磷肥对环青海湖高寒草原植物群落特征的影响

为探讨环青海湖地区高寒草原适宜的磷肥施用量,2017年在海晏县西海镇轻度退化高寒草原上,选用磷酸二铵,设置0(CK)、120(P_1)、240(P_2)、360(P_3)、480 kg·hm~(–2)(P_4) 5个施肥梯度,以草原植物群落特征变化为指标,筛选区域磷肥增施的优化方案。结果表明,增施磷酸二铵后草原植物群落中禾本科、莎草科和豆科植物的重要值显著增加(P 0.05),其中青藏扁蓿豆(Melilotoides archiducis-nicolai)的盖度和重要值极显著增加(P 0.01)。不同施肥梯度下草原群落生物量显著增加(P 0.05),磷酸二铵施用量为120～240 kg·hm~(–2)时草地群落生物量较高,比对照提高31.28%～47.13%,净收益比对照增加28.42%～38.37%。适宜环青海湖高寒草原经济可行的磷酸二铵施用量为120～240 kg·hm~(–2)。     

氮磷钾肥对高寒草甸生物量及群落多样性指数的影响

采用正交试验设计,添加氮、磷、钾肥不同组合,测定了高寒草甸生物量和群落多样性指数,分析施肥对高寒草甸群落结构的影响。结果表明,在氮肥、磷肥和钾肥分别为220、220和110kg/hm~2时(N3P5K3),莎草科牧草鲜重为337.72g/m~2,较对照处理显著增加了3.17倍(P0.05)。施肥对莎草科牧草鲜重的影响要高于禾本科牧草和杂类草,施钾肥对莎草科牧草和杂类草生物量并无显著影响。氮肥对群落多样性指数H、E、P有显著影响,而磷钾肥则无显著影响。莎草科牧草鲜重与多样性指数呈显著负相关(P0.05),氮肥、磷肥对莎草科牧草鲜重有显著正相关(P0.05)。研究表明,氮磷钾肥在提高高寒草甸群落生物量的同时,也降低群落多样性指数。     

青海高寒草甸施氮肥增产效应浅析

采用氮肥施用量的单因子试验研究了施用氮肥对高寒草甸的增产效应。结果表明,就2年累积增产效应而言,施氮量为150 kg/hm2时,每公斤尿素可获得地上总生物量的最大增产量为19.22 kg,而当施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,禾本科牧草可以获得单位尿素的最大增产量为17.48 kg。综合考虑草地总盖度、草地总生物量、优良牧草生物量及优良牧草分盖度的增加,认为天然高寒草甸草地的最佳施氮量为150 kg/hm2,2年累积可增加地上总生物量2 883 kg/hm2鲜草,增加禾本科牧草地上生物量1 770 kg/hm2鲜草。     

青藏高原高山草甸群落生物量及多样性对氮素添加的响应

为了探测大气氮沉降对高山草甸的影响,设置对照(N_0)、低氮14.3g·m~(-2)(N_5)、中氮28.6g·m~(-2)(N_(10))和高氮57.1g·m~(-2)(N_(20))4个氮素(NH_4NO_3)添加水平,连续3年对青藏高原东部的高山草甸群落进行施氮处理,测定各添加水平下群落生物量及物种多样性的变化。结果表明,随着氮素添加量的增加,地上生物量逐渐增加,在N_(20)达到最大,且地上生物量在空间格局上呈现向上转移的趋势;随氮素的增加,地下生物量先增大后减小,在N_(10)最大,且有向浅层表土(0-10cm深度)转移的趋势。各功能群中,禾草类植物的地上生物量从N_0到N_(20)逐渐增加,在N_(20)达到最大,其在地上总生物量中所占的比例也在N_(20)达到最大。另外,随着施氮量的增加,植物物种多样性呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。可以看出,氮素添加对高山草甸群落的结构有着明显的影响。     

青海湖地区紫花针茅型高寒草原群落特征变化

气候变暖促进青藏高原高寒草原分布面积逐渐增加,但有关紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)型高寒草原生产力与物种丰富度长期变化特征及其驱动因素尚不明确。本研究连续13年观测青海湖地区高寒草地地上生物量、物种丰富度和盖度等指标,阐明了植被群落特征的长期变化规律,采用结构方程模型,解析了紫花针茅型高寒草原生产力和物种丰富度的主要影响因素。结果表明,高寒草原地上生物量和物种丰富度均呈现较强的波动上升趋势,平均鲜重和物种数分别为215.41 g·m^-2和15,高物种丰富度促进生产力增加;高寒草原群落总盖度和平均高度呈现显著增加趋势。紫花针茅型高寒草原地上生物量和总盖度分别受到年均气温和生产力的显著影响。未来增温气候情景将会显著增加青海湖地区紫花针茅型高寒草原生物量,但降雨量增加会降低物种丰富度。     

