西安南郊夏秋季不同土壤碳排放量的变化研究

根据NaOH溶液吸收CO2原理,对西安南郊不同土层CO2释放量进行了观测,探讨了土壤CO2释放量的变化规律及其影响因素。资料表明,关中地区夏秋季土壤(厚土层)CO2释放量变化规律,与气温变化规律负相关,CO2释放量存在一定的"滞后性",一般滞后4~6h;而薄土层土壤CO2释放量变化规律,与气温变化规律正相关,CO2释放量不存在"滞后性",且释放量明显小于厚土层;深层土壤释放量波动小,且释放量小与厚土层;土壤CO2释放量的变化与温度和天气密切相关,温度高、天气晴朗时释放量大,反之则小;厚土层CO2释放量白昼小于夜间,白天约占1/3,夜间约占2/3;薄土层CO2释放量白昼大于夜间,白天约占2/3,夜间约占1/3。土层CO2观测揭示了CO2释放量与释放规律与土层厚度、深度有关。     

陕西黄土高原中南部土壤CO2释放量变化研究

本文根据 NaOH溶液吸收CO_2的方法 ,对陕西黄土高原中南部4个观测点的土壤CO_2释放量时行了昼夜观测。观测结果表明 ,不同地区、不同气候和不同土质土壤CO_2释放量存在差异 ,冷干地区较暖湿地区土壤CO_2释放量少,凉季较暖季土壤CO_2释放量少;粘性硬质土较松散黄土CO_2 释放量少。长武、洛川、西安南郊土壤CO_2释放量变化再次证明 ,在厚层黄土发育的地区 ,土壤CO_2释放量变化相对于大气温度变化具有滞后性,从当日早晨至次日早晨,CO_2释放量具有由低变高再变低的普遍规律。     

西安南郊夏季土壤碳排放量的变化研究

根据NaOH溶液吸收CO2 的原理 ,对西安南郊土壤CO2 释放量进行观测 ,并探讨了土壤CO2 释放量的变化规律及其影响因素。资料表明 ,温度升高 ,土壤CO2 释放量增大 ;夏季早晚期土壤CO2 排放量较低 ,夏季中期的月份CO2 排放量较高 ;农田玉米地CO2 排放量较低 ,草地和林地CO2 排放量较大 ;与春秋季相比 ,夏季土壤CO2 排放量较大 ;CO2 排放量在一昼夜内具明显的变化规律性 ,这种规律主要是受温度变化控制的。CO2 排放量变化显示 ,深厚黄土层中土壤微生物夜间活动强度大于白天。     

西安南郊不同深度土壤CO_2浓度变化研究

利用红外CO2监测仪对西安南郊不同深度条件下的土壤CO2浓度进行了多次昼夜观测。观测结果表明:在一昼夜内土壤CO2浓度具有从低到高再到低的变化规律,这种变化特点与昼夜温度变化基本一致;土壤CO2浓度从总体来看具有白天高,夜间低,夏季高,秋季低的特点;浅层土壤CO2浓度昼夜变化幅度明显大于深层土壤CO2浓度变化幅度;在厚层黄土的150cm深度范围内,土壤CO2浓度随着深度的增加而增加,在150~600cm深度范围内CO2浓度基本恒定,显示出与薄层土CO2浓度变化明显不同。     

(土娄)土剖面CO_2释放通量的变异特征

采用碱液吸收法,对(土娄)土剖面CO2通量进行连续1年的定位观测研究。结果表明:(土娄)土剖面CO2通量具有明显的、较为复杂的季节变化规律,8月下旬最高,冬季最低;一般情况下观测期间耕作区(土娄)土剖面CO2通量呈现表层低-中部高-底层低的分布特征;休闲区(土娄)土剖面CO2通量的季节变化和剖面变化与耕作区相类似,但是在土剖面CO2通量的变化剧烈程度和复杂性方面,耕作区表现的更为明显。土壤温度是影响土剖面CO2通量的主要因素,二者间存在极显著的指数函数相关关系(P0.01);土壤含水量与土剖面CO2通量之间也有着一定的相关关系,但是与土壤温度相比其属于次要地位。土壤CO2释放通量与土壤含水量之间存在一个最适土壤含水量,随着剖面深度的增加,最适土壤含水量逐渐增大。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环研究的关键环节,是大气CO2的重要来源,文中以冬小麦农田为研究对象,利用ACE土壤呼吸自动监测系统,研究了冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化特征、相互关系以及碳释放量。结果表明:1)土壤呼吸日变化呈现"单峰型",最大值出现在13:00左右,最小值出现在夜间;2)土壤呼吸日变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度(0-10cm)和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分的关系不确定;3)土壤呼吸季节变化表明土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤水分和光合有效辐射无显著相关关系;4)冬小麦农田碳释放量168gC·m-2·a-1。     

