四种熏蒸剂对辣椒疫霉和南方根结线虫的毒力

为明确不同熏蒸剂对土传病原菌辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici和南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的毒力,采用密闭熏蒸法测定了4种土壤熏蒸剂氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯的毒力及1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦复配的联合毒力。结果表明:氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀分别为0.12、2.44、8.30、8.45 mg/L; 对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀ 分别为1.23、0.22、0.30、0.18 mg/L。1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦以2:1、1:1、1:2比例复配时对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀ 分别为1.13、0.24、0.14 mg/L;对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀分别为0.19、0.32、0.61 mg/L。结合经济效益和多种病害兼治的原则,推荐使用1,3-二氯丙烯与氯化苦1:1配比,可兼治辣椒疫病和根结线虫病。     

土壤化学熏蒸剂在根结线虫防治中的应用

概述了化学熏蒸剂在根结线虫防治中的应用。介绍了溴甲烷、碘甲烷、硫酰氟、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯、氯化苦、氰氨化钙、异硫氰酸甲酯、二甲基二硫等主要土壤化学熏蒸剂的研究、开发和应用概况。提出应增强新型熏蒸剂的筛选和产品商业化开发,深化作用机制和田间应用技术研究。     

土壤熏蒸剂研究进展

土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。     

双丙环虫酯对多异瓢虫生命参数、捕食功能与飞行能力的影响

为明确新型生物源杀虫剂双丙环虫酯对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）农田优势捕食性天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,以前期室内毒力测定的双丙环虫酯对棉蚜Aphis gossypii的LC₅₀、LC₂₀和LC₁₀为药剂处理浓度,以清水为对照,于室内测定不同浓度双丙环虫酯处理后多异瓢虫成虫繁殖力、子代生长发育、捕食功能和飞行能力。结果表明,3个浓度双丙环虫酯处理后多异瓢虫成虫繁殖力及其卵孵化率与清水（对照）均无显著差异;LC₅₀处理后多异瓢虫F₁代1龄幼虫存活率显著低于LC₁₀、LC₂₀处理和清水（对照）,多异瓢虫2~4龄幼虫的存活率在不同处理之间均无显著差异。多异瓢虫F₁代1龄幼虫发育历期随药剂处理浓度增大而显著延长;药剂处理对幼虫发育历期的影响随龄期逐渐减弱,至4龄幼虫时影响均不显著,但幼虫总发育历期及卵-蛹总发育历期均随药剂处理浓度增大而显著延长。各药剂处理后多异瓢虫F₁代蛹发育历期、蛹重和成虫羽化率均与清水（对照）无显著差异。双丙环虫酯处理后多异瓢虫对棉蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型,日捕食量均随棉蚜密度增加而增加,3龄幼虫捕食能力低于雌、雄成虫。当棉蚜密度为50头/皿时,清水（对照）、LC₂₀和LC₅₀处理后多异瓢虫3龄幼虫的日捕食量均显著高于LC₁₀处理,其他棉蚜密度下不同处理后3龄幼虫日捕食量之间差异不显著;相同棉蚜密度下,不同处理后多异瓢虫2日龄雌成虫日捕食量之间均无显著差异;当棉蚜密度为100头/皿时,清水（对照）、LC₁₀和LC₅₀处理后雄成虫日捕食量显著高于LC₂₀处理;其他棉蚜密度下,不同处理后雄成虫日捕食量之间均无显著差异。不同浓度双丙环虫酯处理后多异瓢虫2日龄雌、雄成虫在室内飞行磨上的飞行速度、飞行时间及飞行距离之间均无显著差异;相同处理后雌、雄成虫的飞行距离之间差异也不显著。与当前生产上防治蚜虫的当家杀虫剂相比,双丙环虫酯对多异瓢虫的生态安全性较高,可用于新疆农作物蚜虫类害虫的绿色防控。     

