玉林市荔枝园土壤养分肥力状况分析与评价

通过对玉林市荔枝主产区果园73份土壤样本养分含量分析,评价当地荔枝园土壤养分肥力现状。结果表明,当地荔枝园土壤养分有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼、有效钼含量偏低,有效磷和有效锌含量中偏低,有效铜含量中等,有效硫含量偏高,土壤pH值偏强酸性。栽培中要注意增施有机质肥、氮肥、钾肥、适施磷肥,重视钙镁肥的施用,及时补充硼肥；特别是含量属于缺乏水平的荔枝园,适量使用石灰,提高土壤酸碱度。本文旨在通过对玉林市荔枝园土壤养分含量分析及养分肥力现状评价,为当地荔枝栽培进行科学施肥提供指导。     

重庆油橄榄园土壤养分状况调查与分析

为了解重庆油橄榄园土壤养分的含量状况,在重庆油橄榄主产区选取了32个代表性油橄榄园采集土壤样品进行测定分析。结果表明,重庆油橄榄园土壤多呈碱性,71.88%的果园土壤pH适宜油橄榄生长。土壤有机质含量偏低,偏低比例达到59.38%。土壤全氮和速效钾含量比较丰富,分别有75.00%和68.75%的果园达到适宜以上水平。81.25%的果园土壤碱解氮含量严重缺乏,78.12%的果园土壤有效磷含量处于低量或缺乏水平。土壤交换性钙含量丰富,71.88%的果园达到过量水平。土壤交换性镁含量较高,68.75%的果园达到适宜以上水平。土壤有效铁和有效锌含量不同程度偏低,处于缺乏或低量的比例分别占到37.5%和56.62%。土壤有效硼严重不足,缺乏或低量的比例达到100.00%。因此,重庆油橄榄园在生产上应重视增施有机肥,注意氮、磷肥合理搭配使用和铁、锌、硼等微肥的补充,以实现油橄榄生产提质增效。     

开发热带蚕业 发展海南丝绸

海南,是我国仅次于台湾的第2大岛,地处我国最南端,与广东省的雷州半岛隔海相望。全省包括海口、三亚、儋州、文昌、琼山、琼海、澄迈、临高、琼中、通什、东方、乐东、屯昌、白沙、万宁、陵水、昌江、定安共18个县、市,面积3.4万平方公里,人口566万,是我国最大的经济特区。为了开发我国热带蚕业,发展海南丝绸,笔者于1989年受聘来到这块人们过去认为“神秘”的热土。通过4年的艰苦工作,现在看到了海南蚕丝业发展的希望。     

湘西椪柑园土壤pH值和树龄与土壤养分及果实品质关系研究

以湖南省湘西自治州60个椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco)果园为对象,分析湘西椪柑产区土壤矿质营养情况,土壤pH值及树龄与果园营养状况及果实品质的关系。结果表明,湘西椪柑产区70%以上果园土壤酸化,土壤中多数矿质养分含量适量或过量,而碱解氮、有效硼交换性钙和交换性镁含量缺乏;叶片中氮、钾、钙、镁和锌含量缺乏,磷、锰含量适量,铁、铜含量过量。随土壤pH值升高,土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和有效铜含量升高,而有效铁和有效锰含量降低;叶片氮、铁含量在酸性和弱酸性（4.5相似文献   

海南岛水鹿

水鹿(Cervus unicolor Kerr)是海南岛野生动物中最大型的种类,主要分布于海南黎族苗族自治州各县以及汉区的万宁、琼海、定安、屯昌、澄迈、儋县等地的山地丘陵地带。当地群众称水鹿为“山马”。自1964—1980年,     

