放牧因子与VA菌根的相互作用对鸭茅养分吸收和生长发育的影响

探讨了放牧因子与VA菌根的相互作用对鸭茅(Dactylis glomerataL.)养分吸收和生长发育的影响。菌根效应表现在不施磷肥条件下的鸭茅地上部生育与地上、地下部的磷素营养上,但对地上部生育的效应因刈割次数的增加而降低,对地上、地下部磷素营养的效应因土壤镇压而降低。菌根对鸭茅钙素营养的效应只见于不施磷肥条件下的土壤镇压处理,而在相同条件下菌根却降低了鸭茅的镁含量。说明VA菌根对鸭茅磷素营养和生长发育的效应与土壤磷营养有关,而且因地上部的过度采食和土壤镇压而降低。     

刈割对伊犁绢蒿根系贮藏营养物质的影响

以新疆蒿类半灌木荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿为材料,探讨刈割强度对其根系贮藏营养物质的影响.结果表明:不同刈割强度间伊犁绢蒿根中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖含量差异显著(p<0.05),且轻度刈割与中度刈割下可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖含量相对较高;不同强度刈割后伊犁绢蒿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖的含量随时间的变化先降低后升高,呈"V"型变化.由于刈割后伊犁绢蒿需要利用贮藏的淀粉维持其再生长,淀粉则呈现下降趋势.而研究结果显示,轻度刈割与中度刈割下淀粉含量相对较高,说明轻度及中度刈割强度下伊犁绢蒿根恢复效果较好,适度刈割有利于伊犁绢蒿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖及淀粉的积累,并可促进其再生长.     

新垦红壤坡地杂草多样性保护途径及土壤保持效应

以幼龄板栗果园为范例,研究了新垦红壤坡地杂草多样性保护措施以及杂草多样性在土壤保持中的作用,结果表明:(1)杂草防除方法对植物多样性产生明显影响,与化学除草、人工锄草相比,刈割除草有利于植物多样性的保护,植物多样性指数提高;(2)幼龄果园保持杂草自然生长,将影响幼龄果树的生长。采用刈割的方法保留杂草,对果树生长无明显影响;(3)幼龄果园采用人工锄草,土壤侵蚀最严重,其次为化学除草。刈割杂草和杂草自然生长的处理,土壤锓蚀程度最轻。从而可见,采用刈割的方法管理杂草是红壤坡地保持杂草多样性和防止土壤侵蚀的可行措施。     

北疆杨树‖苜蓿复合系统中根系分布特征及产量

为研究杨树‖紫花苜蓿种间相互作用对根系形态及空间分布的影响, 对3 a生苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单、间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度(RLD)、平均根直径(ARD)和细根比根长(FSRL)进行了分析测定。结果表明:(1)间作杨树与苜蓿的RLD、ARD和FSRL在土壤中的水平和垂直方向存在显著差异。与单作苜蓿相比,间作苜蓿0~60 cm土壤中的RLD降低了54%,20~60 cm土壤中的ARD降低了18.8%,0~60 cm土壤中的FSRL提高了14.5%。与单作杨树相比,间作杨树0~20 cm土壤中的RLD增加了21.6%，0~60 cm土壤中的ARD和FSRL分别降低了14.5%和6.72%。(2)刈割措施会导致苜蓿RLD的下降。4月下旬苜蓿RLD最大,6月下旬和8月下旬苜蓿RLD显著下降(P<0.05),间作苜蓿受到刈割的影响比单作苜蓿大,RLD表现为4月下旬单作苜蓿>4月下旬间作苜蓿>6月下旬单作苜蓿>6月下旬间作苜蓿>8月下旬单作苜蓿>8月下旬间作苜蓿。当地苜蓿一年刈割3次,间作苜蓿在每次刈割后FSRL会出现峰值,间作苜蓿的峰值比对应单作高12.3%~21.82%。间作杨树FSRL在6月上旬和8月下旬各出现一次峰值,间作杨树的峰值比对应单作高2.8%~16.7%。(3)整个生长季间作苜蓿产量比单作减少了43.8%。通过计算土地当量比(LER=1.42),说明这种间作模式比单作提高了42%的生产力。(4)通过相关性分析表明RLD与苜蓿干草产量呈显著正相关,提高间作苜蓿干草产量的关键因素在于提高RLD。综上所述,间作对苜蓿产量和根系的RLD、ARD不利,但促进了苜蓿FSRL的提高与杨树根系分布和发育。相比单作,间作具有提高资源利用效率和防护林生态经济效益的潜力。     

