南京地区北高丛蓝莓果实的品质分析与比较研究

为探讨北高丛蓝莓在南京引种后，果实品质的差异，实验以南京地区栽培的表现较好的4个蓝莓品种为研究对象，主要测定了果实的外观、果皮质量分数、花色苷、多酚、总酸、葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性糖等指标。结果表明：钱德勒的果形最大，均值达到3.01g，是外观品质中较好的一个；莱克西果皮的花色苷含量最高，达到3342.84mg/100g，而且可溶性糖含量最高，总酸含量最低，糖酸比最高，埃利奥特次之；此外埃利奥特的果皮多酚含量最高，莱克西次之。综上研究结果表明北高从蓝莓引种南京后，莱克西的综合品质较好，其次是埃利奥特，可作为鲜食和加工兼用品种；钱德勒的果形最大，皮薄，可作为鲜食品种；蓝丰的果皮较厚，推荐作为加工品种。     

7个菠萝品种在云南省的引种表现

‘卡因’和‘巴厘’为云南菠萝的主栽品种。长期的种植过程中出现了种性退化、高劣果率等问题。本研究采用橡胶/菠萝间作模式,利用单因素随机区组设计,对‘苹果’、‘金钻’、‘金菠萝’、‘甜蜜蜜’、‘8号’、‘冬蜜’、‘蜜宝’等7个品种进行引种试种试验,比较生育性状、果实内在品质以及外观品质。结果表明：在云南幼龄橡胶林下,7个间作菠萝新品种均表现出良好的生长适应性和生长结果习性。‘甜蜜蜜’其营养生长状况最佳、自然抽蕾率高、单果重大小适宜、果形为长圆筒形,果心宽度小,果实内在品质佳,可作为鲜食品种在云南区域进行推广种植。     

南方地区甜樱桃促早栽培关键技术研究

通过覆膜、加温等措施对7个甜樱桃品种物候期和品质特征等方面进行调查研究，为浙江等南方地区甜樱桃促早栽培提供依据。以‘红蜜’‘瑞德’‘早罗宾’‘拉宾斯’‘燕子’‘布鲁克斯’‘早大果’为试验材料，研究不同促早方式对甜樱桃物候期的影响，并对其进行单果重、可溶性固形物含量、风味、品质等方面的鉴定。研究发现简易覆膜促早栽培比普通避雨遮荫栽培果实成熟提早7-12天，在4月中下旬果实成熟；加温覆膜促早栽培比普通避雨遮荫栽培果实成熟提早36-41天，在3月中下旬果实成熟，其经济效益更加显著。通过综合评价发现‘早大果’‘布鲁克斯’‘瑞德’‘红蜜’等品种在综合表现较好，适宜在浙江等南方地区进行相关促早栽培推广种植，其他品种可以有选择性的发展避雨遮荫栽培，以满足市场需求。     

4个草莓品种在广西来宾市露地种植表现及品质特性

为筛为筛选出适宜广西来宾市露地种植的草莓优良品种,引进了‘妙香7号’、‘红颜’、‘红玉’、‘宁玉’4个草莓品种并开展种植试验和调查分析。结果表明,‘妙香7号’、‘红颜’、‘红玉’、‘宁玉’4个草莓品种在露地种植条件下平均单株产量在0.172~0.292 kg之间,平均单位面积产量在18060~30660 kg/hm2之间,果实可溶性固形物含量在8.35~10.92 %之间,果实可溶性糖含量在5.59~7.35 %之间。这些草莓品种产量较高,果实品质接近或优于本地主栽品种‘甜查理’,抗性中等或偏弱,在做好水肥管理和病虫害综合防治的情况下可选择作为‘甜查理’的重要补充。选出适宜广西来宾市露地种植的草莓优良品种,引进了‘妙香7号’、‘红颜’、‘红玉’、‘宁玉’4个草莓品种并开展种植试验和调查分析。结果表明,‘妙香7号’、‘红颜’、‘红玉’、‘宁玉’4个草莓品种在露地种植条件下平均单株产量在0.172~0.292 kg之间,平均单位面积产量在18060~30660 kg/hm2之间,果实可溶性固形物含量在8.35~10.92 %之间,果实可溶性糖含量在5.59~7.35 %之间。这些草莓品种产量较高,果实品质接近或优于本地主栽品种‘甜查理’,抗性中等或偏弱,在做好水肥管理和病虫害综合防治的情况下可选择作为‘甜查理’的重要补充。     

三个欧美杂种品种在烟台地区的引种表现

引进‘巨玫瑰’、‘沈农香丰’、‘沈农硕丰’3个鲜食葡萄品种，对其物候期、果实经济性状、抗病性进行观察研究。结果表明，‘巨玫瑰’综合性状优良，适合在烟台地区大面积栽培发展，‘沈农硕丰’品质优，抗病性较好，可适当发展；‘沈农香丰’产量低，不适宜在烟台地区大面积推广种植。     