攀西芒果园土壤pH与有效养分的相关性研究

采集攀西芒果主产区果园土壤样本42个，探讨土壤pH、有效养分状况及两者的相关性。结果表明，攀西芒果园土壤pH变化范围为4.8~8.4，中性、酸性土壤占76.2%。果园土壤有机质、碱解氮、交换性钙和有效锌表现为严重缺乏状态，有效铜和硼整体处于低水平，有效钾含量为中下水平，而有效磷、交换性镁、有效硫、有效铁和有效锰5种元素的含量表现较为丰富。果园土壤pH和大部分有效养分存在显著的相关性，土壤pH与有机质、碱解氮、有效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰呈极显著负相关，与交换性钙、有效硫呈极显著正相关，而与有效性磷、有效硼、有效钼的相关性则不显著。从三种函数类型的回归分析来看，土壤pH与有机质关系符合幂函数，与碱解氮、有效锌、有效硫呈线性相关，与有效钾、交换性钙、有效铜、有效铁、有效锰则符合指数函数，而与交换性镁则符合二次函数，各相关系数均达极显著水平。总体上，土壤pH在中性偏酸的范围内，养分相对较为平衡，pH过酸或过碱，都容易造成养分的失衡，因此土壤pH过酸的果园，应注意适量施用石灰或含钙镁的肥料，与之相反，碱性土壤则应避免再次施用石灰或碱性肥料。     

广西富川纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和植株叶片营养状况研究与评价

对广西富川县60个纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和叶片样品进行营养成分检测分析。结果表明，所调查纽荷尔脐橙园土壤偏酸，土壤有机质、有效钾、有效锌、交换性钙含量较高；碱解氮、有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量中等；交换性镁、有效锰和有效硼含量较低。脐橙叶片中磷、钾和铁含量大部分处于高量水平，少量处于适量范围，但是铜和锌的含量多数处于低量水平。纽荷尔脐橙园土壤pH值与交换性镁呈极显著正相关性，与有效钾呈极显著负相关，土壤有机质与有效锌呈极显著正相关。土壤交换性钙与叶片钙含量呈显著正相关、交换性镁与叶片镁的含量呈显著正相关，土壤交换性钙、镁与叶片锰含量呈极显著负相关，土壤酸度和土壤中营养元素的有效含量对树体营养元素的吸收和营养水平有较大影响，各个果园的氮、磷、钾肥施用极其不均，大部分果园钾肥施用过量。本研究对指导富川县纽荷尔脐橙园配方施肥和营养调节具有重大意义。     

闽侯县果园土壤养分状况分析

2009-2011年在闽侯县采集果园土壤样品441个，对9个土壤养分指标进行检测分析。分析结果表明：土壤有机质含量处于丰富水平，3年来处于丰富水平的样本数占样本总数的比例分别为64.6%、60.0%和51.0%。；碱解氮含量处于中等偏低的水平，处于缺乏水平的样本数占总样本数的比例分别为31.5%、37.5%和50.0%；有效磷含量处于丰富水平；速效钾含量处于中等偏低水平。80%以上的果园土壤pH值呈酸性和微酸性。土壤有效锌含量处于丰富水平，交换性钙和交换性镁含量均有一定程度的缺乏，而有效硼含量缺乏尤其严重。     

漳州市荔枝园土壤肥力状况调查与分析

对漳州市荔枝主产区的土壤肥力状况调查和分析表明：荔枝园土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效钾、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼含量偏低，有效磷、有效铜含量中等，有效锌含量中下，土壤PH值偏酸。据此，提出土壤改良与施肥改进建议：注意增施有机肥、氮肥、钾肥；适施磷肥；重视钙镁肥的施用，以及硼素营养的补充，特别是含量属于缺乏水平的荔枝园。适量使用石灰，提高土壤酸碱度。同时进一步开展不同肥力水平的土壤施肥试验才能做到科学施肥。     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况，在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园，分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示，分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长，农化土壤酸性土比例增加；背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%，碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%，有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%；背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%，有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%；农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%，有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言，土壤养分状况中等偏差；与背景土壤相比，农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重，其它养分含量则有所上升。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.