农药制剂中异硫氰酸烯丙酯气相色谱分析方法

本研究建立了一种农药制剂中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的气相色谱分析方法?采用气相色谱仪分析农药制剂中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的质量分数, 使用HP-5毛细管柱和氢火焰离子化检测器, 在载气流速1.5 mL/min, 分流比30∶1, 进样口温度180℃, 柱温70℃, 检测器室180℃的条件下, 用癸烷作为内标, 用内标法对有效成分进行定性?定量分析?结果表明, 本文所建立的方法在异硫氰酸烯丙酯质量浓度为1 029.1~5 204.6 mg/L时, 异硫氰酸烯丙酯与内标物癸烷的峰面积比与质量比线性关系良好, 线性相关系数为1.000 0; 异硫氰酸烯丙酯可溶液剂?水乳剂标准偏差分别为0.01%?0.18%, 平均回收率分别为99.01%?100.85%?所建立的检测方法灵敏?快速, 适用于农药制剂中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的含量检测?     

马铃薯抗旱栽培土壤含水量及产量效益研究

于2014年在宣威市农业技术示范基地开展了玉米间作马铃薯集雨保墒抗旱栽培复合技术试验研究。试验处理包括：T₁：玉米+开沟覆膜‖马铃薯；T₂：玉米+打塘覆膜‖马铃薯；T₃：玉米+平作覆膜‖马铃薯；T₄：玉米平作覆膜单作；T₅：马铃薯单作。结果表明，T₁和T₂处理玉米土壤含水量均高于其它处理，T₁、T₂处理0～7.6 cm土层玉米平均土壤含水量比T₄处理最多增加28.32%，0～20 cm土层最多增加28.12%；间作处理马铃薯的土壤含水量均高于马铃薯单作，T₁、T₂处理马铃薯平均土壤含水量在0～7.6 cm和0～20 cm两个土层分别比T₅处理最多增加23.52%和12.78%；T₁、T₂处理玉米产量、复合产量和土地当量比（LER）均高于T₃处理，其中，T₂处理的土地当量比最大（LER=1.20），比T₃处理增加10.52%，产量效益明显。     

重庆稻区稻瘟病控制技术研究

经4年采用全国统一的鉴定方法和稻瘟病统一鉴别品种,对重庆稻区340个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株和19个水稻主栽品系进行抗瘟性监测明确,重庆稻区稻瘟病菌生理小种组成复杂多样,优势种群突出,优势小种不明显,主推水稻品种(系)抗性水平低。应用二次通用旋转设计及微电脑技术,探讨稻瘟病常发重病区种植优质丰产感病品种(系),纯氮施用量X₁、栽插密度X₂、施药次数X₃三因素五水平对其病情和产量的效应,建立了穗颈瘟病指(Y₁)和产量(Y₂)同可控栽培因子间的数学模型:Y₁=18.122 4+0.560 1 X₁-0.695 5 X₃+0.529 4 X₃²±0.739 8,Y₂=386.604 3+9.368 1 X₁+6.163 4 X₂+15.407 8 X₃-6.270 8 X₁²-8.620 8 X₂²±7.821 1,并提出了适合当地水稻控害丰产的优化组配技术。     

滴灌定额对棉花株型、产量及纤维品质的影响

在膜下滴灌条件下，以新陆早45号为试验材料，设5个滴灌定额处理（W₁：600 m³·hm^-2，W₂：540 m³·hm^-2；W₃：480 m³·hm^-2，W₄：420 m³·hm^-2，W₅：360 m³·hm^-2），研究棉花农艺性状、成铃模式、产量及纤维品质对滴灌定额的响应。结果表明：随滴灌定额的减少，棉花株高表现为W₂>W₁>W₃>W₄>W₅，果枝台数和蕾花铃总数（8月10日）均以W₁处理最大，分别为9台和13.8个，W₅处理最小，分别为8.75台和10.2个，其中W₁与W₂处理上、中、下部铃数及铃重均无显著差异。棉花籽棉和皮棉产量均以W₁处理最高，达到6 431 kg·hm^-2和2 520 kg·hm^-2，但与W₂处理间均无显著差异。棉纤维长度、整齐度、断裂比在W₁和W₂处理间无显著差异，W₃、W₄、W₅处理棉纤维长度、整齐度较W₁处理分别低0.4、1.1、1.6 mm和0.5%、0.7%、0.9%。因此，控制滴灌定额在540 m³·hm^-2，可在不显著降低棉花产量和纤维品质的前提下，提高水资源利用效率。     

