The Construction of Cloned Sika Deer Embryos (Cervus nippon hortulorum) by Demecolcine Auxiliary Enucleation

The objective of our study was to establish the feasibility of experimental protocols for cloning sika deer. We performed auxiliary enucleation to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer operation by optimizing the demecolcine concentration to induce cytoplasmic protrusions in the sika deer oocytes. In the present study,we had studied the impact of different demecolcine concentrations on cytoplasmic protrusions and enucleation rates. We determined that 95.9% of the sika deer oocytes formed cytoplasmic protrusions when treated for 1 h with 0.8 μg/ml demecolcine. The lowest observed rate of protrusion was 19.3% after overnight treatment with demecolcine. When the oocytes aged or had a poor cumulus expansion, they exhibited a significant decrease in the ability to form cytoplasmic protrusions. The rates of enucleation (94.9% vs 85.8%, p < 0.05), cell fusion (84.6% vs 70.1%, p < 0.05) and blastocyst formation (15.4% vs 10.9%, p < 0.05) using demecolcine auxiliary enucleation were significantly higher than those after blind enucleation. These results demonstrated that sika deer oocytes could be enucleated quickly and effectively using demecolcine auxiliary enucleation, which could enhance the enucleation rate, cell fusion rate and blastocyst rate of cloned embryos in vitro.     

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone regulate the synthesis mechanism of dihydrotestosterone in sheep granulosa cells

Steroid hormones and receptors play important roles in female reproduction, and their expression patterns affect follicular growth and development. To examine the expression of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthases (5α-reductases (5α-red1 and 5α-red2)) and androgen receptor (AR) during follicular development, and the regulation of DHT signalling by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), we have used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting to examine DHT synthesis in small (≤2 mm), medium (2–5 mm) and large (≥5 mm) sheep follicles. Expression of 5α-red1, 5α-red2 and AR was observed in ovine ovaries, and with the development of follicles, the expressions of 5α-red1 and 5α-red2 mRNA and protein increased, but the levels of AR mRNA, protein and DHT level decreased. In addition, granulosa cells were treated with FSH (0.01, 0.1 and 1 international unit (IU)/ml), LH (0.01, 0.1 and 1 IU/ml) and testosterone (T, 10^–7 M) to evaluate the effects of FSH and LH on DHT and oestradiol (E2) synthesis and 5α-red1, 5α-red2 and AR expression. We found that FSH and LH upregulated 5α-red1 and 5α-red2 in sheep granulosa cells, but downregulated the concentration of DHT and expression of AR. Meanwhile, FSH and LH significantly upregulated the expression of aromatase (P450arom) and secretion of E2. This result indicates that although FSH and LH promote the expression of 5α-red1 and 5α-red2, T is not transformed into DHT, but E2. This study reveals the reason why DHT concentration is downregulated in large follicles and lays a foundation for further exploring the synthesis mechanism of DHT during follicular development.     

The impact of bisphenol S on bovine granulosa and theca cells

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an endocrine‐disrupting chemical with multiple potential mechanisms of action, including as an oestrogen receptor agonist. BPS is increasingly used in plastics and thermal receipts as a substitute for bisphenol A, which has been phased out due to concerns about human health implications. The ability of BPS to alter female reproductive function in mammals has not been widely studied, despite the importance of normal hormone signalling for female reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate how BPS (in a wide range of doses, including very low doses) affects granulosa cell and theca cell steroid hormone production and cell viability in the bovine. Granulosa cell oestradiol production was stimulated when cells were exposed to 100 μM BPS under basal conditions, but there was no effect of BPS when cells were stimulated with follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). Additionally, there was no effect of BPS on granulosa cell progesterone production or cell viability under basal or FSH‐stimulated conditions. BPS did not affect theca cell androstenedione or progesterone production, or theca cell viability under basal or luteinizing hormone‐stimulated conditions. This study suggests for the first time that BPS may alter oestradiol production by bovine granulosa cells, albeit at a concentration that is unlikely to be physiologically relevant. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of BPS on the bovine oocyte and on other functions of follicular cells.     

