苦豆子植株不同部位醇提液对大鼠离体小肠运动的影响

为比较秋季苦豆子植株不同部位提取物对消化道运动的干预作用,本研究利用生物信号处理系统测定了浓度递增(0.5%~8.0%)的苦豆子植株不同部位(豆子、豆荚、叶和顶须)醇提液对大鼠离体小肠平滑肌运动的影响,并初步探究其机理。结果显示,与用药前相比,苦豆子植株各部位均在浓度递增到2.0%~4.0%时使离体小肠收缩频率和幅度减小(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖关系,而对收缩张力影响不显著(P>0.05),其中豆子抑制作用最强。同时,胆碱能M-受体激动剂氯贝胆碱引起的小肠平滑肌兴奋作用可被2.0%豆子完全抑制,且2.0%豆子的抑制作用不能被氯贝胆碱扭转。结果表明,苦豆子植株各部位对离体小肠运动均有抑制作用,且可能与阻断M-受体作用有关。提示苦豆子植株各部位有望用于缓解由于某些原因引起的胃肠活动过度症状。     

温度和中药对马离体小肠运动的影响

为了探究温度变化和中药对马离体小肠运动的影响,用生物信号处理系统监测了浴槽不同温度、中药单方(陈皮和枳实)和中药复方制剂对马离体小肠运动的影响。结果显示,浴槽温度从38℃降温到32℃过程中,小肠收缩频率和幅度减弱,张力增加(P0.05);当浴槽温度从32℃升温到38℃过程中,小肠收缩逐渐恢复;当浴槽温度从38℃升温到41℃过程中,小肠收缩幅度增加,收缩频率减慢(P0.05),再降温到38℃小肠收缩可恢复。复方浓度递增到128μL/mL时小肠收缩幅度和收缩张力同用药前指标比较,差异显著(P0.05)。陈皮单方浓度递增到32μL/mL时和64μL/mL时,小肠收缩张力同用药前张力比较差异分别显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01);浓度递增到64μL/mL时,小肠收缩幅度同用药前幅度比较,差异显著(P0.05)。枳实单方浓度递增到32μL/mL时,小肠收缩频率和张力同用药前指标比较差异分别显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)。研究表明,温度降低可使马小肠平滑肌收缩加强,单味陈皮和枳实以及复方中药对马离体小肠均有抑制作用,提示这些中药方剂均有望用于临床缓解马匹肠痉挛。     

槐花对兔离体小肠运动性能的影响

为了观察不同浓度槐花水煎液对家兔离体小肠运动性能的影响,笔者采用离体器官实验法,将兔离体肠管放置于恒温(38.0±0.5℃)平滑肌槽中,依次加入0.2 g/L、0.4 g/L、0.6 g/L、0.8 g/L浓度的槐花水煎液,记录给药前后十二指肠、空肠平滑肌运动性能的变化。结果表明,与用药前比较,水煎液浓度为0.2 g/L时,离体十二指肠的收缩张力明显下降(P0.01),收缩振幅、收缩频率无显著变化(P0.05);离体空肠的收缩张力、收缩振幅明显下降(P0.01),收缩频率不显著(P0.05)。随着浓度增加到0.4 g/L、0.6 g/L、0.8 g/L时,离体十二指肠和空肠的收缩张力、收缩振幅、收缩频率极显著下降(P0.01)。说明槐花水煎液能显著降低离体十二指肠和空肠的收缩张力、收缩振幅和收缩频率,且呈现量效关系。     

干鲜荨麻提取物对小鼠离体小肠运动影响的比较研究

为了比较荨麻干燥处理以及高温提取对其药效学的影响,探究了麻叶荨麻鲜株榨汁制备的鲜汁、干粉水浸制备的干汁以及干粉煮沸后获得的煮汁对小鼠离体小肠运动的影响。结果显示,3种汁均可剂量依赖性促进小肠的运动,其最小有效浓度约为2g/mL,最大有效浓度约为50g/mL。2g/mL的3种汁使小肠收缩张力均较用药前显著增加(P0.05),且鲜汁和干汁用药后小肠收缩张力均显著高于煮汁(P0.05)。50g/mL干汁用药后1min内收缩曲线下面积显著高于50g/mL鲜汁,其他两两比较差异均不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明高温水煮可影响荨麻在促进胃肠动力方面作用,而干株可替代鲜株作用,提示在制备用于缓解或治疗胃肠动力障碍荨麻药材时,可用干株水浸方法制备。     