延安新区生态林建设对土壤理化性质的影响

树木定植可以影响土壤理化性质。为明确延安新区不同树种人工生态林对土壤理化性质的影响状况,为合理造林提供依据,以延安新区荒地土壤为对照,研究了人工生态林(松树、柏树)对土壤理化性质,包括含水量、p H值、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:人工林增加了土壤含水量,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量变化总体呈现出增加的趋势。土壤的p H值总体上是呈弱碱性,松树定植土壤p H值呈现降低趋势,柏树和荒地土壤p H值在不同土层中变化较大。土壤有机质的含量随深度增加呈递减的趋势,不同土层中呈现荒地柏树松树。荒地土壤铵态氮在不同土层中变化不大,柏树土壤中0~15 cm随深度的增加而增加,15~20 cm略有下降;松树土壤在0~10 cm土层基本相同,10~15 cm有所下降,15~20 cm略微上升。硝态氮在不同类型利用方式下变化不一,造成这种差异可能与树种有关。     

毛乌素沙地不同类型生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的季节变化特征

2018年以毛乌素沙地西南部发育良好的苔藓结皮和藻类结皮为研究对象,以流沙作为对照,采用土壤碳通量测定,系统观测了不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的日动态,探讨了生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸与环境因子之间的关系,分析了季节变化对生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2释放量和温度敏感性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率均呈"单峰"曲线,但其峰值出现的时间存在差异,春季和夏季不同类型生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率峰值出现时间均为13:00左右,但冬季和秋季,藻类结皮-土壤和流沙呼吸速率出现时间为15:00左右,滞后于春季和夏季2 h。(2)不同季节,不同类型生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2日释放量:苔藓结皮藻类结皮流沙,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)春季至冬季,生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2日释放量呈先增加后降低的趋势,主要表现为:夏季春季秋季冬季,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(4)通过对不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的主成分分析,与5 cm土壤温度相比,2 cm土壤温度是不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的主要影响因子,其次为近地层空气湿度。(5)不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率与2 cm土壤温度的关系均可用指数模型较好的描述,以该函数为基础计算呼吸的温度敏感性,发现温度敏感性的变化范围为1.33～3.85;随季节的变化,温度敏感性呈先降低后升高的趋势:冬季秋季春季夏季,即温度越高,生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的温度敏感性越低。     

克里雅绿洲土壤盐分分异特征分析

土壤盐渍化是目前世界农业面临的主要环境问题之一。克里雅绿洲土壤盐渍化日趋严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设。借助统计软件,运用统计特征值等方法,探讨了克里雅绿洲土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其不同时期的变化情况。结果发现:盐渍地土壤的含盐量普遍高于农田土壤;盐渍地土壤平均pH为9.965,呈强碱性;农田土壤平均pH为8.340,呈碱性。盐渍地土壤盐分组成主要为CI-,CO23-和K++Na+为主;农田土壤盐分组成主要为Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42-和K++Na+。相对于盐渍地而言,农田土壤中CI-,CO32-含量明显降低,其次为K++Na+;Ca2+和Mg2+含量明显增加。盐渍地土壤总含盐量从7月到9月一直处于累积状态;农田土壤总含盐量却处于不同的状态。0cm,40cm,60cm等土层中的总含盐量处于脱盐状态;而20cm,80cm,100cm等土层中的总含盐量处于积盐状态。从7月到9月,不同土壤层次中的各盐离子也处于不同的状态。     