The isoflavone daidzein directly affects porcine ovarian cell functions and modifies the effect of follicle‐stimulating hormone

The key biological active molecule of soya is the isoflavone daidzein, which possesses phytoestrogenic activity. The direct effect of soya and daidzein on ovarian cell functions is not known. This study examined the effect of daidzein on basic porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions and the response to follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). We studied the effects of daidzein (0, 1, 10 and 100 μm ), FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) and combinations of FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) + daidzein (50 μm ) on proliferation, apoptosis and hormone release from cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian follicles. The expression of a proliferation‐related peptide (PCNA) and an apoptosis‐related peptide (Bax) was analysed using immunocytochemistry. The release of progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) was detected using EIA. Leptin output was analysed using RIA. Daidzein administration increased granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and T and leptin release but inhibited P4 output. Daidzein also increased T release and decreased P4 release from cultured ovarian follicles. Follicle‐stimulating hormone stimulated granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and P4, T and leptin release. The addition of daidzein promoted FSH‐stimulated apoptosis (but not proliferation) but suppressed FSH‐stimulated P4, T and leptin release. Our observations of FSH action confirm previous data on the stimulatory effect of FSH on ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of FSH in the upregulation of ovarian leptin release. Our observations of daidzein effects demonstrated for the first time that this soya isoflavone affected basic ovarian cell functions (proliferation, apoptosis and hormones release) and modified the effects of FSH. Daidzein promoted FSH action on ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis and suppressed, and even inverted, FSH action on hormone release. The direct action of daidzein on basic ovarian cell functions and the ability of these cells to respond to FSH indicate the potential influence of soya‐containing diets on female reproductive processes via direct action on the ovary.     

The effects of phospholipase C on oestradiol and progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro

Granulosa cells play important roles in the regulation of ovarian functions. Phospholipase C is crucial in several signalling pathways and could participate in the molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation, differentiation and ageing. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of phospholipase C on the steroidogenesis of oestradiol and progesterone in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro. Inhibitor U73122 or activator m‐3M3FBS of phospholipase C was added to the in vitro medium of porcine granulosa cells, respectively. The secretion of oestradiol decreased after 2 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr of treatment with 500 nM U73122 (p < .05) and decreased after 2 hr of treatment in the 500 nM m‐3M3FBS addition group (p < .05). The secretion of progesterone increased after 4 hr of treatment with 500 nM U73122 (p < .05) and increased after 2 hr and 8 hr of treatment in the 500 nM m‐3M3FBS addition group (p < .05). The ratio of oestradiol to progesterone decreased at each time point, except 8 hr after the addition of 500 nM U73122 (p < .05). The ratio of oestradiol to progesterone decreased after 2 hr (p < .05) of treatment with 500 nM m‐3M3FBS. In genes that regulate the synthesis of oestradiol or progesterone, the mRNA expression of CYP11A1 was markedly increased (p < .05), and the mRNA expression of other genes did not change significantly in the U73122 treatment group, while the addition of m‐3M3FBS did not change those genes significantly despite the contrary trend. Our results demonstrated that phospholipase C can be a potential target to stimulate the secretion of oestradiol and suppress progesterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells cultured in vitro, which shed light on a novel biological function of phospholipase C in porcine granulosa cells.     

马鹿特异性SNP分子标记的验证

试验旨在对基于基因分型测序（genotyping by sequencing,GBS）技术筛选出的马鹿特异性SNPs位点的准确性进行验证,为梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代的鉴别提供可靠的分子遗传标记。随机选取30个马鹿特异性SNPs位点,根据SNPs位点前后各200 bp的序列,利用Primer Premier 6.0软件设计特异性引物,以随机选取的验证样本DNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,并进行Sanger测序,对测序结果利用BioEdit软件进行峰图的观察,利用Mega 6.0软件对测序得到的序列进行比对分析并观察每个特异性SNP位点在不同验证群体中的基因型,对每一个马鹿特异性位点的峰图和比对信息进行统计分析。结果表明,30个马鹿特异性位点中有28个和前期研究结果一致,其中1个SNP位点（SNP3）中G等位基因在梅花鹿中的基因频率为0.05,而G等位基因在马鹿中的基因频率为1,G等位基因在马鹿个体中的基因频率比在梅花鹿个体中高,同时,利用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析发现,该位点在马鹿和梅花鹿中基因型分布表现出显著性差异（P<0.05）;另外1个SNP位点（SNP5）中T等位基因在梅花鹿的基因频率为0.15,而在马鹿中的基因频率为1,且这个SNP位点在梅花鹿和马鹿中基因型分布差异显著（P<0.05）,所以这2个位点仍然可以作为马鹿的特异性SNPs位点。研究结果说明了GBS测序筛选出的马鹿特异性SNPs可以作为鉴定的分子标记,对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代的鉴别奠定了理论基础。     