新促孕液及其加味方和组分药对家兔离体子宫运动的影响

本研究利用多道生理信号采集处理系统测定了新促孕液(NFPL)和3个加味方及其组分药对家兔离体子宫运动的影响。结果表明,益母草、硼砂、丹参和黄柏均能显著增加子宫收缩波幅,元明粉和黄芩显著降低其波幅;元明粉、红花和黄芩均能显著增加子宫收缩频率,益母草、丹参、淫羊藿和硼砂均能显著降低其频率,并表现一定的量效关系。NFPL和方1均能显著增加子宫收缩波幅、降低其频率;方2在中、高浓度时能显著增加子宫收缩波幅,低浓度时能显著增加其频率;方3在低浓度时能显著降低子宫收缩波幅、中浓度时显著降低其频率。这些结果可为进一步改进NFPL组方的科学性和提高其防治效果提供理论依据。     

益母草水煎剂对家兔离体子宫运动性能的影响

采用离体器官实验法 ,将不同状态下的家兔离体子宫置于恒温通气麦氏浴皿培养液中 ,向麦氏浴皿中逐次加入等量不同浓度的益母草水煎剂。通过 BL - New Century生物信号采集处理系统 ,扫描记录子宫平滑肌张力变化情况 ,观察益母草水煎剂对家兔离体子宫运动性能的影响 ,并探讨其作用机理。结果 :益母草水煎剂在浓度为 0 .2 5～ 1.0 0 g/ ml时 ,子宫平滑肌张力随浓度增大而增大 ;益母草水煎剂对怀孕家兔离体子宫的平滑肌收缩作用比空怀家兔离体子宫的平滑肌收缩作用显著 (P<0 .0 1) ,对怀孕家兔经己烯雌酚处理的离体子宫的平滑肌收缩作用比未经己烯雌酚处理的离体子宫平滑肌收缩作用显著 (P<0 .0 1) ;而对空怀家兔是否经己烯雌酚处理时的子宫平滑肌收缩作用差异不显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :益母草水煎剂对不同状态下的家兔离体子宫平滑肌收缩均有增强作用。     

辣椒、花椒和胡椒联合用药对小鼠离体小肠运动影响的研究

为了探究辣椒、花椒和胡椒(以下简称三椒)联合用药对消化道运动机能的影响,试验用生物信号处理系统测定了三椒醇提液单独用药或联合用药对小鼠离体小肠运动的影响。结果表明:三椒均剂量依赖性抑制小肠收缩频率和幅度;辣椒+花椒联合用药较辣椒或花椒单独用药显著减弱了对小肠收缩幅度的抑制作用(P0.05);花椒+胡椒联合用药较花椒单独用药显著减弱了对小肠收缩幅度的影响(P0.05);三椒联合用药较胡椒单独用药显著增强了对小肠收缩张力的抑制作用(P0.05)。说明三椒联合食用可颉颃单独食用三椒对消化道运动的抑制作用。     

大黄浸泡液对家兔离体十二指肠平滑肌运动的影响

为了观察大黄浸泡液对家兔离体十二指肠平滑肌运动的影响,采用离体器官实验法,向恒温平滑肌槽中逐次加入不同浓度、不同浸泡时间的大黄浸泡液,记录平滑肌肌张力、收缩振幅和收缩频率的变化。结果不同浸泡时间的大黄药液均是在浓度较低时,对家兔平滑肌肌张力和收缩振幅的促进作用更明显,而随着大黄浓度的增加,肌张力和收缩振幅反而下降。各试验组均以12 h、0.0625 g/mL大黄浸泡液的张力促进率(45.88%)和收缩振幅促进率(42.04%)为最大。表明大黄浸出液对家兔离体十二指肠平滑肌的运动有明显增强作用,且不同浓度、不同浸泡时间的作用效果差异极显著(P0.01)。     

乙醇对离体蛙心收缩功能的影响

笔者以蛙为试验对象,研究乙醇对离体蛙心收缩程度的影响。制备离体蛙心标本,分别用3种浓度乙醇溶液(10%、20%和40%)作用于离体蛙心,利用生物信号采集处理系统采集收缩曲线,比较不同浓度乙醇溶液对离体蛙心收缩活动的影响。结果 3种浓度乙醇溶液均可抑制蛙心收缩幅度和收缩频率,且中、高剂量组差异极显著(P0.01)。说明乙醇能降低离体蛙心的收缩幅度,减小收缩频率,抑制程度与乙醇浓度呈正相关关系。     