沙漠边缘三种主要天然植物再生性能的观察

通过对骆驼刺、叉枝鸦葱、花花柴不同刈割时间和不同留茬高度处理对再生速度、分枝性能、再生强度及再生草产量的观察研究表明：以上三种植物齐地面刈割能刺激侧芽的发生和生长，增加分枝数，提高再生草产量。以骆驼刺为例：齐地面刈割再生草产量比地面以上１０ｃｍ、地面以下１０ｃｍ和地面以下２０ｃｍ留茬高度分别高６０．７３％、４８．９７％和１３２．０５％；春天刈割再生草生长旺盛、能正常开花结实。夏天刈割时，因气温和沙     

牧场杂草防除新方法

牧草建设中防除有害杂草的主要方法是刈割和化学防除,但增加饲草成本,且防效不理想。一种新兴的杂草防除方法是利用植物间的竞争或产地管理以减少或防止杂草生长。此法是利用各种植物出苗的时间、落叶的强度和频度、从土壤中吸收水分、养分的能力以及生长季节等生物学特性,通过植物间的生存竞争确立饲草在牧场上的主导地位。     

不同利用方式下呼伦贝尔草甸草原土壤呼吸动态特征及影响因素

探究天然草原不同利用方式下土壤呼吸动态特征及影响因素，对草原生态系统碳平衡研究具有重要意义。文中于2022年生长季(6—9月)测定了呼伦贝尔草甸草原围封、刈割、轮牧和自由放牧4种利用方式下土壤呼吸速率及相关环境因子，结果表明：1) 4种利用方式下土壤呼吸速率日动态差异较小，月动态差异显著，前者基本表现为昼高夜低的“单峰型”变化特征，后者表现为7月最高，9月最低，生长季土壤呼吸速率均值刈割(2.24μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>围封(2.08μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>轮牧(1.61μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>自由放牧(1.58μmol·m^-2·s^-1);2)土壤温度和土壤湿度是土壤呼吸速率的主要影响因素，二者的最优复合模型可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的82.7%～92.1%;3)分段式结构方程模型分析表明，在围封、刈割和自由放牧样地，植被因素对土壤呼吸速率独立解释力最高；在轮牧样地，土壤环境对土壤呼吸速...     

内生菌根菌(VAM)诱导植物抗病性研究的新进展

 菌根(Mycorrhizae)即土壤中的一类真菌与植物根系所建立的互惠共生体,而参与形式菌根的真菌则称为菌根菌。以往,根据菌根的形态及解剖特征,通常将其分成外生菌根(Ectomycorrhizae)、内生菌根(Endomycorrhizae、)和内外菌根(Ectoendomycorrhizae)3大类。     

牛筋草分阶段防治技术的组合研究

在整个生育期重复使用百草枯或草甘膦,可能引起牛筋草产生抗药性的风险,因此通过盆栽试验比较5种选择性除草剂和2种灭生性除草剂处理及机械刈割处理对牛筋草不同生长阶段的抑制等级及抑制率。结果表明,化学除草效果随着牛筋草生长时间的增加而逐渐下降,选择性除草剂10.8%精喹禾灵乳油0.6 L/hm~2和15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油1.0 L/hm~2对牛筋草的防效与草甘膦基本一致;相同刈割高度时,在牛筋草扬花期之前刈割的防效最高,相同刈割时间时,刈割高度在地上0 cm时对牛筋草的防效最高。本研究明确在牛筋草不同生育时期如何选择最高效的物理或化学防治方法,为牛筋草的综合防治技术提供科学指导。     

基于主成分分析的内蒙古草原刈割与放牧退化演替比较研究

基于多年的野外调查和控制实验数据,采用主成分分析的方法,对内蒙古羊草草原刈割退化演替系列,放牧退化演替系列,退化群落恢复演替系列进行比较研究,研究放牧和刈割影响下群落功能群组成的替变规律。结果表明:PCA排序很好地指示了放牧与刈割演替方向的变化,在功能群的替变上,共同点是根茎禾草减少,不同点是刈割导致小禾草增加,而放牧导致小禾草和小半灌木均增加。PCA排序验证了前人关于8月份刈割对羊草草原群落影响最大的结果。PCA排序显示放牧退化空间梯度系列与退化群落恢复演替时间梯度系列的逆过程一致,表明退化演替研究中时空替代的方法可行。     