Optimizing the Conditions for In Vitro Maturation and Artificial Activation of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum) Oocytes

With the goal of establishing experimental protocols for cloning sika deer, various conditions for in vitro maturation (IVM) and artificial activation of sika deer oocytes were examined. In vitro maturation was evaluated in seven different culture media. The highest rate of oocyte maturation was 75.4% in 10 μg/ml follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), 1 μg/ml LH, 0.2 mm cysteamine and 50 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) after 24 h of IVM. The efficiency after 24 h of IVM did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from that observed after 20 h. Cysteamine (0.2 mm ) significantly increased the maturation rates after 20 h (from 59.1% to 67.2%, p < 0.05) and after 24 h (from 63.2% to 71.6%, p < 0.05) of IVM. The IVM rates of oocytes collected during the oestrous season (75.4%) and the anoestrous season (23.3%) were significantly different at 24 h. The 20 μg/ml FSH, 2 μg/ml LH, 0.4 mm cysteamine and 100 ng/ml EGF significantly increased the maturation rates (from 23.3% to 54.2%, p < 0.01) at 24 h during the anoestrous season. For the activation experiments, the most effective method was chemical activation [ionomycin + 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP)], which promoted the development of sika deer oocytes to the blastocyst stage (32.4%). Our results indicate that in vitro matured sika deer oocytes are good candidates for parthenogenetic activation and that chemical treatment is needed for relatively efficient activation of the oocytes. These optimized conditions for IVM and parthenogenetic activation may be useful for efforts to restore populations of the endangered sika deer using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique.     

基于GBS技术对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代基因组SNP特征的分析

旨在利用基因分型测序（genotyping by sequencing,GBS）技术对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代（F1、F2）基因组的SNP特征进行分析。本试验采用GBS技术对梅花鹿（63个）、马鹿（12个）及其杂交后代（F1代112个,F2代38个,未知类型个体1个）共226个个体的血液基因组DNA进行测序,并利用本实验室前期110只梅花鹿、197只马鹿和1只F1代杂交鹿的测序数据,以梅花鹿全基因组为参考序列进行比对分析。结果,226个个体共产生Clean data 322.683 Gb,平均每个样品1 427.802 Mb;将所有样本作为一个群体检测SNP变异,共检测出SNP位点23 943 582个,质控过滤后得到SNP位点31 630个。对31 630个SNPs使用最大似然（maximum likelihood,ML）法构建的分子进化树显示,梅花鹿、马鹿、F1及F2代区分明显。对梅花鹿和马鹿的SNPs进行比对分析,筛选出可用于鉴别马鹿、梅花鹿、F1、F2的物种特异SNP位点1 032个（马鹿特异SNP位点474个,梅花鹿特异SNP位点558个）,计算结果显示,F1代个体包含马鹿特异SNPs的比例主要在40%~60%之间,F2代个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例主要在10%~30%之间,马鹿个体中不含梅花鹿的特异SNPs,梅花鹿中55.49%的个体不含马鹿特异SNPs,17.34%的个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例低于1%,13.29%的个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例在1%~10%之间,其余个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例为10%~20%（其中有一个个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例为33.3%）。该研究为花马杂交鹿后代的鉴定提供了可靠标记,并定量估计了F1和F2代个体含马鹿特异SNPs的比例,马鹿个体中不含梅花鹿的特异SNPs,这对梅花鹿、马鹿及其杂交后代（F1、F2）的鉴别具有重要意义。     

Bisphenol A attenuates thyroxine‐induced apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of pigs