乳酸菌素对兔离体回肠运动的影响

试验研究了不同浓度乳酸菌素(20ppm、40ppm、60ppm、80ppm和100ppm)对兔离体回肠运动(张力和频率)的影响,并探讨其对肠道平滑肌收缩的影响机制。结果表明,不同浓度乳酸菌素对兔离体回肠的收缩张力及收缩频率均有抑制作用,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),并且剂量越大抑制作用越显著。     

Effect of Alcohol Extract from Different Parts of Sophora alopecuroides on the Motility of Isolated Rat Small Intestine

To explore the effect of extract from different parts of Sophora alopecuroides picked in autumn on gastrointestinal motility, alcohol extract of bean, pod, leaf and shoot apex of Sophora alopecuroides at increasing dose(0.5% to 8.0%) were added to Tyrode's solution where rat isolated small intestine were bathed.The motility of small intestine was recorded by biological signal processing system.The results showed that the contract frequency and amplitude were significantly decreased when the concentration of each parts of Sophora alopecuroides reached 2.0% to 4.0% compared with that before treatment(P<0.05) and it was the dose dependent relation ship, but had no significant effect on the contract tension(P>0.05).Moreover, the inhibition effect of bean was the strongest among the four parts.Alcohol extract of bean at a dose of 2.0% inhibited the excitatory effect caused by cholinergic M-agonists, bethanechol, and the inhibition couldn't be reversed.The results concluded that different parts of Sophora alopecuroides could inhibit the contraction of rat small intestine, and the inhibition might happen partly by blocked M-receptor, indicating that Sophora alopecuroides are expected to be used to relieve gastrointestinal over contraction due to some reasons.     

Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on the Numbers and Distribution of Mastocytes in the Uterus of Ovariectomized Rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of estradiol(E)and progesterone(P)on mastocyte distribution in the uterus of ovariectomized rats.Thirty-five adult female rats were divided randomly into seven groups:one sham operated control group(SHAM);one ovariectomized group(OVX);three ovariectomized plus E treatment groups(OVX+E 20,100,or 500 μg/kg body weight·d);and two ovariectomized plus P groups(OVX+P 2 or 10 mg/kg body weight·d).Seven days after treatment,the contents of estradiol and progesterone in serum were detected by radioimmunoassay,and mastocytes in the uterus were stained by toluidine blue staining.Results were as following:① Compared to ovariectomized rat,the concent ration of estradiol in serum increased by 97.13 % in OVX+E 20(P0.05),204.84 % in OVX+E 100(P0.05),and 936.45 % in OVX + E 500 group(P0.05);the progesterone concent ration increased by 77.25 % in OVX+P 2(P0.05)and 235.25 %in OVX+P 10 group(P0.05).② Compared to ovariectomized rat,the number of mast cells in uteri decreased by 32.65% in OVX+E 20,64.50 % in OVX+E 100(P0.05),74.49 % in OVX+E 500(P0.05)and 70.67 % in OVX+P 10 groups(P0.05).However,the number of mast cells increased by 66.73% in OVX+P 2 group(P0.05)compared with OVX.The trend of mast cells number in the rat uterus was decreased gradually with the increase of estrogen or progesterone concent ration.The number of mast cells in ovariectomized rat uterus was affected by estrogen or progesterone.These results demonstrated that estrogen or progesterone directly affected the number of mast cells in the uterus of rat.     

乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠免疫功能作用的研究简

试验旨在探讨乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠免疫功能的影响。将84只小鼠分成6组,每组14只,分别为生理盐水组（阴性对照组）、未发酵黄芪组（阳性对照组,黄芪生药浓度为150 mg/mL）、试验Ⅰ组（黄芪生药浓度为60 mg/mL）、试验Ⅱ组（黄芪生药浓度为90 mg/mL）、试验Ⅲ组（黄芪生药浓度为120 mg/mL）、试验Ⅳ组（黄芪生药浓度为150 mg/mL）。小鼠采用灌胃方式给药30 d,最后处死小鼠测定其体重、免疫器官（胸腺和脾脏）系数、免疫因子（IgG、IL-6、sIgA）。结果显示,给药30 d后,试验组小鼠体重明显升高;试验Ⅰ组免疫器官系数极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组免疫因子IgG和sIgA均极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）。由此可知,乳酸菌―芽孢菌发酵黄芪对小鼠的免疫功能有很好的促进作用。     

