克隆伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的培育

为了深入观察伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的形成,将伊氏锥虫浙江水牛株克隆,克隆繁殖后的虫体一部分作为原种对照组,即C01组;一部分虫体连续经环磷酰胺免疫抑制的小鼠,再用安锥赛亚治疗剂量治疗该小鼠,使其伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生7个不同程度的抗药性组,即C1～C7组;另一部分虫体也连续经环磷酰胺免疫抑制的小鼠,作为伴随C7的同步繁殖组,即不用药物的C02组.结果C01、C02、C1～C7组所用安锥赛剂量依次为0、0、6、16、40、80、196、406、638mg/kg,它们经小鼠传代数依次为0、28、1、3、6、9、15、22、28代.用体外生长繁殖抑制法测得它们的ICs0值依次为0.015 50、0.016 87、0.082 60、0.102 37、1.409 29、1.922 90、9.923 30、23.563 00、43.84000.结果表明,安锥赛亚治疗剂量与伊氏锥虫抗药性的IC50值呈曲线关系,从C1到C4的IC50值上升较缓慢,从C4后的ICs0值上升较快,并且几乎呈直线上升;伊氏锥虫所经小鼠的代数与它们的IC50值的关系呈抛物线型,从C1到C4的ICs0值上升很慢,C4以后的IC50值上升很快.用体内试验测试C01～C4组的CD100值,每个组感染35只小鼠,每只小鼠接种1.0×104条锥虫,其中30只小鼠分为安锥赛的3个剂量治疗小组,另5只小鼠为不治疗对照组.结果C01组和C1组的CD100值分别为7.0、13.0 mg/kg,这表明C1组只经1代免疫抑制小鼠,注射安锥赛剂量3×2 mg/kg,就使该组伊氏锥虫对安锥赛的抗药性提高了6 mg/kg,并且它们的IC50值C1是C01的6.6倍.C2、C3和C4组由于抗药性程度过高均不能治愈,因此尚未测到它们的CD100值.这些结果表明,伊氏锥虫经免疫抑制小鼠对安锥赛产生抗药性的速度是非常快的.     

伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性机制的初步探讨

选用克隆伊氏锥虫的安锥赛敏感株 C0 1、C0 3和 5个不同程度抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6、C7,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离它们的己糖激酶 (HK)、6 -磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶 (G6 PDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL AT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (ASAT)同功酶 ,并测定胆碱酯酶活性。结果 ,这 5种酶与伊氏锥虫对安锥赛产生抗药性无关。用 SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离和测定这 7个样品的粗蛋白质 ,结果相对分子质量为 15 790带在抗药株 C1、C2、C4、C6和 C7含量较高 ,这表明它可能与安锥赛抗药性的产生有一定关系 ;相对分子质量为 1976 0带在高抗药株 C4、C6和 C7的含量很高 ,这表明它可能也与抗药性的产生有一定关系     

伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的分子基础初探

为了探讨伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的分子基础，将伊氏锥虫单虫克隆，一部分克隆虫通过28只免疫抑制小白鼠，用安锥赛亚治疗剂量治疗，使其产生抗药性，为抗药锥虫；另一部分克隆锥虫也通过28只免疫抑制小白鼠,，但不用药物治疗，为敏感锥虫，即对照，用体外生长抑制法测得抗药和敏感锥虫的IC50分别为43．8和0．16878μg/ml。分别提取它们的总RNA和mRNA，总RNA分离出3条带，即从电泳的阴极到阳棚分别为26s,21s和5s,mRNA主要分布在21sRNA之后。用抑制性消减杂交法，以敏感锥虫的cDNA为试验组（Tester)，抗药锥虫的cDNA为驱动组（Driver)，共挑选出34个阳性克隆，以cDNA来合成探针，用Southern dot blot鉴定，其中18个片段所在的基因是由于抗药性产生而表达量降低，这18个片段长度为300－700bp。     

伊氏锥虫安锥赛抗药性相关基因-TbTA1的分析

为探讨伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的分子机理，以布氏锥虫对砷剂药物抗药性相关的TbTA1基因设计引物，以55℃、57℃、60℃、63℃和65℃不同退火温度，分别从伊氏锥虫敏感株的cDNA和基因组DNA中扩增出TbTA1基因的全长序列，但是从安锥赛抗药株伊氏锥虫的cDNA和基因组DNA中都未扩增出TbTA1基因，这表明基因TbTA1可能与伊氏锥虫安锥赛抗药性的产生有关。伊氏锥虫与布氏锥虫的，TbTA1基因序列比较，它们有10个碱基不同，即第88位的G（T.e）-A（T.b）、第144位的T（T．e）-C（T．b）、第224位的C（T．e）-T（T．b）、第471位的C（T.e）-T（T.b）、第472位的A（T．e）-G（T.b）、第549位的G（T．e）-T（T．b）、第1008位的C（T．e）-T（T.b）、第1033位的A（T．e）-G（T．b）、第1293位的A（T．e）-G（T．b）和第1384位的T（T．e）-C（T．b），其中有5个碱基所编码的氨基酸不同，即Val^30（T.e）Ile（T．b）、Ala^75（T．e）-Val（T．b）、Ile^158（T．e）-Val（T．b）、Thr^345（T．e）-Ala（T．b）和Ser^462（T.e）-Pro（T．b），这表明伊氏锥虫与布氏锥虫的TbTA1差异可能是它们的种间差异。     