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical of high production volume that is used widely in many industries and is known as a xenooestrogen and anti‐thyroid hormone endocrine disrupter. There is little information regarding the effects of BPA in the presence of thyroid hormone on porcine granulosa cell development. Thus, the primary granulosa cells were treated with thyroxine (T4, 10 nM), BPA (10 µM) or T4 plus BPA; we subsequently evaluated the effects of T4 or BPA on 17β‐estradiol synthesis, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Our data showed that BPA significantly increased the accumulation of 17β‐estradiol and promoted granulosa cell proliferation, whereas T4 significantly decreased 17β‐estradiol and had no effect on cellular proliferation. In addition, it was noteworthy that T4 treatment induced apoptosis in porcine granulosa cells and BPA co‐incubation attenuated T4‐induced apoptosis as shown from flow cytometric assay analysis. We hypothesized that BPA attenuates T4‐induced apoptosis by regulating 17β‐estradiol accumulation and oestrogen receptor‐mediated signalling pathways. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that T4 affected 17β‐estradiol accumulation and induced cellular apoptosis, but did not affect granulosa cell proliferation. Exposure to BPA increased 17β‐estradiol accumulation, promoted granulosa cell proliferation and attenuated T4‐induced apoptosis in porcine granulosa cells in vitro.     

High doses of FSH induce autophagy in bovine ovarian granulosa cells via the AKT/mTOR pathway

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a critical role in follicular growth and granulosa cell function; however, the mechanism by which the aggressive stimulation of FSH leads to poorer oocyte quality and embryo development potential is unclear. In this study, bovine ovarian granulosa cells (BGCs) were challenged with FSH doses (vehicle, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) to investigate the effects of FSH on BGCs. The results indicated that the relative viability of BGCs was significantly increased in cells challenged with 1 ng/ml FSH, whereas the viability was significantly decreased with 100 ng/ml FSH treatment. The mRNA abundance of FSHR, CYP19, StAR and BAX was significantly upregulated with 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml of FSH, while the BCL-2 mRNA level was downregulated with higher concentrations of FSH (10 and 100 ng/ml). Furthermore, BGC autophagy was detected in cells treated with 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH by MDC staining, and the mRNA abundance of LC3, BECN1, BNIP3, ATG3 and ATG7 was upregulated with increasing FSH concentration. Meanwhile, the protein expression of LC3 was increased in cells treated with 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH. 1 and 10 ng/ml FSH significantly increased E2 production, whereas 10 and 100 ng/ml FSH significantly increased P4 production. FSH significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT in cells treated with higher concentrations (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml), while activating mTOR phosphorylation at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/ml of FSH. In summary, we can conclude that higher doses of FSH (10 and 100 ng/ml) induce BGC autophagy via the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway.     

Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on progesterone secretion and selected protein kinases in goat granulosa cells

Previous studies in cattle have shown influences of dietary unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) supplementation on ovarian function. However, it is unclear whether these UFA exert direct or indirect effects on ovarian steroid production or their mechanisms of action. We have recently shown that 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates progesterone secretion through mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MAPK ERK1/2) in rodent granulosa cells. Here, we investigated the effects of 3 UFAs, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA) on progesterone secretion in goat granulosa cells. Finally, we examined the effects of UFAs on MAPK ERK1/2 and AMPK phosphorylation in these granulosa cells. Oleic acid and LA (10 μM each), but not ALA (100 μM), increased progesterone secretion (P < 0.05) in the presence or absence of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (10^-8 M) or FSH (5 × 10⁻⁸ M). The different AMPK subunits, except for γ3, are present in the goat ovary. Treatment with metformin (10 mM), an activator of AMPK, increased AMPK phosphorylation (P < 0.05) and reduced progesterone secretion by 50% (P < 0.05) in the basal state and in response to IGF-1 or FSH in goat granulosa cells. Oleic acid and LA had no effect on AMPK phosphorylation, whereas they rapidly increased MAPK ERK1/2 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Finally, U0126, a MAPK ERK1/2 inhibitor, decreased OA- and LA-induced progesterone secretion (P < 0.05), suggesting that these UFAs could stimulate progesterone secretion partly through MAPK ERK1/2 in the absence of IGF-1 and FSH in goat granulosa cells. The involvement of AMPK in this process remains to be demonstrated. Taken together, some fatty acids could improve ovarian steroidogenesis through the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway and, consequently, have beneficial effects on goat fertility.     