Heartworm and Wolbachia: therapeutic implications

A safer, more effective adulticidal treatment and a safe method for reducing microfilaremia and breaking transmission of heartworm disease early in the treatment are needed. The present study evaluated efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and doxycycline (DOXY) alone or together (with or without melarsomine [MEL]) in dogs with induced adult heartworm infection and assessed the ability of microfilariae from DOXY-treated dogs to develop to L3 in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently to become reproductive adults in dogs. Thirty beagles were each infected with 16 adult heartworms by intravenous transplantation. Six weeks later, dogs were ranked by microfilarial count and randomly allocated to 6 groups of 5 dogs each. Beginning on Day 0, Group 1 received IVM (6 mcg/kg) weekly for 36 weeks. Group 2 received DOXY (10 mcg/(kgday)) orally Weeks 1-6, 10-11, 16-17, 22-25, and 28-33. Groups 3 and 5 received IVM and DOXY according to doses and schedules used for Groups 1 and 2. At Week 24, Groups 3 and 4 received an intramuscular injection of MEL (2.5 mg/kg), followed 1 month later by two injections 24h apart. Group 6 was not treated. Blood samples were collected for periodic microfilaria counts and antigen (Ag) testing (and later immunologic evaluation and molecular biology procedures). Radiographic and physical examinations, hematology/clinical chemistry testing, and urinalysis were done before infection, before Day 0, and periodically during the treatment period. At 36 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and necropsied for worm recovery, collection of lung, liver, kidney, and spleen samples for examination by immunohistochemistry and conventional histological methods. All dogs treated with IVM + DOXY (with or without MEL) were amicrofilaremic after Week 9. Microfilarial counts gradually decreased in dogs treated with IVM or DOXY, but most had a few microfilariae at necropsy. Microfilarial counts for dogs treated only with MEL were similar to those for controls. Antigen test scores gradually decreased with IVM + DOXY (with or without MEL) and after MEL. Antigen scores for IVM or DOXY alone were similar to controls throughout the study. Reduction of adult worms was 20.3% for IVM, 8.7% for DOXY, 92.8% for IVM + DOXY + MEL, 100% for MEL, and 78.3% for IVM + DOXY. Mosquitoes that fed on blood from DOXY-treated dogs had L3 normal in appearance but were not infective for dogs. Preliminary observations suggest that administration of DOXY+IVM for several months prior to (or without) MEL will eliminate adult HW with less potential for severe thromboembolism than MEL alone.     

Efficacy of danofloxacin 18% injectable solution in the treatment of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in young calves in Europe

The efficacy of danofloxacin 18% against naturally occurring Escherichia coli diarrhoea was investigated in calves at seven European sites. Treatment commenced on day 0, with either a single subcutaneous injection of danofloxacin 18% (n=267) at 6 mg/kg repeated on day 2 if required, or reference product containing baquiloprim/sulphadimidine (n=37) or gentamicin (n=98) administered as recommended. E. coli was isolated from 90% to 100% of calves pre-treatment, and the prevalence of serotypes K99 and F41 was 8-46% and 46-92%, respectively. In both treatments, the majority of calves (93.2-93.9%) showed clinical improvement and completed the studies. There were significant reductions for both treatments, in severity of clinical signs on days 4 and 10 compared to day 0 (P<0.0001), and between days 4 and 10 (P<0.05), but no significant differences between treatments (P>0.05). Danofloxacin 18% was clinically safe, and as effective as the reference products in the treatment of E. coli diarrhoea in calves.     

Determining Treatment to Control Two Multidrug-Resistant Parasites on a Texas Horse Farm

A study was undertaken at the Texas A&M Horse Center to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three anthelmintics—ivermectin, fenbendazole, and a combination of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate—on fecal egg count reductions of cyathostomes and Parascaris equorum in 30 naturally infected foals. The foals were randomized into three treatment groups, with individuals being rerandomized after each 8-week observation period. The treatments of ivermectin and fenbendazole were given at the manufacturer's recommended doses, and the pyrantel treatment was given at two times the manufacturer's recommended dose. Fecal egg counts were performed at the time of treatment and at 2-week intervals after treatment for a total of 8 weeks. Each foal received a total of three treatments during the course of the study. Fecal egg counts were performed by a modified McMaster's test, with a sensitivity of 25 eggs per gram of feces, and by the modified Wisconsin double centrifugal flotation technique, with a sensitivity of 0.2 eggs per gram of feces. Fecal egg reduction percentages were calculated. Analysis of the results showed that ivermectin, either used alone or with pyrantel, was a more effective anthelmintic for cyathostome (small strongyle) control than fenbendazole. Fenbendazole and pyrantel showed a higher initial reduction in Parascaris egg counts when compared with the ivermectin-only-treated group, but this difference lessened over time. The use of the combination treatment showed the best results for controlling both parasites, indicating that a combination of anthelmintics may be necessary to control parasites on some equine farms.     