准噶尔盆地盐穗木群落土壤CO2释放规律及其影响因子

采用LI-8100自动土壤碳通量测量系统,于2006年5～10月对分布于准噶尔盆地西北缘的盐穗木群落的土壤呼吸速率进行了(北京时间8:00～20:00)测定,并分析了温度和水分对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:土壤CO2释放速率具有明显的日变化和季节变化规律,均呈单峰曲线.日最大释放速率出现在14:00～16:00时,最小释放速率在8:00时,日变幅最大值为0.977 μmol/(m2·s)、最小值为0.549 μmol/(m2·s);土壤CO2释放速率的变化顺序为6月＞7月＞5月＞8月＞9月＞10月,平均速率为0.436±0.061 μmol/(m2·s).土壤呼吸速率日变化与温度的相关性分析表明,呼吸速率与气温、地表温度和5 cm土层温度呈极显著和显著正相关关系,土壤呼吸速率与其之间的线性回归关系为Y=-0.034 0.045 X气温 0.011 X地表温度-0.044X5 cm,(R2=0.734,P＜0.001).土壤呼吸速率与20～30 cm,30～40 cm土层的含水量具有显著的相关性.     

Artificial root exudates and soil organic carbon mineralization in a degraded sandy grassland in northern China

Plant root exudates contain various organic and inorganic components that include glucose, citric and oxalic acid. These components affect rhizosphere microbial and microfaunal activities, but the mechanisms are not fully known. Studies concerned from degraded grassland ecosystems with low soil carbon（C） contents are rare, in spite of the global distribution of grasslands in need of restoration. All these have a high potential for carbon sequestration, with a reduced carbon content due to overutilization. An exudate component that rapidly decomposes will increase soil respiration and CO2 emission, while a component that reduces decomposition of native soil carbon can reduce CO2 emission and actually help sequestering carbon in soil. Therefore, to investigate root exudate effects on rhizosphere activity, citric acid, glucose and oxalic acid（0.6 g C/kg dry soil） were added to soils from three biotopes（grassland, fixed dune and mobile dune） located in Naiman, Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia, China） and subjected to a 24-day incubation experiment together with a control. The soils were also analyzed for general soil properties. The results show that total respiration without exudate addition was highest in grassland soil, intermediate in fixed dune and lowest in mobile dune soil. However, the proportion of native soil carbon mineralized was highest in mobile dune soil, reflecting the low C/N ratio found there. The exudate effects on CO2-C emissions and other variables differed somewhat between biotopes, but total respiration（including that from the added substrates） was significantly increased in all combinations compared with the control, except for oxalic acid addition to mobile dune soil, which reduced CO2-C emissions from native soil carbon. A small but statistically significant increase in pH by the exudate additions in grassland and fixed dune soil was observed, but there was a major decrease from acid additions to mobile dune soil. In contrast, electrical conductivity decreased in grassland     

Non-growing season soil CO2 efflux and its changes in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Most soil respiration measurements are conducted during the growing season.In tundra and boreal forest ecosystems,cumulative,non-growing season soil CO2 fluxes are reported to be a significant component of these systems' annual carbon budgets.However,little information exists on soil CO2 efflux during the non-growing season from alpine ecosystems.Therefore,comparing measurements of soil respiration taken annually versus during the growing season will improve the accuracy of estimating ecosystem carbon budgets,as well as predicting the response of soil CO2 efflux to climate changes.In this study,we measured soil CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal changes for different altitudes during the non-growing season in an alpine meadow located in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest ChinaField experiments on the soil CO2 efflux of alpine meadow from the Qilian Mountains were conducted along an elevation gradient from October 2010 to April 2011.We measured the soil CO2 efflux,and analyzed the effects of soil water content and soil temperature on this measure.The results show that soil CO2 efflux gradually decreased along the elevation gradient during the non-growing season.The daily variation of soil CO2 efflux appeared as a single-peak curve.The soil CO2 efflux was low at night,with the lowest value occurring between 02:00-06:00.Then,values started to rise rapidly between 07:00-08:30,and then descend again between 16:00-18:30.The peak soil CO2 efflux appeared from 11:00 to 16:00.The soil CO2 efflux values gradually decreased from October to February of the next year and started to increase in March.Non-growing season Q10(the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10℃ increase in temperature) was increased with raising altitude and average Q10 of the Qilian Mountains was generally higher than the average growing season Q10 of the Heihe River Basin.Seasonally,non-growing season soil CO2 efflux was relatively high in October and early spring and low in the winter.The soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil water content.Our results indicate that in alpine ecosystems,soil CO2 efflux continues throughout the non-growing season,and soil respiration is an important component of annual soil CO2 efflux.     

