protection due in part to the lack of common antigens among the mastitis isolates. We isolated and identified two genes encoding proteins with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity from a S. aureus strain isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. The GapB and GapC proteins share considerable homology to the GapB and GapC products of human strains of S. aureus. These two proteins could be distinguished by their different GAPDH activities and binding to bovine transferrin properties. Both gapB and gapC genes were conserved in 11 strains tested, and the GapC protein was present on the surface of all S. aureus strains.     

Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis invade mammary cells by a modified endocytic pathway

Escherichia coli is a major pathogen in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. Although classically considered to be an environmental pathogen causing mainly transient infection, the incidence of persistent E. coli mastitis infections may be increasing, suggesting an adaptation of this pathogen to the bovine udder environment. Mastitis E. coli strains have been demonstrated to enter bovine mammary cells in vitro but little is known about the invasion mechanism or the intracellular fate of the bacteria. In order to further understand the pathogenesis of persistent E. coli bovine mastitis we investigated the intracellular trafficking of mastitis E. coli isolates in primary bovine mammary cells using confocal microscopy and fluorescent markers of endocytic compartments. Consistent with other studies, mastitis E. coli were found to invade primary bovine mammary cells in vitro. This process did not involve in the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Intracellular bacteria were observed within membrane-bound compartments that labelled with the early endosomal marker phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and also within late endosome-like compartments labelled with the small GTPase Rab7, indicating an endocytic mechanism of bacterial internalization. Bacteria were not observed within acidified lysosomal compartments or autophagic vacuoles, suggesting that the internalized bacteria are not targeted for lysosomal degradation via either the classical endocytic pathway or the autophagic response. Our findings are consistent with an endosomal survival niche for the internalized bacteria, allowing them to evade host immune responses and establish an infection reservoir that could later re-emerge as a recurrent clinical mastitis episode.     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖研究概况

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的一种主要致病菌,其中94%～100%的金黄色葡萄球菌都含有荚膜多糖.荚膜多糖共分11个血清型(CP1～CP11),而5型和8型占临床分离株的70%～80%,为优势血清型;由于荚膜多糖的抗吞噬作用和黏附作用,决定了金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性和免疫原性.因此,基于荚膜多糖的疫苗可能是更有效的抗奶...     

Coagulase-negative staphylococci-emerging mastitis pathogens

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) have become the most common bovine mastitis isolate in many countries and could therefore be described as emerging mastitis pathogens. The prevalence of CNS mastitis is higher in primiparous cows than in older cows. CNS are not as pathogenic as the other principal mastitis pathogens and infection mostly remains subclinical. However, CNS can cause persistent infections, which result in increased milk somatic cell count (SCC) and decreased milk quality. CNS infection can damage udder tissue and lead to decreased milk production. Staphylococcus simulans and Staphylococcus chromogenes are currently the predominant CNS species in bovine mastitis. S. chromogenes is the major CNS species affecting nulliparous and primiparous cows whereas S. simulans has been isolated more frequently from older cows. Multiparous cows generally become infected with CNS during later lactation whereas primiparous cows develop infection before or shortly after calving. CNS mastitis is not a therapeutic problem as cure rates after antimicrobial treatment are usually high. Based on current knowledge, it is difficult to determine whether CNS species behave as contagious or environmental pathogens. Control measures against contagious mastitis pathogens, such as post-milking teat disinfection, reduce CNS infections in the herd. Phenotypic methods for identification of CNS are not sufficiently reliable, and molecular methods may soon replace them. Knowledge of the CNS species involved in bovine mastitis is limited. The dairy industry would benefit from more research on the epidemiology of CNS mastitis and more reliable methods for species identification.     

Study on Clinical Efficacy of Oligosaccharide Sulfate and Dextran Sulfate Against Bovine Mastitis

In order to detect the clinical efficacy of oligosaccharide sulfate(DEAE) and dextran sulfate (DS-4000) against bovine mastitis,56 cows with bovine mastitis were divided into 5 groups (DEAE group,DS-4000 group,DEAE＋penicillin group,DS-4000＋penicillin group and penicillin group),and their breasts were perfusion with different drugs twice one day for 3 days.The effective rates of drugs were observed by clinic symptoms.Milk samples were collected before and after treatment of drugs,and the bacterial negative conversion rate of each group were detected by microbial examination.The results showed that total effective rates of 5 groups were 10.00%,20.00%,58.33%,75.00% and 50.00%,respectively,and the bacterial negative conversion rates were 0,12.50%,50.00%,54.55% and 44.44%,respectively.In conclusion,the curative efficiencies of the polysaccharides against bovine mastitis were weak,but it could be improved by combination with penicillin.