Progesterone production in granulosa cells of the domestic fowl: effects of incubation media, pH, cell density and some other factors

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the short term incubation of chicken granulosa cells. Compared to mechanically-dispersed cells, collagenase-treatment yielded granulosa cells of greater viability and responsiveness to ovine LH (oLH) stimulation. The rate of progesterone secretion by enzyme-dispersed chicken granulosa cells was subsequently compared in five different culture media during incubation periods of up to 24 hr. Under room air as the gas phase, Medium 199 (M199) containing Hank's salts and Ham's F-12 medium (F-12) were the most effective, whereas Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-buffered glucose solution (KRBG) and Dulbecco's medium were the poorest. When pH and the ionic strength of KRBG was maintained by continuous gassing with O₂:CO₂ (95:5), progesterone production was similar to that obtained with Hepes-buffered M199. The pH optimum was found to be 7.4, although within the range of 6.6–8.5 granulosa cells remained responsive to LH stimulation. The optimal cell density was observed to be 1 × 10⁴ to 5 × 10⁵/ml. Although time course studies showed that both basal and stimulated progesterone production peaked by about 12 hr of incubation regardless of the media composition, the amounts released were significantly greater in M199 and F-12 during more prolonged (up to 24 hr) incubations. Glucose, a key medium ingredient for hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis, could be replace by pyruvate. On the other hand, lactate was inhibitory. It is concluded that the mature ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl are an excellent source of pure granulosa cells that can be obtained in high yield after a brief treatment with collagenase. These cells remain viable up to 24 hr and continue to produce large amounts of progesterone in response to LH when incubated in an appropriate medium and at optimal cell density.     

Isolation of a Megatrypanum trypanosome from sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan

A trypanosome was isolated from a sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Hokkaido, Japan, during the primary culture of sika deer renal cells. This is the first report of isolation of a Megatrypanum trypanosome from Japanese Cervidae. The trypanosome, designated TSD1, was propagated and maintained in Eagle's modified essential medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum with sika deer renal cells as feeder. The TSD1 trypanosome was morphometrically similar to Trypanosoma cervi, which is commonly isolated from American and European deer. PCR analysis with primers for 18S ribosomal DNA and nucleotide sequencing showed that TSD1 is a member of genus Trypanosoma, subgenus Megatrypanum. Phylogenetically TSD1 is closely related to T. theileri, a common trypanosome of cattle, but is distinguishable from T. theileri by some morphometrical and biological features.     

日月山梅花鹿公鹿血清生理指标研究

对日月山养鹿场围栏放牧的10头梅花鹿公鹿的7项血清生理指标进行了测定,并与祁连白唇鹿、祁连马鹿、祁连梅花鹿的某些生理指标进行比较。结果表明,日月山梅花鹿血清总蛋白显著低于祁连白唇鹿、祁连马鹿及祁连梅花鹿(P<0.01);日月山梅花鹿血清无机磷显著低于祁连白唇鹿(P<0.01),其他血清生理指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

吉林省圈养梅花鹿种群遗传资源多样性分析

为了探讨吉林省圈养梅花鹿的遗传分化情况,利用DNA直接测序技术测定其线粒体细胞色素mt DNA Cytb基因全序列,结合Gen Bank收录的其他梅花鹿亚种同源序列,利用生物学软件进行分析。结果表明,15头样本mt DNA Cytb基因序列中,共检测到核苷酸多态位点38个,吉林省圈养梅花鹿种群的遗传多样性水平较低,与俄罗斯、韩国、朝鲜亚种亲缘关系较近,与四川亚种亲缘关系较远。     

Chlorogenic acid supplementation during in vitro maturation improves maturation,fertilization and developmental competence of porcine oocytes