荧光假单胞杆菌P2-5菌株对小麦全蚀病的抑制作用

室内测定了荧光假单胞杆菌P_2-5菌株对小麦全蚀病菌9826菌株的拮抗作用。结果表明,P_2-5菌株对小麦全蚀病菌具有较强抑制作用,抑制效果和防治效果分别为67％和59％,高于化学杀菌剂烯唑醇(特普唑)处理的效果。研究表明P_2-5菌株可以致使病菌菌丝畸变。应用双抗标记法测定了P_2-5菌株在小麦根系中的定殖情况,结果表明,该菌可以在小麦根系定殖。     

灌水和施肥对温室滴灌施肥番茄生长和品质的影响

本研究目的在于分析滴灌施肥技术下，不同水肥耦合模式对温室番茄的生长和品质的影响。试验选取番茄惠玉0806为试材，设100%ET₀(I₁)，75%ET₀(I₂)，50%ET₀(I₃) 3个水分水平，外加高肥〔F₁(N 480 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 240 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 300 kg·hm^-2)〕，中肥〔F₂(N 360 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 180 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 225 kg·hm^-2)〕，和低肥〔F₃(N 240 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 150 kg·hm^-2)〕3个肥料水平，共9个处理。结果表明：水肥条件的高低与株高及茎粗成正相关，I₂F₂处理其产量、干物质累积量和灌溉水利用效率均最高，依次为102 042.3 kg·hm^-2、37.19×10³ kg·hm^-2和37.3 kg·m^-3。对番茄品质而言，其灌水量和施肥量之间表现出明显的耦合交互作用，I₂F₂处理其番茄Vc含量(27.05 mg·100g^-1)、番茄红素含量(71.53 μg·g^-1)均最高，糖酸比(9.57)显著低于其余处理，其可溶性固形物含量(7.3%)较最高值I₃F₁低24.7%。综上分析，中水中肥(I₂F₂)模式，在高产的同时，其品质总体优于其它处理，极端水肥措施均不利于番茄生长及品质的提高。     

Status of chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for pre-plant fumigation of soil

ABSTRACT None of the chemical alternatives currently registered and available has the full spectrum of activity and versatility of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant. Chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) can provide significant control of many plant pathogens in soil and growth stimulation in annual crops. These compounds, however, provide limited control of weeds or other residual plant materials in soil of concern in nursery production systems, and some perennial replant diseases. Methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam sodium have broad biocidal activity in soil, but are more difficult to apply effectively. In most soil applications, the available alternatives are likely to be used in combinations, either as mixtures (e.g., 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin) or sequentially (e.g., chloropicrin followed by metam sodium). They may also be supplemented with other more specific pesticides and cultural controls. Among the alternatives currently under active development but not yet available, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide probably have activity that most closely parallels that of methyl bromide in soil. However, all of the chemical alternatives to methyl bromide will be subject to continuing review and more regulation. Furthermore, we do not know the actual prospects for registration of the new fumigants currently under development and there is a risk that registered fumigants will not be available for large-scale use in soil indefinitely.     

Physical, chemical and environmental properties of selected chemical alternatives for the pre-plant use of methyl bromide as soil fumigant

Production and use of methyl bromide, a soil fumigant, are being restricted because of this chemical's deleterious effects on stratospheric ozone concentrations. Several products, some of which are currently used as soil fumigants, are being considered as possible replacements for methyl bromide, alone and in various combinations. Among these, 1,3-dichloropropene, methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam-sodium, and chloropicrin are currently registered, while others such as methyl iodide and sodium azide are at different stages of the registration process. This review examines physicochemical properties, environmental fate, and metabolism of the various potential methyl bromide replacement products.     

