以北方旱作农田为重点开展我国的土壤风蚀研究

本文在土壤风蚀倍受国际社会广泛关注的背景下，结合我国面临的实际情况，阐述了在北方旱作农田开展土壤风蚀研究的必要性。在评述国内外土壤风蚀研究进展和趋势的基础上，提出了我国拟开展的研究内容。针对我国土壤风蚀问题与研究现状，提出加快我国土壤风蚀研究的几点建议。     

沙地农业开发利用早期土壤风蚀的初步研究—以山东禹城为例

沙地农业开发利用，去除原有的植被，扰动了土体。在最初几年，土壤风蚀量不仅没有降低，而且明显增加。本文就产生土壤风蚀原因进行了分析，并对新开辟沙地的风蚀季相，以及高坑旱作型，灌溉型，流沙型，低温型土壤风蚀年际变化，进行了土壤风蚀量，风沙流结构的研究，对开发早期的不同类型的土壤风蚀，提出了不同的防治措施。     

土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究

使用野外风洞作为风蚀研究的试验手段,通过农田土壤、沙及生土的风洞试验研究发现,农田土壤的风蚀量随风速呈指数函数变化,沙及生土的风蚀量随风速呈幂函数变化。试验研究还表明,农田土壤的风蚀量与表土层(3cm)的含水量呈显著负相关,沙的风蚀量与含水量的相关性不显著。风蚀导致土壤中的细颗粒成分大量损失,这是土壤颗粒粗化的原因所在。     

农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度关系的风洞模拟实验

以土壤风蚀严重的河北坝上康保县为研究区,采用风洞试验的技术手段,对农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度的关系进行研究。结果表明,农田留茬与翻耕、农田垄向及农作物残茬高度的差异对土壤风蚀强度有较大影响。垄向平行主风向的风蚀强度大于垄向垂直主风向的风蚀强度。风速越大,垄向不同造成的风蚀强度的差异越大,尤其是当风速≥15m/s时,风蚀强度的差异表现得较为明显;风蚀强度与留茬高度呈负相关;翻耕地的风蚀强度大于任何留茬地的风蚀强度;风蚀强度与风速变化呈现出指数函数变化规律。因此,农田垄向垂直主风向、作物收获后不进行翻耕、留有适度茬高、优先种植残茬硬度较大的莜麦作物,这样的耕作方式可有效降低土壤风蚀强度,缓解河北坝上地区农田土壤风蚀状况。     

阴山北麓农牧交错带带状留茬间作轮作防风蚀技术研究

针对内蒙古阴山北农牧交错带在冬春季地表大部分裸露、风蚀沙化严重的现状，结合当地实际，试验了小麦与马铃薯带状留茬间作的耕作措施，研究其抗风蚀的效果。结果表明：该种措施在滞留积雪，增大土壤湿度；减少土壤水分蒸发速度，保持土壤墒情；增大地表粗糙度，降低近地风速等方面比当地传统的秋耕翻地有明显的效果，从而有效地减少了耕地的土壤风蚀量。同时具有轮作培肥土壤和边际增产作用，小麦平均增产14．4％，马铃薯平均增产8．1％，是适当法地条件的有效、简单、经济可行的防风蚀方法。     

基于风蚀模型的准东地区土壤风蚀研究

文中选取准噶尔盆地东部(准东)为研究区,以土地利用类型、气象数据为基础,结合实地监测与调查,基于中科院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所的大田推广模型,定量计算各类地表在不同植被和风力条件下的土壤风蚀模数,分析准东地区土壤风蚀状况。结果表明:准东地区土壤风蚀模数呈现未利用地(风蚀模数6456.17t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>林草地(风蚀模数3437.32t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>耕地(风蚀模数758.71t·km~(-2)·a~(-1));土壤风蚀主要发生月份为4月和5月,占全年风蚀量的52%。模型模拟的准东地区年风蚀总量达10194.28万t,平均风蚀模数4571.43t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。为验证模型模拟的准确性,用测钎法实测准东地区土壤风蚀模数,模型模拟值与实测之间的误差分析表明模型的精确性达84%以上,证明该模型可用于该区域土壤风蚀监测。     

考虑冻融作用的东北黑土地耕作土壤风蚀统计模型研究

目前风蚀的计算模型较多,但是考虑冻融作用参与下的风蚀模型目前很少。通过野外大量实测试验数据以及室内冻融循环及风洞风蚀模拟试验,总结出冻融次数与土壤风蚀量存在指数函数关系,风蚀量与风速之间为幂函数关系,土壤含水量与风蚀量之间为对数关系的看法,运用统计学理论,建立了黑土地耕作土壤冻融风蚀统计模型,模型中包括7个比较容易直接观测的变量参数,模拟误差小于5%,可用于黑土耕地冻融作用下的风蚀模拟与预测。     

河北坝上风蚀对农田土壤肥力水平影响研究

河北坝上地区风多风大,冬春季节降水少,使得大片农田长期处于强烈的风蚀之中.由于地表土壤养分的大量流失,农田土壤生产能力下降,导致荒漠化进程加剧.针对传统和保护性耕作农田土壤及风蚀物养分的变化,研究分析了土壤的风蚀和有机物及养分衰减的定量关系及其衰减的机理.结果表明:风蚀过程是农田土壤退化的重要路径,可以通过风蚀物中有机质和养分的含量估算农田土壤的有机质和养分的损失量.土壤风蚀过程中,保护性耕作比传统耕作可以减少风蚀量62.56%.有机质损失减少31.05%,全氮损失减少29.15%,全磷损失减少32.25%,全钾损失减少66.11%;有机质及养分主要集中在细微的土壤颗粒之中.风蚀对土壤营养物质及有机质的流失高于土壤的流失,风蚀是土壤退化的重要原因,恶化环境的同时造成了严重的经济损失.可以采用保护性耕作技术防止农田沙漠化和提高作物产量.     

华北农田冬绿肥覆盖的抗风蚀研究

研究华北农田不同冬绿肥覆盖对农田土壤风蚀损失量的防治效果,并确定其最佳覆盖模式。结果表明:冬绿肥覆盖与冬闲相比,地表覆盖度、粗糙度增大,表层含水率提高,有机碳含量增加,土壤物理稳定性指数上升;5种冬绿肥覆盖模式可以不同程度减小土壤风蚀,风蚀量由大到小依次为:冬闲>草木樨>黑麦草>冬油菜>二月兰>毛苕子;综合看,冬油菜、毛苕子和二月兰覆盖的抗风蚀能力较强;风蚀大小与地表覆盖度、粗糙度、土壤有机碳含量、物理稳定性指数相关系数较高,而与土壤含水量相关系数较小。     

残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.