荧光抗体技术诊断犬瘟热的研究

本研究建立了用于检测犬瘟热病毒的间接荧光抗体染色法。试验确定了1:80稀释的抗犬瘟热单克隆抗体和1:32倍稀释的荧光素标记羊抗鼠IgG为适宜的工作浓度。采用该方法检测21只犬瘟热自然感染犬的血液样品，CDV检出率为76％。对3只犬细小病毒自然感染犬，6只健康犬进行检测，各有一例为CDV抗原阳性。此外，用该方法检测了此21只犬瘟热病犬的眼分泌物、鼻汁、粪便和血涂片，其检出率分别为21％、14％、15％和76％。该方法与临床诊断的符合率为77％。另外，对稀释荧光素标记抗体冷冻保存，测定其保存期至少为7个月，染色后荧光稳定性为2周。该方法是一种简便、快速、特异的检测犬瘟热的方法，适于推广使用。     

小鹅瘟病毒荧光抗体的制备与应用

将小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)分离毒xw株接种健康兔获得兔抗GPV超免疫血清，由此制备兔抗GPV荧光抗体。采用直接荧光抗体试验对人工感染雏鹅、鹅胚及自然病例进行了检测。结果表明，该方法可栓出患病组织中的病毒抗原，且肠和肝的含毒量高于尿囊细胞。     

1例小熊猫印度列叶吸虫病

南京某动物园引进3只小熊猫,次日1只小熊猫死亡。解剖发现大量寄生虫附着于小肠黏膜上,肝脏血肿,犬瘟热抗原胶体金检测为阳性。通过形态学鉴定,该寄生虫为印度列叶吸虫。对另2只小熊猫进行犬瘟热荧光PCR检测,均为阴性,而犬瘟热和犬细小病毒抗体均为阳性,说明曾经感染过这2种病毒。本文报道了小熊猫死于印度列叶吸虫病。     

犬瘟热病毒间接免疫酶组化检测方法的建立

为对犬瘟热病毒(CDV)进行组织定位检查,本实验利用犬瘟热抗CDV单克隆抗体(MAb),采用间接免疫酶组化法对6只人工感染的比格犬肠组织的病毒抗原进行定位检测。结果表明,利用犬瘟热抗CDV MAb建立的间接免疫酶组化方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏性,可原位检测病犬肠组织中CDV抗原的分布,其抗原的阳性表达主要在小肠绒毛和李氏隐窝的上皮细胞胞浆内,表明CDV主要侵害小肠的粘膜上皮组织。     

兔出血症Dot—ELISA双抗体夹心诊断法及其应用的研究

以建立的斑点酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法检测兔出血症病毒抗原.结果表明,对23只病兔各脏器病毒抗原检测,以肝、脾的检出率为最高.对人工感染兔各脏器检测,肝脏首先出现病毒抗原,其次是脾脏;各脏器病毒抗原含量依次为,肝>脾>肺>肾>心.用该法从人工感染24h后兔的口腔、鼻腔分泌物及粪便中检出了病毒抗原,表明病兔可通过消化道和呼吸道排毒.与血凝试验对比检测兔出血症可疑标本192份,两者符合率为90.6%.     

应用间接免疫荧光法检测禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒抗体的研究

用禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒（ＲＥＶ）感染ＳＰＦ鸡胚次代成纤维细胞涂片为抗原，建立了检测ＲＥＶ抗体的间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡ）。确定了待检血清稀释度１：６４和兔抗鸡ＩｇＧ荧光抗体的稀释度１：３２的工作浓度。应用该ＩＦＡ方法对人工感染ＲＥＶ的２０只３０日龄ＳＰＦ鸡进行了检测，接种后４天时均呈阴性反应，７天时８只鸡呈阳性反应，１４天２０只全部呈阳性的反应。通过对ＮＤＶ、ＩＢＤＶ、ＡＬＶ、ＭＤＶ、ＣＩＡＶ、     