Treatment of East Coast Fever of Cattle with a Combination of Parvaquone and Frusemide

Pulmonary oedema is a common sign of East Coast fever (ECF, Theileria parva infection) of cattle. A trial was conducted on farms in Uganda to compare a product containing both the antitheilerial compound parvaquone and the diuretic compound frusemide with one containing only parvaquone, in the treatment of ECF. The trial involved 40 clinical cases of ECF, some of them complicated by other infections, in cattle of all ages and on several farms. Confirmed cases were treated with either parvaquone+frusemide (P+F) or parvaquone alone (P). Survival after treatment with P+F was 77% compared with 71% with P. Five of the 10 fatalities were complicated cases. The cure rate for severe but uncomplicated ECF was 89% with P+F and 40% with P. Pulmonary signs were resolved within 24-48 h after treatment with P+F and clinical recovery was noticeably more rapid than with P. The antiparasitic effect of the two treatments was similar. P+F could be particularly useful when reporting, diagnosis or laboratory confirmation of ECF is delayed, because advanced cases are more likely to be encountered under these circumstances.     

Dose determination of a novel formulation of metaflumizone plus amitraz for control of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) and brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) on dogs

A novel spot-on formulation containing metaflumizone and amitraz (ProMeris/ProMeris Duo for Dogs, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) was evaluated in a laboratory study to determine the appropriate dose for efficacy against fleas and ticks on dogs for 1 month. Thirty-six Beagles were randomly allocated to six equal groups and individually housed. One group remained nontreated. Another was treated with a placebo formulation (solvents with no active ingredients). Three groups of dogs were treated topically with the metaflumizone plus amitraz formulation (150mg of each of metaflumizone and amitraz/ml), at volumes providing doses of 10, 20 and 40mgeachactive/kg. The final group was treated with a commercial spot-on providing 6.7mgfipronil/kg. All treatments were applied to the skin at a single spot between the scapulae on Day 0. Dogs were infested with 50 adult brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) on each of Days -2, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33 and 40, and with 100 cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) on Days -1, 6, 13, 20, 27, 34 and 41. Dogs were examined and parasites "finger counted" on Day 1 to estimate knock down efficacy, and all animals were comb counted to determine the numbers of viable fleas and ticks on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. There were no significant differences in parasite counts between the nontreated control and the placebo-treated control groups for either fleas or ticks (P>0.05) except for very slight reductions on Day 7 for fleas and Day 14 for ticks, demonstrating that the formulation excipients had no activity. The qualitative finger counts on Day 1 indicated that all of the insecticidal treatments resulted in a noticeable reduction in flea and tick numbers within 1 day of treatment. All of the metaflumizone and amitraz treatments and fipronil resulted in significantly lower flea and tick numbers relative to nontreated controls on all posttreatment count days (P<0.05). For the metaflumizone plus amitraz treatments, mean flea and tick counts for the 10mg/kg dose were significantly higher than those for the 20mg/kg dose (P<0.05) from Day 21 on. There was no significant advantage provided by the 40mg/kg dose over the 20mg dose throughout the entire study (P>0.05). The two higher metaflumizone plus amitraz doses provided >95% control of fleas and >90% control of ticks for at least 35 days after treatment, and this level of control was similar to that of the commercial fipronil product. The 20mg/kg dose was selected as the minimum commercial dose rate to provide effective flea and tick control for at least 1 month following a single treatment.     

屎肠球菌T013复合制剂饲喂生长猪的效果研究

试验旨在研究日粮中添加屎肠球菌T013复合制剂对生长猪的生产性能、粪便微生物、环境指标及血清指标的影响。选用体重在(31.75±3.78)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪120头,随机分成对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮中添加3%屎肠球菌T013复合制剂)和试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮中添加6%屎肠球菌T013复合制剂),每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪,试验期为28 d。结果表明,屎肠球菌T013复合制剂能增加生长猪日采食量和日增重,降低料重比,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),并且能显著减少腹泻率(P＜0.05);试验Ⅱ组能够极显著降低粪便pH和减少大肠杆菌数量,增加乳酸菌数量(P＜0.01);试验组均能够极显著的减少NH₃的排放(P＜0.01);试验Ⅱ组能够显著增加血清IgG含量和减少尿素氮含量(P＜0.05),对总蛋白、白蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白和葡萄糖的含量无显著影响(P＞0.05)。因此,屎肠球菌T013复合制剂能够降低生长猪的腹泻率,改善肠道微生态环境,减少NH₃ 的排放,增强猪的免疫能力。