伊氏锥虫TR酶的初步研究

国外研究者已报道在布氏锥虫、枯氏锥早、刚果锥虫中发现了存在ＴＲ酶，此酶是锥虫代谢的重要酶之一。伊氏锥虫ＴＲ酶研究的尚属空白。本研究目的是为了确定伊氏锥虫中是存在ＴＲ酶。我们利用分光光度法测出了伊氏锥虫中有ＴＲ酶活性，但无ＧＲ酶活性，测出了ＴＲ酶的Ｋｍ和Ｖｍ值；发现了治疗锥虫药物安锥赛和盐酸锥双对ＴＲ酶有抑制作用，抑制率分别达２８％和３１％；比较了七株中国伊氏锥虫和布氏锥虫敏毫克蛋白中ＴＲ酶活力，其     

伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性机制中的TbTA1基因

为探讨伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的分子机理,以已报导的布氏锥虫对砷剂药物抗药性相关的TbTA1基因设计引物,以不同退火温度(55℃、57℃、60℃、63℃和65℃)和不同DNA聚合酶(Clontech的50×Advantage Poly-merase Mix和上海生物工程公司的Taq聚合酶),分别从伊氏锥虫敏感株(C03)的cDNA和基因组DNA中分离出TbTA1基因的全长序列,而从抗药株(C7)的cDNA和基因组DNA中都没分离出TbTA1基因,这表明抗药株的Tb-TA1已发生改变;根据TbTA1的5'端和1041端设计引物,从敏感株和抗药株都分离到约1000bp的片段,这表明因安锥赛抗药性的产生而TbTA1的改变主要发生在TbTA1的1042-1415部分.由此确定TbTA1与伊氏锥虫的安锥赛抗药性有关.将伊氏锥虫敏感株的TbTA1克隆、测序,其序列与布氏锥虫TbTA1序列比较,它们有10个碱基不同,即第88位的G(T.e)-A(T.b)、第144位的T(T.e)-C(T.b)、第224位的C(T.e)-T(T.b)、第471位的C(T.e)-T(T.b)、第472位的A(T.e)-G(T.b)、第549位的G(T.e)-T(T.b)、第1008位的C(T.e)-T(T.b)、第1033位的A(T.e)-G(T.b)、第1293位的A(T.e)-G(T.b)和第1384位的T(T.e)-C(T.b),其中有5个碱基所编码的氨基酸不同,即Val30(T.e)-Ile(T.b)、Ala75(T.e)-Val(T.b)、Ile158(T.e)-Val(T.b)、Thr345(T.e)-Ala(T.b)和Ser462(T.e)-Pro(T.b),这表明伊氏锥虫与布氏锥虫的TbTA1差异可能是它们的种间差异.     

12株中国伊氏锥虫对苏拉明的药敏试验

用体外培养生长抑制试验检测了中国伊氏锥虫安徽水牛株（AHB）、广东阳江水牛株（GDB1）、广东水牛株（GDB2）、广东马株（GDH）、广西骡株（GXM）、湖北骡株（HBM）、湖南水牛株（HNB）、江苏高邮水牛株（JSB1）、江苏盱眙水牛株（JSB2）、新疆骆驼株（XJCA）、云南水牛株（YNB）、浙江水牛株（ZJB）对苏拉明的敏感性。它们的50％生长抑制浓度（IC50）依次为0．114、0．041、0．120、0．1490．752、0．252、0．171、0．127、0．339、0．094、0．106、0．118ng/L。结果显示，不同虫株的伊氏锥虫对苏拉明的敏感性明显不同，提示中国伊氏锥虫不同虫株存在抗药性差异。在12株伊氏锥虫中，GXM株对苏拉明的抗药性水平明显高于其他株。小鼠体内治疗试验显示，GXM株以10mg/kg剂量苏拉明治疗无效，在临床上表现出一定的抗药性，而GDB1株以10mg/kg剂量苏拉明治疗则全部治愈。由此可见，体外药敏试验结果与体内治疗结果一致。这一结果提示，多数中国伊氏锥虫株对苏拉明的敏感性偏低，少数虫株已表现出一定的抗药性。     

静脉注射喹嘧胺引起黄牛中毒死亡

<正> 喹嘧胺即安锥赛对于预防和治疗马媾疫和由伊氏锥虫、刚果锥虫、马锥虫所引起的家畜锥虫病有良好效果。本品对马毒性较大,对牛产生副作用较少见,笔者于工作中遇到静脉注射喹嘧胺引起黄牛中毒死亡一例。     

四种抗锥虫药治疗伊氏锥虫病效果比较试验

目前,在我国应用治疗伊氏锥虫病药物有纳嘎诺尔(拜尔—205,苏拉明),贝尼尔(三氮脒),安锥赛(喹嘧腰),沙莫林(Trypamidium)四种。对其疗效,据各地兽医工作者临床应用结果,评价不一。有的发现纳嘎诺尔有抗药性,有的认为贝尼尔疗效差,有的认为沙莫林疗效差。我们曾用这4种药进行治疗伊氏锥虫(江苏株)病试验,结果提示不同地理虫株对各药的抗性不同°为此,我们又对伊氏锥虫(浙江株)病作     

灭锥灵治疗小白鼠伊氏锥虫病试验

伊氏锥虫病在我国流行甚广,造成马、牛的大批死亡。国内现用于治疗伊氏锥虫病的药有安锥赛和贝尼尔,因为副反应严重或疗效差,使用有一定局限性,而且有些锥虫地理株对上述两种药已产生抗药性,进口的拜尔205疗效较好,但药价昂贵。所以,寻找疗效好,使用方便的新药显得尤为迫切。我们采用灭锥灵治疗小白鼠伊氏锥虫病试验。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.