光系列葡萄品种在福州地区的引种表现

为丰富福建葡萄品种资源结构,2014年起国家葡萄产业技术体系福州综合试验站引进河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所选育的‘春光’、‘蜜光’、‘宝光’、‘峰光’等4份优良鲜食葡萄品种,对其植物学特性、物候期、果实性状、生长结果习性及抗病性等进行观察,总结其在福建的综合表现。结果表明：4个欧美杂交葡萄品种较现有主栽品种巨峰具有坐果稳定、着色成熟一致、果肉硬脆耐储等优势,适宜在福建地区推广种植。     

湖南地区‘巴劳奈’无花果引种表现及栽培技术

‘巴劳奈’无花果自2016年引入我国进行试栽,试栽表现为果形大,可溶性固形物最高可达25%,产量高且稳定,单株产量可达15~30 kg,是优良的鲜食加工兼用品种。湖南地区目前无花果主栽品种是‘波姬红’和‘布兰瑞克’,现为了扩大湖南地区无花果产业,以湖南省宁乡7月成熟度在60%-80%的‘巴劳奈’夏果为样本,进行引种表现分析,结果表明湖南地区的‘巴劳奈’无花果果形中等,但该品种可溶性固形物在18%以上,含有较高的维生素C和蛋白质,且在湖南地区‘芭劳奈’鲜食果及其加工品价格较‘波姬红’、‘布兰瑞克’等品种高,故可根据本文以湖南省宁乡为基准总结的栽培技术在与该地气候土壤相近的其它中部地区推广栽培。     

早熟荔枝新品种‘桂早荔’在海南陵水的引种表现

【目的】引进和培育早熟优良荔枝新品种,进一步优化海南荔枝品种结构。【方法】基于‘桂早荔’早熟、优质、丰产稳产等经济性状,引进该品种在海南陵水进行适应性及生产试验研究,以当地主栽品种‘妃子笑’以及特早熟品种‘三月红’为对照,观察其植物学特性、生物学特性、物候期、果实性状等表现。【结果】自2005年以来‘桂早荔’先后引入到海南省陵水县本号、文罗等乡镇种植,经过多年的引种观测,发现‘桂早荔’能够很好地适应引种地的气候和环境条件,树体生长健壮,成花比较容易,开花坐果正常,病虫害发生一般,果实品质性状优良,丰产稳产性较好,平均每公顷产量达到18000 kg。果实成熟期在4月中旬,比当地主栽品种‘妃子笑’提早成熟15 d左右,具有很好的早熟优势。引种期间,该品种于2012年6月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会认定。【结论】‘桂早荔’为早熟品种,综合经济性状良好,值得在海南陵水等荔枝早熟产区适度推广种植。     

‘红皮龙眼’形态特征和生物学特性及在广西南宁的 种植适应性

明确‘红皮龙眼’的形态特征、生物学特性及在广西南宁的种植适应性,为丰富广西龙眼种质资源及龙眼种质创新利用提供参考依据。从海南省引进热带生态型红皮龙眼种苗,取其枝条与2年生广眼实生苗嫁接,以嫁接热带生态型品种四季蜜龙眼为对照,对其形态特征和生物学特性进行连续3年观察,并测定果实品质,分析其在广西南宁的种植适应性。在广西南宁,‘红皮龙眼’极易成花,能正常结果,叶片、花和果实均呈现红色,未发现病虫危害。果实于9月上旬成熟,属于晚熟龙眼品种。与对照品种四季蜜龙眼相比,‘红皮龙眼’单果重为16.30 g,显著提高77.75%（P<0.05）,属于特大果型龙眼品种;可溶性固形物含量为25.7%,显著提高12.45%;可食率稍低,为53.31%;果肉香气浓郁,风味较佳,属于稀有品种。‘红皮龙眼’属热带特大果型晚熟龙眼品种,具有果皮红色、可溶性固形物含量较高、果肉细嫩且香气浓郁及熟期迟等优势,未见明显的病虫害发生,在广西南宁能正常开花结果,适应性较好,可在广西相同气候区试验推广,也可作为特殊的育种材料加以创新利用。     

不同葡萄品种果实品质差异性分析与评价

为开展鲜食葡萄果实品质评价及优良新品种筛选提供参考依据,以‘巨峰’、‘鄞红’、‘阳光玫瑰’、‘巨玫瑰’、‘蓝宝石’、‘浪漫红颜’和‘新雅’7个葡萄品种为试验材料,测定和分析了葡萄果实的17个品质指标,并运用主成分分析法对7个葡萄品种进行评价。结果表明,不同葡萄品种间果实品质存在一定差异。葡萄果实品质指标间存在不同程度的相关性。通过主成分分析法,共提取了4个主成分,累积方差贡献率高达95.440%,可以反映原指标的大部分信息,7个葡萄果实综合品质排序为鄞红＞巨玫瑰＞巨峰＞浪漫红颜＞阳光玫瑰＞新雅＞蓝宝石,与果实品尝鉴定结果基本一致。该研究摸清了湖州地区几个鲜食葡萄品种果实品质的差异性,发现鄞红和巨玫瑰两个品种在该地区综合品质表现优,这些对指导葡萄产业健康发展有一定的参考价值。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。