双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA检测弓形虫循环抗原方法的建立

为检测弓形虫循环抗原,以实现弓形虫急性感染的早期诊断,本研究建立了基于ABC(avidin biotin-peroxidase complex)放大系统的双抗体夹心ELISA方法。通过制备弓形虫排泄分泌抗原(ESA)并免疫动物,经3种抗原的筛选以获得抗循环抗原(CAg)的单抗,以方阵滴定法确定最佳多抗包被浓度和单抗工作浓度,利用夹心法和ABC放大系统建立检测弓形虫循环抗原的夹心ABC-ELISA方法,用该方法对人工感染犬血清和其他阳性血清样本进行检测以确定该方法的检出时间和准确性,并应用于临床样品的检测。结果:获得了3株针对不同抗原表位的单克隆抗体,并对CAg有较高特异性。双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA反应条件:兔多抗包被浓度为3.7μg/mL,生物素标记3A5、3E5和10F5-3单抗在混合工作液中的浓度分别为0.1、0.13和0.12μg/mL。该ELISA方法对ESA最低检测限为11.9 ng/mL,并与隐孢子虫早期感染牛血清、血吸虫尾蚴早期感染牛血清、艾美耳球虫早期感染鸡血清、犬瘟热急性感染早期血清、犬细小病毒急性感染血清无交叉反应。用该ELISA方法检测人工感染的犬,于感染后2 d血清即显示阳性,该方法能明显区分标准阳性血清和阴性血清。用该方法检测68份猪临床血样(其中包括2份标准阳性血清),检测结果与Nest-PCR结果一致。表明该双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA方法特异性强、敏感性高,可用于弓形虫急性感染的早期或活动期的诊断。     

犬细小病毒分离鉴定及其基因型调查的基础研究

用F81细胞从不同地区送检的25份肠炎犬病料中分离出10株细小病毒，经形态学，理化学，生物学和分子病毒学等鉴定，结果这10株病毒均能在F81细胞上生长，产生细胞肿胀、变圆、破碎、脱落等细胞病变；病毒粒子呈立体对称，直径为20～24nm，无囊膜，抗氯仿，耐酸，耐热，能被5-IUDR抑制，可凝集猪、马、猫的红细胞，不能凝集人、鸡、豚鼠、兔的红细胞，HA试验能被抗CPV的特异性抗体所抑制，用犬细小病毒（CPV）特异性引物对10株病毒进行PCR扩增，结果扩增片段与阳性对照大小一致(771bp），用PV/犬/JL/1/02、PV/犬/BJ/1/99和PV/犬/GZ/1/02三个毒株进行人工感染犬试验，结果人工感染犬在接种后白细胞总数出现短期不同程度的下降，在攻毒后4～14d粪便PCR检查阳性，其中接种PV/犬/BJ/1/99的一只犬出现严重的肠炎症状并死亡，其余接种犬没有出现明显的临床症状，但血清抗体均升高（大于5倍），而对照组的白细胞总数和血清抗体没有明显的变化，粪便PCR检测阴性，表明所分离毒株能够感染犬，鉴定结果证明，CPV在我国犬群中仍广泛存在。     

犬瘟热病毒捕获ELISA试剂盒的研究

建立犬瘟热病毒捕获ELISA,用于该病的快速诊断。方法采用犬抗CDV抗体包被96孔反应板,用以捕获样品中的CDV,再用CDV单克隆抗体和酶标羊抗鼠IgG检测被捕获的CDV抗原,经方阵试验,确立了抗原捕获ELISA的反应条件,并组装ELISA试剂盒。结果用建立的ELISA方法,检测REOV、CPV2、USCCV、CAV-1、CAV-2病毒,均不发生交叉反应;检测犬的临床样本110份。     

用间接荧光抗体试验检测鸡肾型传染性支气管炎抗原的研究

建立检测鸡肾型传染性支气管炎抗原的间接荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡ）其抗体感染作时间Ｉ抗以５０～６０ｍｉｎ，Ⅱ抗以３０～４０ｍｉｎ最佳。该法具有良好的特异性，可检测出人工感染鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）Ａｕｓｔ－Ｔ，ＨＮ９３０１，ＴＪ９３０１，ＢＪ９３０１毒株后的抗原；对自然发病病例检测结果，阳性符合率高于Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和气管环中和试验法。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.