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a quinic acid conjugate of caffeic acid, and a phytochemical found in many fruits and beverages that acts as an antioxidant. The present study investigated the effects of CGA supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM), on in vitro development of porcine oocytes, to improve the porcine in vitro production (IVP) system. Oocytes were matured either without (control) or with CGA (10, 50, 100 and 200 μM). Subsequently, the matured oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro for 7 day. The rates of maturation, fertilization and blastocyst formation of oocytes matured with 50 μM CGA were significantly (p < .05) higher than those of the control oocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the reactive oxygen species and induces DNA damage in porcine oocytes. When oocytes were matured with 1 mM H₂O₂ to assess the protective effect of CGA, 50 μM CGA supplementation improved the maturation rate and the proportion of DNA‐fragmented nuclei in oocytes compared with control oocytes matured without CGA. Moreover, when oocytes were matured with either 50 μM CGA (control) or caffeic acid (10, 50 and 100 μM), the rates of maturation, fertilization and the blastocyst formation of oocytes matured with 50 μM CGA were similar to those of oocytes matured with 10 and 50 μM caffeic acid. Our results suggest that CGA has comparable effects to caffeic acid, and IVM with 50 μM CGA is particularly beneficial to IVP of porcine embryos and protects oocytes from DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. Supplementation of CGA to the maturation medium has a potential to improve porcine IVP system.     

Effects of FSH and LH on Steroid Production by Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Granulosa Cells Cultured In Vitro Under Serum‐Free Conditions

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of FSH and LH on oestradiol‐17β and progesterone production by buffalo granulosa cells cultured under serum‐free conditions. Granulosa cells (3 × 10⁵) from small (≤5 mm diameter) follicles were cultured for up to 4 days in 48‐well plates coated with 3.3 μg/cm² fibronectin in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) : nutrient mixture F‐12 Ham (1 : 1 ratio) supplemented with 10^?7 m androstenedione, 5 μg/ml human apo‐transferrin and 0.1% bovine serum albumin, in the presence or absence of FSH or LH (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 ng/ml each). Basal oestradiol‐17β production by granulosa cells from small follicles reduced (p < 0.01) from days 1 to 2 of culture and became undetectable by day 3 and basal progesterone production increased (p < 0.05) from day 1 through day 4 of the culture. Although there was no effect of FSH on day 1 of the culture, FSH at 2, 4, 8 and 16 ng/ml increased (p < 0.05) oestradiol‐17β production by granulosa cells from small follicles on day 2. Progesterone secretion was increased (p < 0.05) by all doses of FSH on all days of culture. All doses of LH had no effect on oestradiol‐17β or progesterone production by granulosa cells from small follicles on any day of the culture. The results of this study demonstrate a serum‐free culture system for buffalo granulosa cells and stimulatory effect of FSH but not LH on steroid hormone production by buffalo granulosa cells under these conditions.     

不同生长阶段吉林梅花鹿血液生理生化指标分析

本试验通过研究吉林梅花鹿不同生长阶段血液生理生化指标的差异情况,旨在为梅花鹿的健康检测、疾病防治、育种等提供依据和参考。选取吉林省左家、双阳、东丰地区哺乳仔鹿93头（公37头,母56头）、育成鹿135头（公40头,母95头）、成年鹿130头（公42头,母88头）,共358头,进行13项血液生理指标、19项生化指标检测。结果显示：哺乳公鹿与哺乳母鹿各项指标总体上差异不大,仅红细胞系统指标、血糖、肌酸激酶具有显著性差异（P<0.05）;红细胞压积、红细胞平均体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶在不同性别的育成鹿与成年鹿中差异极显著（P<0.01）。不同生长阶段公鹿天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、前白蛋白、总胆汁酸、血糖等差异显著（P<0.05）,红细胞系统、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷、肌酐等差异极显著（P<0.01）,白蛋白、淀粉酶差异不显著（P>0.05）;不同生长阶段的母鹿淋巴细胞总数、红细胞总数、中性粒细胞总数差异显著（P<0.05）,白细胞总数、红细胞系统指标、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶、钙、无机磷等差异极显著（P<0.01）,谷氨酰转肽酶、总胆汁酸、白蛋白差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果说明,不同生长阶段、不同性别的梅花鹿血液生理生化指标存在较大变异,部分指标的差异可能与梅花鹿生茸、性别等生物学特性有关。对上述生理生化指标的测定,获得了不同性别的梅花鹿在不同生长阶段生理生化指标的参考范围,可为梅花鹿选种育种、疾病诊断、资源开发利用提供一定的参考,也可为野生东北梅花鹿资源保护和健康评估提供依据。