祁连山不同海拔梯度和放牧强度土壤呼吸变化特征

分析青海云杉林、灌丛林、放牧草地三者的呼吸速率差异性以及放牧强度对土壤呼吸速率的影响,结果表明:①云杉林、灌丛林和放牧草地在16:00之前的呼吸速率大小顺序为:灌从林>云杉林>草地;16:00之后顺序为:云杉林>灌丛林>草地.②土壤呼吸速率和日均温有Y=10.342e-0.0002x,R2=0.0002的线性关系.这一线性关系可以解释很多土壤呼吸的变化情况.③放牧直接影响土壤含水量,放牧强度与土壤含水量呈负相关,土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关.土壤含水量为:重度放牧区>过度放牧区>极度放牧区;土壤呼吸速率为:重度放牧区>过度放牧区>极度放牧区.④温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关,呼吸速率日均最大值出现在6～7月,为8.66umoL/(m2·s);最小值出现在5月,为0.37umol/(m2·s).     

Phytotoxic effect of Parthenium residues on the selected soil properties and growth of chickpea and radish

The present study investigates the effect of residues of noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus in soil as well as under laboratory conditions. Soils were infested with different amounts of Parthenium residues to determine the changes in soil chemistry, phenolic content and the phytotoxic effects on crops like chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) and radish ( Raphanus sativus ). The modified soils and unmodified (control) soil were analyzed for pH, conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients such as sodium, iron, manganese and zinc. The pH of all the modified soils decreased whereas the conductivity, organic carbon and organic matter increased. Further, the amount of sodium and potassium increased, whereas that of zinc decreased. In the soil infested with 4 g of Parthenium residue, the amount of available nitrogen decreased. The presence of significantly high amounts of phenolics in all modified soils indicated their possible interactions with soil chemical properties. This was also indicated by the correlation analysis between phenolics and various soil properties. The growth studies carried out in the modified soils indicated their phytotoxic nature, as seedling growth of both chickpea and radish was significantly decreased compared with seedlings grown in unmodified soils. The extracts prepared from Parthenium residues were also found to be phytotoxic to both the test crops and were also rich in phenolics. The presence of phenolics in Parthenium residues and their interference with soil chemistry upon release may be responsible for a decrease in the growth of radish and chickpea.     

Short-term fluctuations of sugar beet damping-off by Pythium ultimum in relation to changes in bacterial communities after organic amendments to two soils

Previously, oscillations in beet seedling damping-off by Pythium ultimum, measured as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), were demonstrated after incorporation of organic materials into organic and conventional soils. These periodic fluctuations of P. ultimum infections were cross-correlated with oscillations of copiotrophic CFU at lags of 2 to 4 days. For this article, we investigated whether bacterial communities and microbial activities fluctuated after a disturbance from incorporation of organic materials, and whether these fluctuations were linked to the short-term oscillations in AUDPC of beet seedling damping-off and bacterial populations (CFU) in soil. Soil microbial communities studied by polymerase chain reaction-DGGE analysis of 16S DNA after isolation of total DNA from soil and microbial activities measured as CO(2) emission rates were monitored daily for 14 days after addition of grass-clover (GC) or composted manure (CM) into organic versus conventional soils. Similar to our previous findings, AUDPC and density of copiotrophic bacteria oscillated with time. Fluctuations in species richness (S), Shannon diversity index (H), and individual amplicons on DGGE gels were also detected. Oscillations in AUDPC were positively cross-correlated with copiotrophic CFU in all soils. Oscillations in AUDPC were also positively cross-correlated with 19 to 35% of the high-intensity DNA fragments in soils amended with GC but only 2 to 3% of these fragments in CM-amended soils. AUDPC values were negatively cross-correlated with 13 to 17% of the amplicons with low average intensities in CM-amended soils, which were not correlated with densities of copiotrophic CFU. CO(2) emission rates had remarkable variations in the initial 7 days after either of the soil amendments but were not associated with daily changes in AUDPC. The results suggest that infection by P. ultimum is hampered by competition from culturable copiotrophic bacteria and some high-intensity DGGE amplicons, because AUDPC is cross-correlated with these variables at lags of 1 to 4 days. However, negative cross-correlations with low-intensity DNA fragments indicate that P. ultimum infection could also be suppressed by antagonistic bacteria with low densities that may be nonculturable species, especially in CM amended soil. The organic soil generally had lower AUDPC values, higher bacterial diversity, and negative cross-correlations between AUDPC and low-intensity DNA fragments (after CM amendment), indicating that specific bacteria that do not attain high densities may contribute to P. ultimum suppression in organic soils.