水分胁迫条件下接种菌根对玉米抗旱性的影响

采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种菌根对玉米生长发育、光合作用、养分吸收和水分利用的影响。结果表明：土壤干旱使植株地上部及根系的生长量比对照显著下降，植株的形态发育受到抑制；接种VA菌根菌的植株体内磷营养状况得到改善，提高了土壤磷的有效利用率。接种菌根减轻了水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度，提高了植株叶片光合强度，增加了干物质积累。试验结果表明，菌根可以改善植株的水分状况，使叶片相对含水量增加，复水试验表明菌根植物比非菌根植林从干旱逆境中恢复水分的速度要快得多，同时也提高了植株水分利用效率。     

The use of undisturbed soil cores to study methods of controlling rhizoctonia patch of cereals

Methods of controlling rhizoctonia patch including cultivation, compaction and fertilizer were investigated using undisturbed soil cores removed from patches. Root rot on wheat seedlings was reduced by deep mixing (5 and 10.5 cm) but not shallow mixing (2.5 cm); deep mixing increased root dry weight from 6 mg per plant in undisturbed soil to 15 and 21 mg respectively. Mixing dry and mixing moist gave similar results. Compaction of undisturbed soil from bulk density 1.45 to 1.74 had no measurable effect, but the same level of compaction on soil mixed to 10.5 cm did cause a significant reduction in root weight. Top dressings of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate or urea had no effect on root rot. None of the treatments affected the root growth of seedlings grown in cores from adjacent non-patch sites.     

Suppression of Meloidogyne hapla by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on pyrethrum in Kenya

Two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) isolated from a pyrethrum-growing region in Kenya were screened for efficacy against a nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, in greenhouses. The fungi were identified at INVAM (International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) as Glomus etunicatum (Isolate KS18) and Glomus sp. (Isolate KS14). Isolate KS14 (Glomus sp.) significantly suppressed nematode population, growth and development by up to 54%, egg production by up to 75% and disease severity by up to 71%. Glomus etunicatum (Isolate KS18) suppressed nematode growth and development by up to 50%, egg production by up to 75% and disease severity by up to 57%. In addition, G. etunicatum and Isolate KS14, significantly improved top dry biomass of pyrethrum by up to 33% and 47%, respectively. Glomus etunicatum and M. hapla were mutually inhibitory as root colonization by G. etunicatum was significantly reduced (up to 24%) by the presence of the nematode. The presence of the nematodes, on the other hand, did not significantly affect root colonization by Isolate KS14.     

土壤紧实胁迫与植物抗胁迫响应机理研究进展

植物正常生长发育需要适宜的土壤容重,当容重偏高时会改变土壤物理、化学和生物性状,发生土壤紧实胁迫,影响土壤养分有效性,造成多数土壤酶活性、土壤生物数量降低,使植物生长发育受阻,生物产量降低.目前土壤紧实胁迫是制约我国农业可持续发展的因素之一,本文综述了土壤容重与土壤理化性质和土壤生物的关系、以及植物对土壤紧实胁迫的响应机理研究进展,并在此基础上展望了土壤紧实胁迫的进一步研究方向.     

Interactions Between Trichoderma harzianum Strain T22 and Maize Inbred Line Mo17 and Effects of These Interactions on Diseases Caused by Pythium ultimum and Colletotrichum graminicola

ABSTRACT Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum strain T22, which results in colonization of plant roots but little or no colonization of shoots or leaves, had substantial effects on growth of and disease expression in maize inbred line Mo17. Shoots and roots of 10-day-old seedlings grown in a sandy loam field soil were larger (roots were nearly twice as long) in the presence of T22 than in its absence. Both main and secondary roots were increased in size and area and the root hair area was greater with T22. However, root hair area per unit of root length was greater in control plants. Increased growth probably was due to direct stimulation of plant growth in addition to effects from biological control of deleterious microflora. Seedlings of Mo17 grown in autoclaved or mefenoxamtreated sandy loam field soil were larger than those produced in untreated soil. However, seedlings grown in the presence of T22, either in treated or untreated soil, were larger than those produced in its absence. Infestation of soil with Pythium ultimum had little effect upon growth of Mo17. The presence of T22 increased protein levels and activities of beta-1,3 glucanase, exochitinase, and endochitinase in both roots and shoots, even though T22 colonized roots well but colonized shoots hardly at all. With some enzymes, the combination of T22 plus P. ultimum gave the greatest activity. Plants grown from T22-treated seed had reduced symptoms of anthracnose following inoculation of leaves with Colletotrichum graminicola, which indicates that root colonization by T22 induces systemic resistance in maize.     