施肥对玛曲高寒沙化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响

研究了施肥对玛曲高寒沙化草地物种丰富度、植被高度、物种多样性和生产力的影响。结果表明,施肥可增加物种丰富度和高度,其中施氮磷肥和施氮磷有机肥分别比对照的草地丰富度提高了42.9%和44.7%,植被高度平均提高4.5和5.6 cm。不同施肥处理对高寒沙化草地的Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和Pielou均匀度指数均有影响。氮、磷和有机肥混施后植物群落的Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数与对照之间达显著或极显著差异,施氮磷肥后植物群落的Pielou均匀度指数与对照间差异极显著。不同施肥类型对高寒沙化草地地上生物量的影响不同,采用氮、磷和有机肥混施的方案可最大限度的增加沙化草地的地上生物量,比对照的增加2.5倍。从生物多样性和生产力增加综合考虑,氮、磷和有机肥混施为高寒沙化草地施肥的最佳处理。     

草原毛虫对小嵩草草地植被群落的影响

采用人工控制方法(移除和未移除),研究了草原毛虫对高寒草甸小嵩草草地植被群落(地上生物量、植被盖度、群落高度及植物多样性等)的影响。结果表明:在不同调查期草原毛虫种群数量随着时间的变化呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,最大值出现在7月10日,最小值是8月11日。草原毛虫对草地地上总生物量影响不大,但对莎草科和杂类草植物地上生物量影响显著。草原毛虫显著降低莎草科生物量,增加杂类草生物量(P0.05),草原毛虫移除试验区莎草科的地上生物量比对照增加26.92%,而杂类草的地上生物量仅为对照的64.08%。草原毛虫对群落盖度影响不大,能够显著降低群落高度(P0.05),移除试验区的高度是对照区的1.43倍。草原毛虫对丰富度指数没有影响(P0.05),显著降低了Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数(P0.05)。草原毛虫对草地群落的影响主要是由其选择性采食,改变了群落植物种的竞争关系,使其生态位发生变化。     

鼠害抑制对三江源区轻度退化高寒草甸植被特征的影响

为研究鼠害抑制对三江源区轻度退化高寒草甸植被的影响,于2019年3月18日—22日在青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县大武镇的典型高寒草甸上开展人工鼠害抑制试验,未抑制区作为对照。结果表明,鼠害抑制试验区莎草科和禾本科的重要值分别较对照显著增加,阔叶型可食草和毒害草的重要值分别较对照显著降低。鼠害抑制试验区草地群落的总盖度较对照降低了13.7%,差异显著(P=0.003)。鼠害抑制提高了莎草科、禾本科和毒害草的株高,差异显著(P<0.05)。鼠害抑制试验区草地群落的地上总生物量降低了2.6%,由123.6g·m^-2降至120.4 g·m^-2,但差异不显著(P=0.740)。鼠害抑制试验区莎草科、禾本科和毒害草的地上生物量分别较对照增加,差异显著(P<0.05),而阔叶型可食草的地上生物量较对照降低了65.1%,由63.0g·m^-2降至22.0 g·m^-2,差异显著(P=0.000)。由此可见,鼠害抑制可以改善三江源区高寒草甸优质牧草的状况,促进高寒草甸植被恢复。     

牦牛干扰下草原毛虫对小嵩草高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响

采用野外受控放牧试验(放牧和不放牧)和人工控制草原毛虫(Gynaephora qinghaiensis)方法(草原毛虫移除和未移除),研究了牦牛干扰下草原毛虫对高寒草甸小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草地植被群落(植被盖度、群落高度、地上生物量及植物多样性等)的影响。结果表明,在试验期内,草原毛虫种群数量随着时间的推移呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。在牦牛(Bos mutus)放牧区内草原毛虫种群数量及增长趋势均高于无牧区。草原毛虫单独存在时群落的盖度、高度及地上总生物量与对照(牦牛与草原毛虫都不存在,CK)差异不显著(P0.05),而牦牛与草原毛虫共存时群落盖度、高度及地上总生物量都显著低于CK(P0.05)。牦牛干扰了草原毛虫对群落中主要植物种的作用,植物重要值发生了显著变化。草原毛虫单独存在时植物多样性指数与CK间无显著差异,单独放牧牦牛和牦牛与草原毛虫共存时的植物多样性指数均显著低于CK(P0.05)。本研究表明,牦牛显著加剧了草原毛虫对小嵩草高寒草甸植被的影响。     

短期围栏封育对退化高寒草地植被数量特征及土壤养分的影响

本文研究了短期围栏封育(3a)对退化高寒草地植被数量特征及土壤养分含量的影响,结果表明:(1)短期围栏封育能有效提高禾本科和莎草科植物平均高度,使豆科和毒杂草类植物的平均高度显著降低(P0.05);(2)短期围栏封育能使禾本科、莎草科和毒杂草类植物的盖度有所增加,使豆科植物盖度略有降低,但是增减不明显(P0.05);(3)短期围栏封育使禾本科和毒杂草地上生物量有所提高,使莎草科植物地上生物量略降低,使豆科植物地上生物量显著降低(P0.05);(4)短期围栏封育能使土壤全钾含量有所提高,使全氮、全磷和速效磷含量略降低,使速效氮、速效钾和有机质含量显著降低(P0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.