溴甲烷在番茄土壤消毒中替代技术研究

采用保护地内划分小区实验方法，在番茄载培过程中，研究了代替溴甲烷的其它3种消毒技术，结果表明，生物熏蒸，人工基质和阿维菌素对防治根结线虫都有不同的效果，增产幅度分别为18．9％，14．05％，19．0％，同时嗅甲烷土壤消毒增产22．06％。从直接经济效益看，阿维菌素＞生物熏蒸＞溴甲烷＞人工基质。     

溴甲烷在草莓田的替代及减少其散发的技术

溴甲烷是一种消耗臭氧层的物质，根据《蒙特利尔议定书哥本哈根修正案》，发展中国家将于2015年淘汰。在我国溴甲烷消费量最大的地区，河北省满城县实施了中-意“溴甲烷土壤消毒替代技术及能力建设项目”。试验结果表明：威百亩和威百亩＋VIF，采用化学灌溉技术施药，是有前景的溴甲烷替代品，2001～2002年威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“达赛莱克特”品种的产量分别为26816kg／hm^2和23672kg／hm^2，而溴甲烷处理的产量为28346kg／hm^2；威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“理念”品种的产量分别为19844kg／hm^2和15989kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为19657kg／hm^2；2002～2003年威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“达赛莱克特”品种的产量分别为23073kg／hm^223446kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为25285kg／hm^2威百亩和威百亩＋VIF处理“全明星”品种的产量分别为：29594kg／hm^227677kg／hm^2而溴甲烷处理的产量为32191kg／hm^2产量结果经统计分析表明，威百亩、威百亩＋VIF与溴甲烷均无显著差异。溴甲烷＋VIF采用热法施药，其产量与溴甲烷无明显差异，但溴甲烷＋VIF能减少溴甲烷25％的用药量。太阳能消毒＋生物防治制剂的产量高于空白对照，有一定的防病增产效果，但显著低于溴甲烷处理的产量，不能作为溴甲烷的替代品。进口品种“理念”和当地主栽品种“全明星”对土传病害的抗性较差，在长势、产量方面均显著差于新引进品种“达赛莱克特”。虽然“达赛莱克特”对土传病害有一定的抗性，但与溴甲烷和威百亩处理区比较，空白对照区的产量仍显著低于药剂处理区的产量。     

Effects of reduced‐rate methyl bromide applications under conventional and virtually impermeable plastic film in perennial crop field nurseries

BACKGROUND: Producers of perennial crop nursery stock in California use preplant soil fumigation to meet state phytosanitary requirements. Although methyl bromide (MB) has been phased out in many agricultural industries, it is still the preferred treatment in the perennial nursery industry and is used under Critical Use Exemptions and Quarantine/Preshipment provisions of the Montreal Protocol. The present research was conducted to evaluate reduced‐rate MB applications sealed with conventional and low‐permeability plastic films compared with the primary alternative material. RESULTS: Reduced rates (100–260 kg ha^?1) of MB applied in combination with chloropicrin (Pic) and sealed with a low‐permeability plastic film provided weed and nematode control similar to the industry standard rate of 392 kg ha^?1 MB:Pic (98:2) sealed with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) film. However, the primary alternative chemical, 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D), tended to provide slightly lower pest control even on sites with relatively low plant parasitic nematode, soil‐borne pathogen and weed pest pressure. CONCLUSION: If California regulations change to allow the use of low‐permeability films in broadcast fumigant applications, the results of this research suggest that reduced rates of MB in perennial crop nurseries could serve as a bridge strategy until more technically, economically and environmentally acceptable alternatives are developed. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of methyl bromide soil fumigation method on fungicidal efficacy and bromide residues