粉垄耕作深度对旱区土壤关键物理性质的影响

针对旱区土壤板结严重和耕层深度变浅等问题，于2021年在宁夏暖泉农场开展大田试验，以传统旋耕为对照(CK),设置不同粉垄耕作深度30 cm(FL30)、40 cm(FL40)、50 cm(FL50)和60 cm(FL60),探究粉垄耕作对玉米田土壤关键物理性质的影响。结果表明：与传统旋耕相比，粉垄耕作能够有效降低土壤容重且提高土壤孔隙度，FL50处理表层土壤(0～20 cm)容重降低11.55%、孔隙度提升12.17%,FL40处理中层土壤(20～40 cm)容重降低8.57%、孔隙度提升9.14%,FL60处理深层土壤(40～60 cm)容重降低11.61%、孔隙度提升12.75%;粉垄耕作对玉米各生育期土壤蓄水量具有显著影响，FL40处理土壤蓄水量提升24.86%,土壤机械稳定性团聚体数量(0.25～5 mm)提高9.63%;较传统旋耕，粉垄耕作可达到疏松土壤与提高土壤蓄水保墒能力的效果，粉垄耕作通过改善玉米的生长条件和土壤环境提高了籽粒产量，其中FL60、FL50、FL30处理分别较CK处理增产57.14%、15.48%、8.79%。研究成果可为改善旱区土壤多年板结及水土资源可持...     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate the Negative Effect of Temperature Stress in Millet Lines with Contrasting Soil Aggregation Potential

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish a mutualistic symbiosis with several plants and play a key role in improving plant growth, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses as well as the soil structure. This work aimed at elucidating the AMF temperature stress modulating impact on four pearl millet lines plant growth and soil aggregation. Experimental trials were carried out in both greenhouse and growth chamber to determine the response of the four millet lines to inoculation with two AMF strains (Rhizophagus aggregatus and Funneliformis mosseae) under heat and non-stress conditions. We first investigated the mycorrhizal colonization (MC) and the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of millet lines in relation with their soil aggregation potential (root adhering soil/root biomass, MAS/RB) in the greenhouse. Secondly, the four millet lines were grown in two separated growth chambers and subjected to a day/night temperature of 32/28?°C as the control treatment and 37/32?°C as the temperature stress treatment. Plant growth, mycorrhization rate and several physiological, mycorrhizal and soil parameters were measured. Results showed that the mycorrhization rates of millet lines were low and not significantly different. Funneliformis mosseae (31.39%) showed higher root colonization than Rhizophagus aggregatus (22.79%) and control (9.79%). The temperature stress reduced the mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot and root biomass, and the soil aggregation for all tested lines. L220 and L132 showed more MC rate and MGR than the other lines under control and high-temperature treatment. The MGR was significantly better under temperature stress conditions than in the control. Under the temperature stress conditions, inoculation with R. aggregatus and F. mosseae increased chlorophyll concentration, root dry weight and shoot dry weight as compared to non-inoculated plants. AMF inoculation, particularly with F. mosseae had a positive influence on the tolerance of millet lines to temperature stress. This study demonstrates that AMF play an important role in the response of these four millet lines to temperature stress. AMF is therefore an important component in the adaptation of crops to climatic variations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.     

Effects of Soil Fumigation and Seeding Regimes on Secondary Succession in a Semiarid Shrubland

In order to ascertain the degree to which disturbance and subsequent recovery of belowground biotic components (mycorrhizal and decomposer systems) influence successional dynamics, a portion of semiarid shrubland in northwest Colorado was mechanically disturbed in 1984. Two treatments, soil fumigation (fumigated with methyl bromide and not fumigated) and seeding (early-seral species, late-seral species, and not seeded) were imposed on 500 m2 plots in each of four replications. Aboveground annual production by species, and decomposition rates were measured in 1991, 7 years after the initial disturbance and treatments. Mycorrhizal infection potential had been previously measured at this site from 1984-1988. Seeding to late-seral species resulted in greater production rates (and greater community composition) of late-seral species, whereas seeding to early-seral species had only a minor effect when compared to unseeded plots 7 years after disturbance. Fumigation slowed the rate of succession on unseeded plots, primarily by decreased production of perennial grasses. Mycorrhizal infection potential, initially greatly reduced by the disturbance and by fumigation, recovered to near-background levels on unfumigated plots but not on fumigated plots after 4 years. Decomposition experiments suggest that seeding may have facilitated recovery of the decomposer system after initial disturbance and fumigation. Our results suggest that the redevelopment of soil biotic communities following disturbance has a significant impact on successional dynamics, particularly the replacement of early-seral annuals by mid-seral perennial grasses.