Highest inorganic bromine residues (30 ppm) were found when soil was fumigated with liquid methyl bromide (MB) introduced by conventional means into evaporating dishes. With preheated (vaporized) MB or injection of MB/chloropicrin (CP) mixtures, bromide concentrations were reduced by 50%. They were uniform throughout the soil (0 to 60 cm) except after MB/CP injection, when larger residues were found in the 30-60 cm layer. Leaching with 2000 m^p3/ha (20 cm) of water always reduced bromide content to 7.5 and 10 ppm at the 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth, respectively. Organic amendments to soils substantially increased bromide levels up to 118 ppm, most of which was found in the upper soil layers; two teachings with 2000 m^p3 /ha water were required to return the soils to their normal state.Sclerotium rolfsii andFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi cultures buried in soil were eliminated from the upper 30 cm with MB applied either conventionally or preheated. At 50 cm, 500 kg/ha of the preheated gas was superior to 1000 kg/ha of the cold gas. All MB fumigations suppressed carnation flower yields compared with CP alone but were superior to no treatment. After leaching, MB-fumigated soils yielded the highest number of flowers.     

Distribution and efficacy of drip-applied metam-sodium against the survival of Rhizoctonia solani and yellow nutsedge in plastic-mulched sandy soil beds

The effects of metam-sodium application rate on soil residence time, spatial and temporal distributions of methyl isothiocyanate and pest control efficacy were studied in a Georgia sandy soil. Metam-sodium 420 g L(-1) SL was drip applied at rates of 147 and 295 L ha(-1) in plastic-mulched raised beds. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in soil air space were monitored from four preselected sites: 10 and 20 cm below the emitter, and 20 and 30 cm laterally away from the emitter at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h after chemigation. A higher rate of metam-sodium application resulted in higher methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil. Highest methyl isothiocyanate concentrations were found at 20 cm below the emitter, and lowest at 30 cm laterally away from the emitter. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations decreased with time and distance from the emitter. Lower methyl isothiocyanate concentration x time product values at 20 and 30 cm away from the emitter resulted in lower mortalities of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The results demonstrated that methyl isothiocyanate can be delivered at lethal doses with drip-applied water downward within the beds. Lateral diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate from the point of application did not reach biologically active concentrations to affect the survival of R. solani or yellow nutsedge. Further studies on the lateral distribution of methyl isothiocyanate in sandy soils are needed to circumvent this limitation.     

Concentration-time relationships for methyl isothiocyanate in soil after injection of metham-sodium

Soil fumigation with metham-sodium in the field was studied in detail by characterising soil and climatic conditions, and by measuring concentrations of methyl isothiocyanate. The effectiveness of two dosages in two contrasting soil profiles was compared on the basis of computed concentration-time products for methyl isothiocyanate in the water phase. Under wet conditions, the vapour diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate was very slow and resulted in an irregular distribution in the soil. Showers further decreased effectiveness in the upper part of the soil. A dried top layer was unfavourable for the concentration-time product near to the surface. Diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate to depths greater than about 30 cm was very slow.     

Non-destructive method for estimating methyl bromide residues in apples during aeration following fumigation

A method is presented for estimating the persistence and concentration of residual free methyl bromide (MB) present in apples during the aeration period following fumigation. The method is based on determining the rate of decline in concentration of methyl bromide in the exhaust air stream during aeration. The rate was shown to follow two consecutive pseudo-first-order decay curves. The first component of the curve resulted primarily from removal of MB from the free air space in the chamber, and the second component resulted from the desorption of MB from the apples. Estimates of the concentration of MB residue in apples were obtained from the regression parameters for the second decay curve. The technique gave good estimates of the residue concentration over a wide range of fumigation conditions and ventilation rates, and may be useful for determining the duration of aeration period required to achieve a proposed residue tolerance of 0.2 mg kg ^?1 methyl bromide.     

在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中代替溴甲烷技术研究

在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中研究了代替溴甲烷的3种熏蒸技术，结果表明，威百亩、棉隆和蒸气熏蒸等对防除烟草苗床杂草有理想的效果，防效都在94％以上。在烟草苗床土壤熏蒸中可以代替溴甲烷。